Conservative liberalism or right-liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right-wing of the liberal movement. M. Gallagher, M. Laver and P. Mair, ''Representative Government in Europe'', p. 221. In the case of modern "conservative liberalism", scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less

radical Radical may refer to: Politics and ideology Politics *Radical politics, the political intent of fundamental societal change *Radicalism (historical), the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and ...

variant of classical liberalism, but it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism. Conservative liberal parties tend to combine

economically liberal Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, ...

policies Policy is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organ ...

with more

traditional A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays or ...

stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues. In general,

liberal conservatism Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on economic issues but also on social and ethical matters, representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by libe ...

and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, "

" refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and "conservative liberalism" refers to classical liberals who support a '' laissez-faire'' economy as well as socially conservative principles (for instance, Christian

family values Family values, sometimes referred to as familial values, are traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family's structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals. In the social sciences and U.S. political discourse, the conventi ...

). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals. Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism, and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and

national liberalism National liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal policies and issues with elements of nationalism. Historically, national liberalism has also been used in the same meaning as conservative liberalism (right-liberalism). A seri ...

Overview

Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th century France, when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the

Bourbon Restoration Bourbon Restoration may refer to: France under the House of Bourbon: * Bourbon Restoration in France (1814, after the French revolution and Napoleonic era, until 1830; interrupted by the Hundred Days in 1815) Spain under the Spanish Bourbons: * ...

was a representative conservative-liberal party. Radicalism emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these (conservative) liberals. Raymond Aron (1966)

According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at

Colgate University Colgate University is a private liberal arts college in Hamilton, New York. The college was founded in 1819 as the Baptist Education Society of the State of New York and operated under that name until 1823, when it was renamed Hamilton Theologi ...

, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and

natural rights Some philosophers distinguish two types of rights, natural rights and legal rights. * Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are ''universal'', ''fundamental'' and ...

), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and

original sin Original sin is the Christian doctrine that holds that humans, through the fact of birth, inherit a tainted nature in need of regeneration and a proclivity to sinful conduct. The biblical basis for the belief is generally found in Genesis 3 (t ...

), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Plato, Aristotle, Socrates,

St. Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afri ...

, St. Thomas Aquinas, and

Edmund Burke Edmund Burke (; 12 January NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS">New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS/nowiki>_1729_–_9_July_1797)_was_an_ NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style"> ...

rather than

Locke Locke may refer to: People *John Locke, English philosopher *Locke (given name) *Locke (surname), information about the surname and list of people Places in the United States *Locke, California, a town in Sacramento County *Locke, Indiana *Locke, ...

or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek '' polis'', the Roman Republic, and

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...

monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of

mass culture Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as, popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a ...

) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization".Robert Kraynak,
Living with liberalism
', The New Criterion, 2005 In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with

which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues. The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the

history of liberalism Liberalism, the belief in freedom, equality, democracy and human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu, and with constitutionally limiting the power of the monarch, affirming parliamentary supremacy, ...

. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism. Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were

Christian democratic Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism. It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...

, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.

Political stance

Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism. Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics. It is often used to describe liberalism close to the centre to centre-right of the political spectrum. However, there are sometimes conservative liberals who are located on the

right-wing Right-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics, authorit ...

political position.

Social, classical and conservative liberalism

" Social liberalism" is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. " Classical liberalism" is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism. "Conservative liberalism" is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States, conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals, but in Europe, " Christian democrats" and "

Ordoliberals Ordoliberalism is the Germany, German variant of economic liberalism that emphasizes the need for government to ensure that the free market produces results close to its theoretical potential but does not advocate for a welfare state. Ordoliber ...

" can also be included. (Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets.)

By country

France

Alexis de Tocqueville and

Adolphe Thiers Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers ( , ; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France and first President of the French Third Republic. Thiers was a key figure in the July Rev ...

were representative French conservative liberals. They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive- Orléanists) during the July monarchy alone, but after the

1848 Revolution The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europea ...

, the Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.

Germany

Prior to World War II, conservative liberalism or "right-liberalism" (german: Rechtsliberalismus) was often used in a similar sense to " national-liberalism" (german: Nationalliberalismus). National Liberal Party during the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. (Currently, "right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.) According to the

German Wikipedia The German Wikipedia (german: Deutschsprachige Wikipedia) is the German-language edition of Wikipedia, a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia. Founded on March 16, 2001, it is the second-oldest Wikipedia (after the English Wikipedia), ...

, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU, a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany. Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism (which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism) or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, David Hume,

Adam Smith Adam Smith (baptized 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Seen by some as "The Father of Economics"——— ...

and

have been identified as conservative liberals.

United States

In the United States, '' liberal'' usually refers to a social liberal form, so those referred to as ''conservative liberals'' in Europe are often simply referred to as '' conservatives'' in the United States. Milton Friedman and

Irving Kristol Irving Kristol (; January 22, 1920 – September 18, 2009) was an American journalist who was dubbed the "godfather of neoconservatism". As a founder, editor, and contributor to various magazines, he played an influential role in the intellectual ...

are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars. Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense. In general, rather than the

Democratic Party Democratic Party most often refers to: *Democratic Party (United States) Democratic Party and similar terms may also refer to: Active parties Africa *Botswana Democratic Party *Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea *Gabonese Democratic Party *Demo ...

, which is close to social-liberal, the

Republican Party Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party. Republican Party may also refer to: Africa *Republican Party (Liberia) * Republican Part ...

is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party. In the case of the Democratic Party, Blue Dog Democrats is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy. However, the current Blue Dog is cultural moderate to liberal. (Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, including KESK, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.) American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals, according to Peter Lawler, a professor at

Berry College Berry College is a private liberal arts college in the Mount Berry community adjacent to Rome, Georgia. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). Berry College was founded on values based on Christian pri ...

, who argued:

America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is 'conservative sociology with liberal politics.' The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole. Peter Lawler,
Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism
', The Intercollegiate Review, Fall 2003/Spring 2004

In the American context, conservative liberalism as well as liberal conservatism should not be confused with

libertarian conservatism Libertarian conservatism, also referred to as conservative libertarianism and conservatarianism, is a political and social philosophy that combines conservatism and libertarianism, representing the libertarian wing of conservatism and vice ver ...

, influenced by right-libertarianism.

Notable thinkers

David Hume David Hume (; born David Home; – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical skepticism and metaphysical naturalism. Beginn ...

(1711–1776) *

(1723–1790) *

Edmund Burke Edmund Burke (; 12 January New_Style.html" ;"title="/nowiki>New Style">NS/nowiki> 1729 – 9 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish Politician">statesman and philosopher who spent most of his career in Great Britain. Born in Dublin, Burke served as a m ...

(1729–1797) * Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834) *

(1797–1877) * Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859) *

William Ewart Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone ( ; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman and Liberal politician. In a career lasting over 60 years, he was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for 12 years, spread over four non-consecutiv ...

(1809–1898) *

Camillo Benso Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (, 10 August 1810 – 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( , ), was an Italian politician, businessman, economist and noble, and a leading figure in the movement towa ...

(1810–1861) *

Stanley Baldwin Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, (3 August 186714 December 1947) was a British Conservative Party politician who dominated the government of the United Kingdom between the world wars, serving as prime minister on three occasions, ...

(1867–1947) *

Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...

(1874–1965) * Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929) * Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) * Walter Eucken (1891–1950) *

Robert Menzies The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of ''Hrōþ, Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory ...

(1894–1978) *

Ludwig Erhard Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (; 4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977) was a German politician affiliated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and chancellor of West Germany from 1963 until 1966. He is known for leading the West German postwar economic ...

(1897–1977) *

Wilhelm Ropke Wilhelm may refer to: People and fictional characters * William Charles John Pitcher, costume designer known professionally as "Wilhelm" * Wilhelm (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Other uses * Mount ...

(1899–1966) * Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992) * Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990) *

Ayn Rand Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum;, . Most sources transliterate her given name as either ''Alisa'' or ''Alissa''. , 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer and p ...

(1905–1982) *

Raymond Aron Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century. Aron is best known for his 19 ...

(1905–1983) * Milton Friedman (1912–2006) * Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1919–1999) *

(1920–2009) *

Francis Fukuyama Francis Yoshihiro Fukuyama (; born October 27, 1952) is an American political scientist, political economist, international relations scholar and writer. Fukuyama is known for his book ''The End of History and the Last Man'' (1992), which argue ...

(born 1952) * Malcolm Turnbull (born 1954) * Donald Tusk (born 1957)

Parties and organisations

Conservative liberal parties or factions

* Argentina: Union of the Democratic Centre, Christian Democratic Party * Australia: Liberal Party of Australia * Belgium: Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats, Reformist Movement, New Flemish Alliance,

Libertarian, Direct, Democratic Libertarian, Direct, Democratic ( nl, Libertair, Direct, Democratisch; LDD) is a conservative-liberal, libertarian, right-wing populist Flemish political party in Belgium. The party surprised commentators by winning five seats in the Chamber and ...

, People's Party * Brazil: Progressive Party,

Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties For ...

, Liberal Party * Bulgaria: National Movement for Stability and Progress * Canada: British Columbia Liberal Party,

Coalition Avenir Québec The Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ; , ) is a Quebec nationalist, autonomist and conservativeSaskatchewan Party The Saskatchewan Party is a centre-right political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Since 2007, it has been the province's governing party; both the party and the province are currently led by Premier Scott Moe. The party was esta ...

* Croatia: Croatian Social Liberal Party * Czech Republic: Mayors and Independents, TOP 09, Civic Democratic Party, ANO 2011 * Denmark: Venstre–Liberal Party of Denmark * Estonia:

Estonian Reform Party The Estonian Reform Party ( et, Eesti Reformierakond) is a liberal political party in Estonia. The party has been led by Kaja Kallas since 2018. It is colloquially known as the "Squirrel Party" ( et, Oravapartei). It was founded in 1994 by Si ...

* El Salvador: Nuevas Ideas, GANA * Faroe Islands: Union Party, People's Party * Finland: National Coalition Party, Centre Party * France: The Republicans, Horizons * Germany:

Free Democratic Party Free Democratic Party is the name of several political parties around the world. It usually designates a party ideologically based on liberalism. Current parties with that name include: *Free Democratic Party (Germany), a liberal political party in ...

* Ghana: New Patriotic Party * Greece: New Democracy * Greenland:

Feeling of Community Atassut ( en, Cohesion / Link / Togetherness / Solidarity; also referred to as Feeling of Community) is a Liberal conservatism, liberal-conservative and The unity of the Realm, unionist list of political parties in Greenland, political party in ...

* Iceland:

Independence Party Independence Party may refer to: Active parties Outside United States * Independence Party (Egypt) * Estonian Independence Party * Independence Party (Finland) * Independence Party (Iceland) * Independence Party (Mauritius) * Independence Part ...

* Ireland: Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael * Israel: Likud,

Telem Telem can be any of the following: *In the Hebrew Bible: **a porter of the temple in the time of Ezra (10:24). **a town in the southern border of Judah (Josh. 15:24); probably the same as Telaim. * Telem (1981 political party), a former political p ...

, New Hope * Italy:

Forza Italia Forza ItaliaThe name is not usually translated into English: ''forza'' is the second-person singular imperative of ''forzare'', in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Ital ...

* Japan: Liberal Democratic Party (factions), Democratic Party for the People * Latvia: Unity * Lithuania: Liberal Movement, Freedom and Justice * Luxembourg:

* Moldova: Liberal Party, Liberal Reformist Party * Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p. 49 JA21 * New Zealand:

New Zealand National Party The New Zealand National Party ( mi, Rōpū Nāhinara o Aotearoa), shortened to National () or the Nats, is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It is one of two major parties that dominate contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside ...

* Norway: Progress Party * Philippines: Liberal Party (factions),

Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino The Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino () is a centre-right political party in the Philippines. There are no results available for the 2004 election for the House of Representatives, but according to the website of the House, the party held 7 out ...

* Poland: Civic Platform * Portugal:

* Romania: National Liberal Party * Russia: People's Freedom Party, Democratic Choice * Slovakia: Freedom and Solidarity For the People * Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party * South Africa: Democratic Alliance * South Korea:

Minsaeng Party The Minsaeng Party () is a Conservative liberalism, conservative liberal political party in South Korea based in the Honam region. Political position The party has a support base among elderly and socially conservative Christians in the Hona ...

, Democratic Party of Korea (factions) * Spain: People's Party, Catalan European Democratic Party,

Basque Nationalist Party The Basque Nationalist Party (, EAJ ; es, Partido Nacionalista Vasco, PNV; french: Parti Nationaliste Basque, PNB; EAJ-PNV), officially Basque National Party in English,) was rejected by party members in November 2011. Nonetheless, the party did ...

* Switzerland:

FDP.The Liberals french: PLR.Les Libéraux-Radicaux it, PLR.I Liberali Radicali rm, PLD.Ils Liberals , logo = , caption = Logo of the party in French, German, and Italian , leader1_title = President , leader1_name = Thierry Burkart ...

* Sweden: Liberals * Thailand: Democrat Party * Turkey: Future Party * Ukraine: Civil Position * United Kingdom:

Conservative Party The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right. Political parties called The Conservative P ...

* United States:

Historical parties or factions

* Austria: Constitutional Party,

Federation of Independents The Federation of Independents (german: Verband der Unabhängigen, VdU) was a German nationalist and national-liberal political party in Austria active from 1949 to 1955. It was the predecessor of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). Formation Th ...

, Freedom Party of Austria * Belarus:

Belarusian Peasant Party The Belarusian Peasant Party ('','' BSP'';'' , BKP) was a right-wing liberal political party in Belarus. History The BSP was founded on 23 February 1991. The party contested the 1995 parliamentary elections, winning one seat in the second round ...

* Brazil: National Democratic Union * Chile: National Party * Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance, Public Affairs * El Salvador: National Coalition Party * France: Feuillant,

Thermidorians The Thermidorians (french: Thermidoriens, named after the month of Thermidor), known also a Thermidorian Convention (french: Convention thermidorienne) was a French political group active during the French Revolution between 1794 and 1799. His ...

, Doctrinaires,

Resistance Party Resistance may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Comics * Either of two similarly named but otherwise unrelated comic book series, both published by Wildstorm: ** ''Resistance'' (comics), based on the video game of the same title ** ''T ...

, Union for the New Republic/

Union of Democrats for the Republic The Union for the Defence of the Republic (french: Union pour la défense de la République), after 1968 renamed Union of Democrats for the Republic (french: Union des Démocrates pour la République), commonly abbreviated UDR, was a Gaullist po ...

Rally for the Republic The Rally for the Republic (french: Rassemblement pour la République ; RPR ), was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), it was founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 a ...

Independent Republicans The Independent Republicans (french: Républicains Indépendants, RI) were a liberal conservatism, liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962, which became a list of political parties in France, political party in 1966 known ...

/ Liberal Democracy, Union for French Democracy

, Union for a Popular Movement,

Agir Agir or AGIR may refer to: * Agir (singer), Portuguese singer * AGIR (student organization), Galician independence group * Agir (Belgium), Belgian political party * Agir (France), French political party * Agir ensemble, French parliamentary group * ...

* Germany: German People's Party * Iceland: Liberal Party (1927),

Liberal Party (1998) The was a political party in Japan formed in 1998 by Ichirō Ozawa and Hirohisa Fujii. It is now defunct, having joined the Democratic Party of Japan in 2003. The Liberal Party were part of the Japanese liberal Parties genealogy, neolibera ...

* Ireland:

Fianna Fail ''Fianna'' ( , ; singular ''Fian''; gd, Fèinne ) were small warrior-hunter bands in Gaelic Ireland during the Iron Age and early Middle Ages. A ''fian'' was made up of freeborn young males, often aristocrats, "who had left fosterage but had ...

, Progressive Democrats * Israel:

General Zionists The General Zionists ( he, הַצִיּוֹנִים הַכְּלָלִיים, translit. ''HaTzionim HaKlaliym'') were a centrist Zionist movement and a political party in Israel. The General Zionists supported the leadership of Chaim Weizmann an ...

, Liberal Party * Italy:

Italian Liberal Party The Italian Liberal Party ( it, Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) was a liberal and conservative political party in Italy. The PLI, which is the heir of the liberal currents of both the Historical Right and the Historical Left, was a minor party ...

Italian Liberal Right The Italian Liberal Right ( it, Destra Liberale Italiana, DLI) or, simply, Liberal Right, is a minor conservative-liberal political party in Italy. History The party was founded in 1994 by members of the right-wing of the Italian Liberal Party ...

Civic Choice Civic Choice ( it, Scelta Civica; SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti. The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his polit ...

* Japan:

New Party Sakigake The , also known as the New Harbinger Party, was a political party in Japan that broke away from the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) on 22 June 1993. The party was created by Masayoshi Takemura. The party was centrist, and had many reformist an ...

* Latvia:

Latvian Way Latvian Way ( lv, Latvijas Ceļš) was a conservative-liberal political party in Latvia. It merged with Latvia's First Party to form the Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way (LPP/LC) in 2007. It described itself as "a liberal party defending peopl ...

Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way ( lv, Latvijas Pirmā partija/Latvijas Ceļš, LPP/LC) was a political party in Latvia created from the merger of the Christian-democratic Latvia's First Party (LPP), the liberal Latvian Way (LC) and the regional ...

* Lithuania:

National Resurrection Party National Resurrection Party ( lt, Tautos prisikėlimo partija; sometimes translated as ''Rising Nation Party'' or ''National Revival Party'') was a centre-right political party in Lithuania. History Founded in 2008. The party was headed by a form ...

, Liberal and Centre Union * Mexico: Liberal Party * Netherlands: Liberal State Party, Party of Freedom * New Zealand: United Party * Norway: Frisinnede Venstre * Poland: Liberty,

League of the Right of the Republic The League of the Right of the Republic ( pl, Liga Prawicy Rzeczypospolitej, LPR) was a short-lived Polish political alliance between the national conservative Christian right League of Polish Families (LPR), the conservative- libertarian Real P ...

, Liberal Democratic Congress, Poland Together * Romania: Democratic Liberal Party, Liberal Reformist Party * Russia: Democratic Choice of Russia * Serbia: Serbian Progressive Party * Slovakia:

* South Korea: Korea Democratic Party, Democratic Nationalist Party, Democratic Party (1955),

New Democratic Party The New Democratic Party (NDP; french: Nouveau Parti démocratique, NPD) is a federal political party in Canada. Widely described as social democratic,The party is widely described as social democratic: * * * * * * * * * * * * t ...

, Reunification Democratic Party, Democratic Party (1990), United Democratic Party (1995),

National Congress for New Politics The National Congress for New Politics (; NCNP) was a political party of South Korea. History The party was formed in 1995 as the National Congress for New Politics after Kim Dae-jung returned to active politics following his retirement in 1992 ...

, Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000), People Party (2016),

Party for Democracy and Peace A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration or celebration of a special occasion. A party will often feature ...

New Alternatives The New Alternatives (Korean: 대안신당) was a South Korean political party founded in 2020. History The New Alternatives was originally organised by the conservative dissidents of the Party for Democracy and Peace (PDP) on 16 July 2019, ...

* Spain: Liberal Party,

Democratic Convergence of Catalonia The Democratic Convergence of Catalonia ( ca, Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya; , CDC), frequently shortened as Convergence ( ca, Convergència; ) was a Catalan nationalist, liberal political party in Catalonia (Spain), currently still exist ...

* Switzerland:

, Liberal Party * Turkey:

Justice and Development Party Justice and Development Party may refer to several political parties, the best-known ones being: * Justice and Development Party (Morocco) * Justice and Development Party (Turkey) Justice and Development Party may also refer to: * Justice and Dev ...

, Motherland Party * United Kingdom:

Liberal Unionist Party The Liberal Unionist Party was a British political party that was formed in 1886 by a faction that broke away from the Liberal Party. Led by Lord Hartington (later the Duke of Devonshire) and Joseph Chamberlain, the party established a political ...

, National Liberal Party * United States: Whig Party

References

Sources

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Conservative Liberalism Liberalism Centre-right ideologies Centrism Conservatism in the United States Ordoliberalism Political culture Political ideologies Political science terminology Right-wing ideologies