Rhombophryne Matavy

''Rhombophryne'' is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to Madagascar. It is currently estimated to include more than 23 species, but only 20 of these are currently described. The common name 'diamond frog' has been proposed and used for members of this genus.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Rhombophryne'' was monotypic until 2005, containing just '' R. testudo'' Boettger, 1880. However, in 2005 Andreone et al. showed that the genus ''Plethodontohyla'' was paraphyletic with respect to this genus. Several species were therefore transferred to this genus by Frost et al. in 2006, Glaw and Vences in 2007, and Wollenberg et al. in 2008. In 2015/2016, Peloso et al. re-analysed the genetic relationships of the Microhylidae using partial genomic data. They proposed the synonymy of ''Stumpffia'' with ''Rhombophryne'' because these genera were found to be paraphyletic. However, in 2016 Scherz et al. re-analysed their data with new data—including osteology and external morphology. They found strong support for these groups being ecologically distinct, non-synonymous sister taxa. To accommodate this, however, they established a new genus, ''Anilany'' for a species that would otherwise have rendered ''Stumpffia'' paraphyletic. These findings were supported by a subsequent study on the phylogeny of the family Microhylidae.

At present at least one species group is recognised: the ''Rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa'' species group, containing '' R. serratopalpebrosa'', '' R. guentherpetersi'', '' R. coronata'', '' R. vaventy'', '' R. tany'', '' R. ornata'', '' R. regalis'', and '' R. diadema''. This group is recognised due to the clearly synapomorphic superciliary spines (spines above the eyes) shared by all of its members, in addition to its consistent monophyly in various phylogenetic reconstructions. Other species groups have yet to be established.

In early 2018, Bellati et al. moved the species '' Rhombophryne alluaudi'' to ''Plethodontohyla'' based on examination of the type material; specimens in phylogenetic analyses that had been referred to as ''R. alluaudi'' in fact belong to an undescribed species of ''Rhombophryne''.

Ecomorphology

Members of the genus ''Rhombophryne'' are ecologically and morphologically diverse. The type species, '' R. testudo'' shows many specialisations to burrowing, such as a short head, short limbs, and large metatarsal tubercles, as do its two closest relatives, '' R. matavy'' and '' R. coudreaui''. Most other species have a stout body shape which may suggest partially burrowing habits as well. '' Rhombophryne minuta'' and '' R. longicrus'' by contrast have unusually long limbs, and it has been argued that they probably are more terrestrial and saltatorial than the other members of the genus. '' Rhombophryne proportinalis'' is a miniaturised species, attaining an adult body size of 11–12 mm. It was argued to be a proportional dwarf in its original description, based on its non-paedomorphic proportions compared to similarly sized Cophylinae frogs.

Reproductive Ecology

The mating habits of most species of ''Rhombophryne'' are not known. It is likely that all members of this genus engage in parental care, which is common to most members of the Cophylinae. Two adult '' R. testudo'' individuals were found together with 18 putative offspring in a burrow by a stream at the edge of Lokobe Reserve on Nosy Be, at the end of the dry season. This is the only direct evidence of reproductive behaviour in this genus. So far, the advertisement calls of eight species have been published: '' R. botabota'', '' R. minuta'', '' R. mangabensis'', '' R. matavy'', '' R. testudo'', '' R. nilevina'', '' R. coronata'', and '' R. proportionalis.'' Most of their calls are honking sounds emitted after quite long intervals, but ''R. minuta'' emits paired notes, and ''R. proportionalis'' emits series of 9–17 notes.

Species

* '' Rhombophryne botabota'' Scherz, Glaw, Vences, Andreone & Crottini, 2016
* ''Rhombophryne coronata'' ( Vences and Glaw, 2003)
* ''Rhombophryne coudreaui'' (Angel, 1938)
* ''Rhombophryne diadema'' Scherz, Hawlitschek, Andreone, Rakotoarison, Vences & Glaw, 2017
* ''Rhombophryne guentherpetersi'' (Guibé, 1974)
* '' Rhombophryne laevipes'' ( Mocquard, 1895)
* ''Rhombophryne longicrus'' Scherz, Rakotoarison, Hawlitschek, Vences & Glaw, 2015
* '' Rhombophryne mangabensis'' Glaw, Köhler & Vences, 2010
* '' Rhombophryne matavy'' D'Cruze, Köhler, Vences & Glaw, 2010
* '' Rhombophryne minuta'' (Guibé, 1975)
* '' Rhombophryne nilevina'' Lambert, Hutter & Scherz, 2017
* ''Rhombophryne ornata'' Scherz, Ruthensteiner, Vieites, Vences & Glaw, 2015
*'' Rhombophryne proportinalis'' Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini, Vences & Glaw, 2019
* ''Rhombophryne regalis'' Scherz, Hawlitschek, Andreone, Rakotoarison, Vences & Glaw, 2017
* '' Rhombophryne savaka'' Scherz, Glaw, Vences, Andreone & Crottini, 2016
* ''Rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa'' (Guibé, 1975)
* ''Rhombophryne tany'' Scherz, Ruthensteiner, Vieites, Vences & Glaw, 2015
* ''Rhombophryne testudo'' Boettger, 1880
* ''Rhombophryne vaventy'' Scherz, Ruthensteiner, Vences & Glaw, 2014
* '' Rhombophryne ellae'' Scherz, 2020

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q926301

Endemic frogs of Madagascar
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Oskar Boettger
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot