''Rhodonia'' is a fungal

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

in the family

Fomitopsidaceae The Fomitopsidaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. Most species are parasitic on woody plants, and tend to cause brown rots. The name comes from ''Fomitopsis'' (meaning "looking like Fomes") + ''-aceae'' (a suffix used to form t ...

. It is a

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

genus, containing the single

crust fungus The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or pa ...

''Rhodonia placenta''. A brown rot species, ''R. placenta'' is found in China, Europe, and North America, where it grows on decaying

conifer Conifers are a group of conifer cone, cone-bearing Spermatophyte, seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the phylum, division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single ...

wood.

Taxonomy

The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

by Finnish mycologist Tuomo Niemelä in 2005 to contain the single species ''Rhodonia placenta''. This

has undergone several changes in generic placement since it was originally described as a species of ''

Polyporus ''Polyporus'' is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. Taxonomy Italian botanist Pier Antonio Micheli introduced the genus in 1729 to include 14 species featuring fruit bodies with centrally-placed stipes, and pores on the unders ...

'' by

Elias Magnus Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. Career Fries was born at Femsjö (Hylte Municipality), Småland, the son of the pastor there. He attended school in Växjö. He acquired ...

in 1861. Although often placed in '' Oligoporus'' or '' Postia'',

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

analysis has revealed that this species is phylogenetically distant from those genera, appearing instead in a separate

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

near ''

Antrodia ''Antrodia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. ''Antrodia'' species have fruit bodies that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the hymenium exposed to the outside; the edges may be t ...

''.

Synonymy

''Rhodonia placenta'' has acquired an extensive

synonymy A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

in its

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

history. In addition to having been transferred to several polypore genera, it is considered to be the same species as ''Poria incarnata'' described by

Christian Hendrik Persoon Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a German mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy. Early life Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope, the third child of an imm ...

in 1794, as well as

Petter Karsten Petter Adolf Karsten (16 February 1834 – 22 March 1917) was a Finnish mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology". Karsten was born in Merimasku near Turku, s ...

's ''Bjerkandera roseomaculata'' (1891), and ''Physisporus albolilacinus'' (1892). Other taxonomic synonyms include

William Alphonso Murrill William Alphonso Murrill (October 13, 1869 – December 25, 1957) was an American mycologist, known for his contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales and Polyporaceae. In 1904, he became the assistant Curator at the New York Botanical Ga ...

's ''Poria monticola'',

Dow Baxter Dow Vauter Baxter (January 16, 1895 – December 31, 1965) was an American mycologist. He was an authority on wood-decay fungi, especially the polypores. Baxter was a professor of forest pathology at the University of Michigan, where he started em ...

's ''Poria carnicolor'' (1941), and

Lee Oras Overholts Lee Oras Overholts (23 June 1890 – 10 November 1946) was an American mycologist known for his expertise on polypore fungi. Personal life Lee Oras Overholts was born in Camden, Ohio and attended Miami University, where he received a Bachelor ...

' ''Poria microspora'' (1943). *''Polyporus placenta'' Fr. (1861) *''Physisporus placenta'' (Fr.) P. Karst. (1882) *''Poria placenta'' (Fr.) Cooke (1886) *''Leptoporus placenta'' (Fr.) Pat. (1900) *''Ceriporiopsis placenta'' (Fr.) Domański (1963) *''Tyromyces placenta'' (Fr.) Ryvarden (1973) *''Oligoporus placenta'' (Fr.) Gilb. & Ryvarden (1985) *''Postia placenta'' (Fr.) M.J. Larsen & Lombard (1986) *''Poria incarnata'' Pers. (1794) *''Boletus incarnatus'' (Pers.) Pers. (1801) *''Polyporus incarnatus'' (Pers.) Fr. (1821) *''Physisporus incarnatus'' (Pers.) Gillet (1878) *''Caloporus incarnatus'' (Pers.) P.Karst. (1881) *''Caloporia incarnata'' (Pers.) P.Karst. (1898) *''Ceriporia incarnata'' (Pers.) Bondartsev (1953) *''Bjerkandera roseomaculata'' P.Karst. (1891) *''Polyporus roseomaculatus'' (P.Karst.) Sacc. (1895) *''Ceriporiopsis placenta'' f. ''roseomaculata'' (P.Karst.) Domański (1965) *''Physisporus albolilacinus'' P.Karst. (1892) *''Poria albolilacina'' (P.Karst.) Sacc. (1895) *''Poria monticola'' Murrill (1920) *''Poria placenta'' f. ''monticola'' (Murrill) Domański (1972) *''Poria carnicolor'' D.V.Baxter (1941) *''Poria microspora'' Overh. (1943) *''Ceriporiopsis placenta'' f. ''microspora'' Domański (1965)

Description

The ''Rhodonia''

fruit body In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the Ovary (plants), ovary after flowering plant, flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their ...

is spread out (effused) on its substrate, poroid, fairly thick, juicy and soft, with a pale rose or white colouring. It has a monomitic

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...

l system (containing only generative hyphae), and the hyphae have

clamp connection A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi. It is a characteristic feature of Basidiomycetes fungi. It is created to ensure that each cell, or segment of hypha separated by septa (cross walls), rece ...

s. These hyphae are initially thin-walled but become thick-walled in mature fruit bodies. The

spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...

are cylindric.

Sequencing

''Rhodonia placenta'' had its sequenced genome published in 2009. It has an "unusual repertoire" of extracellular

glycoside hydrolase Glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They are extremely common enzymes with roles in nature including degradation of biomass such as cellulose (cel ...

s—secreted enzymes that break down the complex sugars found in

lignocellulose Lignocellulose refers to plant dry matter (biomass), so called lignocellulosic biomass. It is the most abundantly available raw material on the Earth for the production of biofuels. It is composed of two kinds of carbohydrate polymers, cellulose a ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q10653291 Fomitopsidaceae Fungi of China Fungi of Europe Fungi of North America Monotypic Polyporales genera Taxa described in 2005