The River Boards Act 1948 was an
Act of Parliament
Acts of Parliament, sometimes referred to as primary legislation, are texts of law passed by the Legislature, legislative body of a jurisdiction (often a parliament or council). In most countries with a parliamentary system of government, acts of ...
passed by the United Kingdom Government which provided constitutional, financial and general administrative structures for
river board
River boards were authorities who controlled land drainage, fisheries and river pollution and had other functions relating to rivers, streams and inland waters in England and Wales between 1950 and 1965.
Background
Prior to the 1930s, land drain ...
s, which were responsible for the management of river board areas, and superseded the
catchment board
River boards were authorities who controlled land drainage, fisheries and river pollution and had other functions relating to rivers, streams and inland waters in England and Wales between 1950 and 1965.
Background
Prior to the 1930s, land drainag ...
s that had been set up under the
Land Drainage Act 1930
The Land Drainage Act 1930 was an Act of Parliament passed by the United Kingdom Government which provided a new set of administrative structures to ensure that drainage of low-lying land could be managed effectively. It followed the proposals of ...
.
Background
In the 1920s there was a realisation that the current legislation concerning land drainage was somewhat chaotic, being largely based on the Statute of Sewers passed by
King Henry VIII in 1531, with some subsequent amendments. Accordingly, a
royal commission was convened on 26 March 1927, with
Lord Bledisloe acting as its chairman, which produced a final report towards the end of the year on 5 December. The report organised the rivers of England and Wales into 100 catchments, and suggested that a board should be appointed to oversee the work of smaller
drainage authorities within each catchment. The resulting legislation was the
Land Drainage Act 1930
The Land Drainage Act 1930 was an Act of Parliament passed by the United Kingdom Government which provided a new set of administrative structures to ensure that drainage of low-lying land could be managed effectively. It followed the proposals of ...
, but when it was passed, it only contained 47 of the catchment areas. Drainage authorities became
internal drainage board
An internal drainage board (IDB) is a type of operating authority which is established in areas of special drainage need in England and Wales with permissive powers to undertake work to secure clean water drainage and water level management with ...
s if they operated in an area which had a
catchment board
River boards were authorities who controlled land drainage, fisheries and river pollution and had other functions relating to rivers, streams and inland waters in England and Wales between 1950 and 1965.
Background
Prior to the 1930s, land drainag ...
, and
external drainage boards if there was no overall catchment board.
During the 1930s, there was a growing realisation that data on river flows and water quality was lacking, and in 1935 an Inland Water Survey Committee was created. They attempted to collect what data there was, and three annual reports were produced before the onset of the Second World War, but it was clear that gauging of rivers was in need of improvement, and its coverage was sporadic. Attempts to understand groundwater levels from data obtained from wells also showed the shortcomings of such an approach. In 1942, the
Institution of Civil Engineers
The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body in the United Kingdom. Based in London, ICE has over 92,000 members, of whom three-quarters are located in the UK, whi ...
produced a report, discussing the development of a post-war water resources survey, and the Ministry of Health's Central Advisory Committee proposed a network of river boards, who would be responsible for systematic river gauging, as well as land drainage, fisheries and pollution. Again, the lack of comprehensive flow and water quality data was mentioned. In 1944, the government published a white paper, entitled ''"A National Water Policy"'', which stated that the collection of flow and water quality data, as well as the understanding of underground water resources ''should be resumed and pressed on with vigour as soon as circumstances permit.'' Such data was to be made available to all who needed it. Under the terms of the
Water Act 1945, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government were given the responsibility for the conservation and appropriate use of water resources. Those wishing to construct wells were obliged to provide details of their drilling and testing operations to the
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, abbreviated DSIR was the name of several British Empire organisations founded after the 1923 Imperial Conference to foster intra-Empire trade and development.
* Department of Scientific and Industria ...
, while anyone abstracting water had to keep proper records of the volume of water taken.
Legislation
When the River Boards Act was passed, it reduced 47 catchment areas to a smaller number of larger river board areas, covering most of England and Wales. The exceptions were the London area, which was managed by the
Port of London Authority, and the jurisdiction of the
River Thames Catchment Board and the
Lee Conservancy Catchment Board
The Lee Navigation is a canalised river incorporating the River Lea (also called the River Lee along the sections that are navigable). It flows from Hertford Castle Weir to the River Thames at Bow Creek; its first lock is Hertford Lock and i ...
, which continued to operate under their existing powers. The artificial distinction between internal and external drainage boards ceased, as all of them were now operating within a river board area. In addition to their land drainage responsibilities, the remit of the new boards included fisheries, the prevention of pollution, and gauging of rivers.
Although the Act proposed river board areas, the precise details were not included in the legislation, and a consultative committee was convened to resolve issues with the boundaries for the areas. This involved liaising with catchment boards,
fishery board
Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life; or more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ( a.k.a. fishing ground). Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms, bot ...
s, county councils and county boroughs. By 19 May 1949, the borders of 17 areas had been settled, and a draft order to create the first river board, that for the
River Severn
, name_etymology =
, image = SevernFromCastleCB.JPG
, image_size = 288
, image_caption = The river seen from Shrewsbury Castle
, map = RiverSevernMap.jpg
, map_size = 288
, map_c ...
, had been deposited before Parliament. Robin Turton, MP for Thirsk and Malton, asked the Minister of Agriculture whether the consultation period could be extended in some cases, as there were 60 drainage authorities operating in the
Yorkshire Ouse River Board area, and getting a consensus was proving to be time-consuming.
Progress was not always smooth, as when the Wye and Usk River Board Area Order was submitted to Parliament in 1951, the House of Lords chose to annul the order. There had been considerable opposition to the joining together of the
River Usk and its tributary the
Ebbw River
The Ebbw River (; cy, Afon Ebwy) is a river in South Wales which gives its name to the town of Ebbw Vale. The Ebbw River is joined by the Ebbw Fach River ( Welsh: Afon Ebwy Fach meaning 'little Ebbw river') at Aberbeeg. The Ebbw Fach is itself ...
with the
River Wye in one river board area when it was first proposed. Herefordshire County Council, Hereford City Council, the Wye Catchment Board and the Conservators of the Wye had all lodged objections with the House of Lords, on the basis that there was no obvious administrative centre for such an area, and that the management of the River Wye under the existing provisions had been exceptional.
The concern with collecting data outlined in the 1944 white paper were addressed in the Act, requiring the river boards to plan and implement systematic flow gauging of the rivers within their areas. They were also required to collect data about water abstraction, as part of their general responsibility for the conservation of water resources, but an obvious shortcoming of this was that water supply companies could develop new sources without any reference to the river boards. Another area of responsibility was the enforcement of pollution laws. Until the passing of the Act, this had been the remit of local sanitary authorities, who usually also owned the sewers that were the main sources of pollution. There was therefore little incentive to invest in better sewage treatment works. Such investment was encouraged by the passing of the Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Acts of 1951 and 1961, during the currency of the 1948 Act, but a Working Party on Sewage Disposal suggested in 1970 that there were some 3,000 sewage treatment plants that were discharging inadequately-treated effluent into the rivers.
River boards were also given responsibility for fisheries. The importance of maintaining rivers for fish was first recognised with the passing of the
Salmon Fishery Act 1861
Salmon () is the common name for several commercially important species of euryhaline ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae, which are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic (genus ''Salmo'') and North Pacific (genus '' Oncorhync ...
, which dealt with issues such as obstructions in the river, the use of fixed engines,
illegal fishing
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) is an issue around the world. Fishing industry observers believe IUU occurs in most fisheries, and accounts for up to 30% of total catches in some important fisheries.
Illegal fishing takes ...
, close seasons, the effects of pollution, and the establishment of a central authority, which at the time was the
Home Office.
With the passing of the
Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1907, various provisions of the royal commission of 1900 were implemented, including the establishment of
fishery board
Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life; or more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ( a.k.a. fishing ground). Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms, bot ...
s to address issues of pollution and water abstraction. The 1861 Act and 18 amendment Acts that had been passed subsequently were consolidated in the
Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1923. Some fishery boards amalgamated, and some ceased to operate due to lack of funding, but by 1948 there were still 45 operational boards. An issue with much of the legislation up to that point was that it identified concerns, but provided little in the way of practical arrangements that would allow them to be implemented. With the passing of the 1948 Act, fishery boards ceased to exist, and their functions were taken over by the river boards, in the first steps towards multifunctional management of catchments.
Boards
Eventually, 32
river board
River boards were authorities who controlled land drainage, fisheries and river pollution and had other functions relating to rivers, streams and inland waters in England and Wales between 1950 and 1965.
Background
Prior to the 1930s, land drain ...
s were established under the terms of the Act.
The Rivers Board Act was wholly repealed from 1 April 1965, as a result of the passing of the
Water Resources Act 1963, and the powers of the river boards were transferred to twenty-seven
river authorities on the same day.
Bibliography
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References
{{UK Water Management, state=collapsed
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1948
Land drainage in the United Kingdom
Water in the United Kingdom