The Rich Mountain salamander (''Plethodon ouachitae'') is a species of

salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All ten ...

in the family Plethodontidae. It is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

to the Ouachita Mountains in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. Its natural

habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...

is temperate

forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...

s. It is threatened by

habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby ...

Description

Rich Mountain salamanders grow to a length of about , snout to vent. They are mottled and slatey-grey in colour which makes them inconspicuous. There are glands on their backs which secrete a noxious substance to deter

predators Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the ...

. The distinct lineages present characteristic color variations, corresponding with the mountain range where found.

Distribution and habitat

The Rich Mountain salamander was first collected at Rich Mountain east of

Page, Oklahoma Page is an unincorporated community in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, United States. Page is located along U.S. routes 59 and 270, west of the Arkansas Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the South Central United States. It is bordered ...

in the Ouachita Mountains. They only occur on six distinct mountains; Buffalo, Winding Stair, Black Fork, Kiamichi, Round, and Rich Mountain. It has been described as a sky island species due to the strict high elevation of the range. Where their range overlaps that of the Fourche Mountain salamander ('' Plethodon fourchensis''), some hybridization occurs. Their

is mixed deciduous woodland particularly on north facing slopes near wet seeps. They are also found in the characteristic talus rock glaciers of the Ouachitas, under logs, rocks and debris and in cave entrances.

Biology

The males defend

territories A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or an ...

and drive off other male salamanders. Breeding takes place in the late autumn, winter and early spring in burrows in scree and caves. About sixteen eggs are brooded by the female and hatch directly into juvenile salamanders without any intervening larval stage. The juveniles occupy the same habitat as the adults and both feed among the leaf litter on small

invertebrate Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate ...

s such as

insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs ...

s and their larvae,

worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete wor ...

s and

spider Spiders ( order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species ...

s. They are largely nocturnal but sometimes move about by day in wet weather. The adults may

aestivate Aestivation ( la, aestas (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a ...

from May till September though the juveniles remain active for at least part of this time. In the winter they probably

hibernate Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most ...

and the females probably only breed every alternate year. Due to the sky island nature of the species, isolation has caused several distinct lineages. The range include seven lineages, each corresponding to the mountain which the lineage is found, except the Kiamichi mountain lineage in which the west and east sides of the mountain make up two lineages. These lineages have distinct morphological differences as well. Some scholars believe that the genetic distinction of the lineages warrant subspecies or even species designation. This is not unprecedented, as ''P. fourchensis'' was considered as part of ''P. ouachitae'' until genetic differences found in 1979 warranted the distinction of ''P. fourchensis.''

Status

In the

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biologi ...

, the Rich Mountain salamander is considered to be "

Near threatened A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify fo ...

". This is because, although it is abundant in parts of its range, there are a number of separate populations which could be impacted by local events. It is vulnerable to

habitat destruction Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby ...

and clear felling but some of its range is in protected areas. The range is mostly encompassed in Ouachita National Forest, however the majority of Buffalo mountain is on private property, meaning the Buffalo mountain lineage is at a higher risk.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3006562 Amphibians of the United States Plethodon Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Amphibians described in 1933