Riccardo Bauer (1896–1982) was an Italian anti-fascist journalist and political figure. He was one of the early Italians who fought against

Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...

's rule. Due to his activities Bauer was imprisoned for a long time and was freed only after the collapse of the Fascist rule in 1943.

Biography

Riccardo Bauer was born in Milan on 6 January 1896. His parents were Francesco who was from

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...

and Giuseppina Cairoli. In 1922 he began to collaborate with ''

La Rivoluzione Liberale ''La Rivoluzione Liberale'' (Italian: ''Liberal Revolution'') was an Italian anti-Fascist liberal magazine which was published on a weekly basis in Turin between 1922 and 1925. The magazine is mostly known for its founder, Piero Gobetti. History ...

'', an anti-Fascist magazine by

Piero Gobetti Piero Gobetti (; 19 June 1901, Turin – 15 February 1926, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was an Italian journalist, intellectual and radical liberal and anti-fascist. He was an exceptionally active campaigner and critic in the crisis years in Italy after ...

. In July 1924 he founded an anti-fascist magazine, ''

Il Caffè ''Il Caffè'' (Italian: ''The Coffeehouse'') was an Italian magazine which was published in Milan between 1764 and 1766. It was the most significant publication of the Enlightenment period in the country. History and profile ''Il Caffè'' was ...

'', which existed until May 1925. In 1926 Bauer helped

Filippo Turati Filippo Turati (; 26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, poet and socialist politician. Early life Born in Canzo, province of Como, he graduated in law at the University of Bologna in 1877, and participa ...

's escape from Milan to Paris due to the oppression of the Fascist rule. The same year Bauer was arrested and was in prison for seven months. Then he was sentenced to two years of confinement first on the island of Ustica and then in

Lipari Lipari (; scn, Lìpari) is the largest of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the northern coast of Sicily, southern Italy; it is also the name of the island's main town and ''comune'', which is administratively part of the Metropolit ...

between January and 10 April 1928. Back in Milan, Bauer resumed his activities and founded the

Giustizia e Libertà Giustizia e Libertà (; en, Justice and Freedom) was an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement, active from 1929 to 1945.James D. Wilkinson (1981). ''The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe''. Harvard University Press. p. 224. The mov ...

movement with

Ernesto Rossi Ernesto Rossi may refer to: * Ernesto Rossi (actor) (1827–1896), Italian actor * Ernesto Rossi (politician) (1897–1967), Italian politician and anti-fascist activist * Ernesto Rossi (gangster) (1903–1931), Italian-American gangster {{hndis, ...

which laid the basis of the Action Party. On 30 November 1930 Bauer,

Ferruccio Parri Ferruccio Parri (; Pinerolo, 19 January 1890 – Rome, 8 December 1981) was an Italian partisan and anti-fascist politician who served as the 29th Prime Minister of Italy, and the first to be appointed after the end of World War II. During the wa ...

and Umberto Ceva were arrested. Bauer was sentenced to 20 years in prison and was released only after the end of the Fascist rule on 25 July 1943. In November 1943 Bauer was elected as a board member and the chairman of the board of the Action Party in the first convention held in Florence in secret. Bauer was one of the leaders of the armed Giustizia e Libertà units operating in Rome. Together with

Giorgio Amendola Giorgio Amendola (21 November 1907 – 5 June 1980) was an Italian writer and politician. He is regarded and often cited as one of the main precursors of the Olive Tree. Born in Rome in 1907, Amendola was the son of Lithuanian intellectual Eva K ...

and

Sandro Pertini Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini (; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian socialist politician who served as the president of Italy from 1978 to 1985. Early life Born in Stella (Province of Savona) as the son of a wealthy landown ...

, he was part of its central military committee. Following the end of Fascist rule Bauer became one of the leading figures of the Action Party in Rome. He was president of the Humanitarian Society in Milan from 1950 to 1969. He died at a clinic in Milan on 15 October 1982.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauer, Riccardo 20th-century Italian journalists 1896 births 1982 deaths Action Party (Italy) politicians Members of Giustizia e Libertà Italian magazine founders Politicians from Milan Italian people of Czech descent Italian political party founders Italian prisoners and detainees Italian philanthropists Members of the National Council (Italy)