Richard Felton Outcault (; January 14, 1863 – September 25, 1928) was an American
cartoonist
A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comic book illustrators in that they produce both the literary and ...
. He was the creator of the series ''
The Yellow Kid'' and ''
Buster Brown
Buster Brown is a comic-strip character created in 1902 by Richard F. Outcault. Adopted as the mascot of the Brown Shoe Company in 1904, Buster Brown, along with Mary Jane, and with his dog Tige, became well known to the United States of America ...
'' and is considered a key pioneer of the modern
comic strip
A comic strip is a sequence of drawings, often cartoons, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. Traditionally, throughout the 20th and into the 21st ...
.
Life and career
Outcault was born on January 14, 1863, in
Lancaster, Ohio, to Catherine Davis and Jesse P. —spelled without the ''u'' their son later added. He attended
McMicken University's school of design in Cincinnati from 1878 to 1881, and after graduating did commercial painting for the Hall Safe and Lock Company.
Early career
Outcault painted electric light displays for Edison Laboratories for the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States in Cincinnati. This led to full-time work with Edison in
West Orange, New Jersey, doing mechanical drawings and illustrations. Edison appointed him official artist for the company's traveling exhibition in 1889–90, which included supervising the installation of Edison exhibits at the
Exposition Universelle in Paris. While there, he studied art in the
Latin Quarter and added the ''u'' to his surname.
In 1890 Outcault returned to the US, married, and moved to
Flushing in New York City. He worked making technical drawings to ''Street Railway Journal'' and ''Electrical World'', a magazine owned by one of Edison's friends.
[Wallace, Derek. ''Virtue'' vol. 1, no. 14. July 18, 2005.]
On the side, he contributed to the humor magazines ''
Truth'', ''
Puck'', ''
Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. A judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility an ...
'' and ''
Life''.
The Yellow Kid
![Yellow kid001](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Yellow_kid001.gif)
The ''
New York World'' newspaper began publishing cartoons in 1889. The ''
Chicago Inter Ocean'' added a
color supplement in 1892, the first in the US, and when the ''World''s publisher
Joseph Pulitzer saw it, he ordered for his own newspaper the same four-color
rotary printing press. A color Sunday humor supplement began to run in the ''World'' in Spring 1893. The supplement's editor
Morrill Goddard contacted Outcault via
Roy McCardell on the staff of ''Puck'' and offered Outcault a full-time position with the ''World''.
Outcault's first cartoon for the paper appeared on September 16, 1894: a six-panel, full-page comic strip titled "Uncle Eben's Ignorance of the City". Though not the first strips to employ multi-panel narrative strips—even at the ''World''—Outcault's were among the earliest. His primary subjects were African Americans who lived in a town called Possumville and Irish immigrants who lived in
tenement slums.
An Outcault cartoon from the June 2, 1894, issue of ''Judge'' featured a big-eared, bald street kid in a gown. Outcault continued to draw the character, who made his debut in the ''World'' on January 13, 1895. The kid appeared in color for the first time in the May 5 issue in a cartoon titled "At the Circus in Hogan's Alley". Outcault weekly ''Hogan's Alley'' cartoons appeared from then on in color, starring rambunctious slum kids in the streets, in particular the bald kid, who gained the name Mickey Dugan. In the January 5 episode of ''Hogan's Alley'', Mickey's gown appeared in bright yellow. He soon became the star of the strip and became known as ''
The Yellow Kid'', and that May the Kid's dialogue began appearing on his yellow gown. The strip's popularity drove up the ''World''s circulation and the Kid was widely merchandised. Its level of success drove other papers to publish such strips, and thus the Yellow Kid is seen as a landmark in the development of the comic strip as a mass medium.
Outcault may not have benefited from the strip's merchandise revenue. Though he applied at least three times, he does not appear to have been granted a copyright on the strip. Common practice at the time would have given the publisher the copyrights to the strips they printed on a work-for-hire basis, though not to the characters therein.
California newspaperman
William Randolph Hearst set up offices in New York after buying the failing ''New York Morning Journal'', which he renamed the ''
New York Journal
:''Includes coverage of New York Journal-American and its predecessors New York Journal, The Journal, New York American and New York Evening Journal''
The ''New York Journal-American'' was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 t ...
''. He bought a color press and hired away the ''World''s Sunday supplement staff, including Outcault, at greatly increased salaries. Hearst's color humor supplement was named ''The American Humorist'' and advertised as "eight pages of polychromatic effulgence that make the rainbow look like a lead pipe". It debuted on October 18, 1896, and an advertisement in the ''Journal'' the day before boasted: "The Yellow Kid—Tomorrow, Tomorrow!" The strip was titled ''McFadden's Row of Flats'', as the ''World'' claimed the ''Hogan's Alley'' title. A week earlier, on October 11, Outcault's replacement at the ''World''
George Luks took over with his own version of ''Hogan's Alley''; he had handled the strip earlier, the first time that May 31. Both papers advertised themselves with posters featuring the Yellow Kid, and soon the association with their sensational style of journalism led to the coining of the term "
yellow journalism".
The installment for October 25, 1896—"The Yellow Kid and his New Phonograph"—featured
speech balloon
Speech balloons (also speech bubbles, dialogue balloons, or word balloons) are a graphic convention used most commonly in comic books, comics, and cartoons to allow words (and much less often, pictures) to be understood as representing a char ...
s for the first time. Outcault's strips appeared twice a week in the ''Journal'', and took on a form that was to become standard: multipanel strips in which the images and text were inextricably bound to each other. Comics historian
Bill Blackbeard
William Elsworth Blackbeard (April 28, 1926 – March 10, 2011), better known as Bill Blackbeard, was a writer-editor and the founder-director of the San Francisco Academy of Comic Art, a comprehensive collection of comic strips and cartoon art fr ...
asserted this made it "nothing less than the first definitive comic strip in history". From January to May 1897, Hearst sent Outcault and the ''Humorist''s editor
Rudolph Block
Rudolph or Rudolf may refer to:
People
* Rudolph (name), the given name including a list of people with the name
Religious figures
* Rudolf of Fulda (died 865), 9th century monk, writer and theologian
* Rudolf von Habsburg-Lothringen (1788â ...
to Europe, a trip Outcault reported on in the paper through a mock Yellow Kid diary and an ''Around the World with the Yellow Kid'' strip, which took the place of ''McFadden's Row of Flats''.
The Yellow Kid's popularity soon faded, and the last strip appeared on January 23, 1898. Luks' version had ended the month before. The character made rare appearances thereafter. Hearst had launched the ''
New York Evening Journal
:''Includes coverage of New York Journal-American and its predecessors New York Journal, The Journal, New York American and New York Evening Journal''
The ''New York Journal-American'' was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 t ...
'' and made Outcault the editor of the daily comics page. He continued to contribute cartoons to it, as well as to the ''World'', where he had ''Casey’s Corner'' published, a strip about African-American characters that debuted on February 13, 1898, and moved to the ''Evening Journal'' on April 8, 1898. It was the first newspaper strip to feature continuity.
Outcault freelanced cartoons to other papers in 1899. ''The Country School'' and ''The Barnyard Club'' ran briefly in ''
The Philadelphia Inquirer''. In the ''
New York Herald
The ''New York Herald'' was a large-distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between 1835 and 1924. At that point it was acquired by its smaller rival the ''New-York Tribune'' to form the '' New York Herald Tribune''.
His ...
'' ran ''Buddy Tucker'', about a bellhop, and ''Pore Lil Mose'', the first strip with an African-American title character—a prankster portrayed in a heavily stereotyped manner.
Buster Brown
![Buster Brown alone mod color](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Buster_Brown_alone_mod_color.png)
Outcault introduced
Buster Brown
Buster Brown is a comic-strip character created in 1902 by Richard F. Outcault. Adopted as the mascot of the Brown Shoe Company in 1904, Buster Brown, along with Mary Jane, and with his dog Tige, became well known to the United States of America ...
to the pages of the ''Herald'' on May 4, 1902, about a mischievous, well-to-do boy dressed in
Little Lord Fauntleroy style, and his
pit-bull terrier Tige. The strip and characters were more popular than the Yellow Kid, and Outcault licensed the name for a wide number of consumer products, such as children's shoes from the
Brown Shoe Company
Caleres Inc. is an American footwear company that owns and operates a variety of footwear brands. Its headquarters is located in Clayton, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis.[Louisiana Purchase Exposition
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was an World's fair, international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds tota ...]
. Journalist
Roy McCardell reported in 1905 that Outcault earned $75,000 a year from merchandising and employed two secretaries and a lawyer.
At the ''Herald'', Outcault worked alongside fellow comic strip pioneer
Winsor McCay (who at that point was mostly working on illustrations and editorial cartoons). A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists, which resulted in Outcault leaving the ''Herald'' to return to his previous employer,
William Randolph Hearst at ''
The New York Journal
:''Includes coverage of New York Journal-American and its predecessors New York Journal, The Journal, New York American and New York Evening Journal''
The ''New York Journal-American'' was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 t ...
''. In the ''Journal,'' Outcault began using multiple panels and speech balloons following the earlier examples of
Frederick Burr Opper
Frederick Burr Opper (January 2, 1857 – August 28, 1937) is regarded as one of the pioneers of American newspaper comic strips, best known for his comic strip ''Happy Hooligan''. His comic characters were featured in magazine gag cartoons, cov ...
and
Rudolph Dirks
Rudolph Dirks (February 26, 1877 – April 20, 1968) was one of the earliest and most noted comic strip artists, well known for ''The Katzenjammer Kids'' (later known as ''The Captain and the Kids'').
Dirks was born in Heide, Germany, to Joh ...
.
Outcault took Buster Brown to Hearst's ''New York American'' in January 1906. The ''Herald'' continued to publish Buster Brown strips by other cartoonists; Outcault sued, and the ''Herald'' countersued the ''American''s publishers for the character's trademark.
Outcault had not applied for a copyright to Buster Brown, but asserted a "common-law title"—what comics historian
Don Markstein asserted is one of the earliest claims to
creators' rights
In the United States, creator ownership in comics is an arrangement in which the comic book creator retains full ownership of the material, regardless of whether the work is self-published or published by a corporate publisher.
In some fields of ...
. The court decided the ''Herald'' owned the ''Buster Brown'' name and title and the copyright on the strips it published, but the characters themselves were too intangible to qualify for copyright or trademark. Nonetheless a later court case established that Outcault owned all other rights to Buster Brown. This freed Outcault to continue the strip in the ''American'' as long as he did not use the ''Buster Brown'' name.
Outcault continued the untitled Buster Brown strip until 1921, though increasingly the work was done by assistants. He focused rather on merchandising, and set up an advertising agency in Chicago at 208 South Dearborn Street to handle it. In 1914 he proposed unsuccessfully a Buster Brown League for boys too young to join the Boy Scouts.
Outcault retired from newspapers and spent the last ten years of his life painting. After a ten-week illness he died on September 25, 1928, in
Flushing, New York. His widow later interred his ashes at the
Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in
Glendale, California
Glendale is a city in the San Fernando Valley and Verdugo Mountains regions of Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles County, California, United States. At the 2020 United States Census, 2020 U.S. Census the population was 196,543, up from ...
.
Personal life
Outcault married Mary Jane Martin, the granddaughter of a Lancaster banker, on Christmas Day 1890. The couple had two children.
Legacy
*Comics historian
R. C. Harvey considered "that Outcault belongs in the ranks of the great cartoonists".
*Outcault was a 2008 Judges' Choice inductee into the
Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame.
*
Lancaster High School in Lancaster, Ohio (Outcault's birthplace) awards the R. F. Outcault Innovation Award to journalism students annually. Betsy Noll (2011) was the first recipient, Riley Theiss and Ohio State and Harvard Linebacker Luke Roberts were the 2012 recipients, Jeremy Hill & Alek LaVeck were the 2013 co-recipients, and Connor McCandlish received the honor in 2014.
Notes
References
Works cited
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
*
External links
*
The Life and Times of Buster Brown
{{DEFAULTSORT:Outcault, Richard F.
1863 births
1928 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
Hearst Communications people
People from Lancaster, Ohio
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
People from Flushing, Queens
19th-century American artists
20th-century American artists
Artists from Ohio