Rhipsalis Capilliformes

''Rhipsalis'' is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the cactus family, typically known as mistletoe cacti. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the Old World. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti (those which live on other plants without damaging them).

The scientific name ''Rhipsalis'' derives from the Ancient Greek term for wickerwork, referring to the plants' morphology.

History

The genus was described by Joseph Gaertner in 1788. But when he described the plant, he had in fact not realised it was a cactus. Instead, he assumed he had found a new species of '' Cassytha'',The original spelling in publication is ''cassutha'', but this is presumably a typographical error. a parasitic laurel from a completely different plant family.

Ecology and distribution

''Rhipsalis'' is found as pendulous epiphyte in tropical rainforests, some species may also grow epilithic or, rarely, terrestrial. The genus is found widely in Central America, parts of the Caribbean and a great part of northern and central South America. The center of diversity of ''Rhipsalis'' lies in the rainforests of the Mata Atlantica in southeastern Brazil. It is found throughout the New World, and additionally in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Sri Lanka. It is the only cactus with a natural occurrence outside the New World.

Morphology

The morphology of ''Rhipsalis'' is very variable. The plants can grow mostly pendent, few grow more or less upright or sprawling. There are three main stem shapes: terete, angular and flattened. The stems are succulent, but the degree of succulence varies between the species. Some have very thick stems (e.g. '' Rhipsalis neves-armondii''), whereas other have very thin, filiform stems (e.g. '' Rhipsalis baccifera'', ''Rhipsalis clavata''). In the majority of species, spines are missing or occur only in the juvenile stage (this is most prominent in '' Rhipsalis dissimilis''). ''Rhipsalis pilocarpa'' has stems and fruits densely covered by bristles, making this species easily distinguishable from all other ''Rhipsalis''.
The flowers are borne lateral or apical and are actinomorphic with a varying number of perianth segments, stamens and carpels. They are small, usually about 1 cm in diameter, white or whitish in most species. Yellowish flowers occur in ''R. dissimilis'' and ''R. elliptica'' and ''R. hoelleri'' is the only ''Rhipsalis'' species with red flowers. The fruits are always berries, they are whitish or coloured pink, red or yellow. Vivipary has been observed in ''R. micrantha'' and ''R. baccifera''.

Species

In the taxonomic treatment in ''The New Cactus Lexicon'', 35 species were accepted, divided into five subgenera (''Phyllarthrorhipsalis'', ''Rhipsalis'', ''Epallagogonium'', ''Calamorhipsalis'', ''Erythrorhipsalis''). A molecular study in 2011 showed the paraphyly of three subgenera as previously circumscribed (''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Epallagogonium''). So a new subgeneric classification of ''Rhipsalis'' with only monophyletic subgenera ''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Erythrorhipsalis'' was proposed. Species accepted by Plants of the World Online are listed below, with subgeneric placements, where given, based on Calvente (2012).

Notes

References

Literature

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q132296

Epiphytes
Cacti of South America
Cacti of North America
Cactoideae genera