Rhee Taekwon-Do ( 리태권도; 李跆拳道), also known as Rhee Tae Kwon-Do, Rhee Tae Kwon Do, or Rhee Taekwondo, is a
martial art
Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defense; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preserv ...
school in Australia teaching the
Korean martial art
Korean martial arts (Hangul: 무술, Hanja: 武術, ''musul'' or Hangul: 무예, Hanja: 武藝, ''muye'') are fighting practices and methods which have their place in the history of Korea but have been adapted for use by both military and non- ...
of
taekwondo
''Taekwondo'', ''Tae Kwon Do'' or ''Taekwon-Do'' (; ko, 태권도/跆拳道 ) is a Korean form of martial arts involving punching and kicking techniques, with emphasis on head-height kicks, spinning jump kicks, and fast kicking techniques. T ...
. Its full name is "Rhee International Taekwon-Do (Australia)".
Chong Chul Rhee
__NOTOC__
Rhee Chong-chul ( 이종철; 李鐘鐵; born c. 1935) is a South Korean master of taekwondo who arrived to Australia in the 1960s.
, one of the
original masters of taekwondo
The original masters of taekwondo is a group of twelve South Korean martial art masters assembled by the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) in the early 1960s to promote the newly established art of taekwondo.Choi, H. H. (1972): ''Taekwon-Do: T ...
, founded the school in the mid-1960s.An interview with World Master Chong Chul Rhee, 8th Dan, the Father of Australian Taekwon-Do ''Australasian Fighting Arts'' (March 1985). Retrieved 13 June 2007. Two of Rhee's brothers, Chong Hyup Rhee and Chong Yoon Rhee, later came to assist him in the 1970s.
C. C. Rhee claims the title 'Father of Australian Taekwondo'''Martial Arts'' section of the ''Yellow Pages'' Australian telephone directorySee the back cover of ''Australasian Fighting Arts'' since at least 1995, including volumes 17(6) from 1995, 18(4) from 1996, and 19(1) from 1997. and Rhee Taekwon-Do is widely publicised as being Australia's first and biggest taekwondo school.Rhee TaeKwon-Do Brisbane and Sunshine Coast (2009). Retrieved 1 August 2009; link updated on 6 March 2011. It has at least 294 publicly listed ''
dojang
''Dojang'' is a term used in Korean martial arts, such as Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, and hapkido, that refers to a formal training hall. It is typically considered the formal gathering place for students of a martial art to conduc ...
'' (training halls) in Australia,Rhee Taekwon-Do Melbourne: National Listing (2005). Retrieved 17 June 2007. with perhaps around 1,400 ''dojang'' in total at its peak. Originally retrieved 15 July 2007; archived version retrieved 24 July 2009. Several Australian martial art
school founders
A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compulsor ...
received their foundational taekwondo training in Rhee's school.
Rhee Taekwon-Do is an independent martial art organisation. It was once affiliated to the
International Taekwon-Do Federation
International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) is an international taekwondo organization founded on March 22, 1966, by General Choi Hong Hi (Korean: 최홍희) in Seoul, South Korea. The ITF was founded to promote and encourage the growth of the Kor ...
(ITF), but has had no relation to the
World Taekwondo Federation
World Taekwondo, called the World Taekwondo Federation until June 2017, is an international federation governing the sport of taekwondo and is a member of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF).
The ''World Taekw ...
(WTF).
Founding
Chong Chul Rhee
__NOTOC__
Rhee Chong-chul ( 이종철; 李鐘鐵; born c. 1935) is a South Korean master of taekwondo who arrived to Australia in the 1960s.
, 8th ''
dan
Dan or DAN may refer to:
People
* Dan (name), including a list of people with the name
** Dan (king), several kings of Denmark
* Dan people, an ethnic group located in West Africa
**Dan language, a Mande language spoken primarily in Côte d'Ivoir ...
'', is the founder and head of Rhee Taekwon-Do. He holds the title '
World Master
In its most general sense, the term "world" refers to the totality of entities, to the whole of reality or to everything that is. The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the worl ...
' and claims the title 'Father of Australian Taekwondo.'Rhee Tae Kwon Do Mildura/Sunraysia (2009). Retrieved 1 August 2009. Rhee is one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo Originally retrieved 13 June 2007; archived version retrieved 7 November 2011. selected from the South Korean military to develop taekwondo under
Choi Hong Hi
Choi Hong-hi (9 November 1918 – 15 June 2002) was a South Korean Army general, defector to North Korea, and martial artist who was an important figure in the history of the Korean martial art of Taekwondo, albeit controversial due to hi ...
in the Korea Taekwon-Do Association (KTA). Rhee is a former unarmed combat instructor in the Korean Marines, and helped introduce taekwondo to Southeast Asia (notably in Malaysia and Singapore) before becoming the first taekwondo master sent to Australia by the
Republic of Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its east ...
.
Rhee has worked towards the
reunification of Korea
Korean reunification () is the potential reunification of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea into a single Korean sovereign state. The process towards reunification was started by the June 15th North–South Joi ...
, serving as a member during the third through ninth terms—and as Chairman for the eighth term—of the Oceania Division of the Advisory Council on Democratic and Peaceful Unification. Originally retrieved 24 April 2003; archived version retrieved 8 November 2011. He has also served as Chairman of the
Seoul Olympics
The 1988 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad () and commonly known as Seoul 1988 ( ko, 서울 1988, Seoul Cheon gubaek palsip-pal), was an international multi-sport event held from 17 September to 2 October ...
Supporting Committee and founding President of the Korean Community Hall Construction Supporting Committee. The Republic of Korea awarded Rhee the
Dongbaeg Medal
Dongbaeg Medal ( 동백장; 東百章; ''Camellia Emblem''), also written as Dongbaek Medal, is a civil award of the Republic of Korea. It is the third class of South Korea's Order of Civil Merit, which is the primary series of awards for Korean ...
(동백장) in 2003 for promoting taekwondo and Korean culture over the past 33 years.
Two of Rhee's brothers, Chong Hyup Rhee and Chong Yoon Rhee, also hold the title of 'Master' in Rhee Taekwon-Do and assist him in managing parts of the school. Chong Hyup Rhee, 7th ''dan'', is in charge of operations in
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
.Anonymous (2005) Crunch time for students ''Latrobe Valley Express'' (29 August 2005). Retrieved 5 January 2010. (2010). Retrieved 5 January 2010. He appears on the right in the school's logo. C. H. Rhee is also one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo, and helped introduce the art of taekwondo to Malaysia and Singapore before arriving in Australia in 1970. He conducts grading examinations in Melbourne and Darwin.Rhee Tae Kwon Do Northern Territory (c. 2007). Retrieved 24 August 2007. Chong Yoon Rhee, 9th ''dan'',Rhee Taekwondo Sydney: About the Grand Master (c. 2011). Retrieved 1 November 2011. is in charge of operations in parts of
Sydney
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...
. He trained under
Nam Tae Hi
Nam Tae-hi (남태희; 南太熙; 19 March 1929 – 7 November 2013) was a pioneering South Korean master of taekwondo C. Y. Rhee retired from military service at the rank of Major, and moved to Australia in January 1976.
C. C. Rhee and C. H. Rhee are listed as pioneers in Asia (1950s and 1960s) and Australia (1970s) in
Chang Keun Choi
__NOTOC__
Choi Chang-keun ( 최창근; 崔昌根; born 1941), widely known as C. K. Choi, is a South Korean master of taekwondo,Choi, C. K. (2007) Tae Kwon Do Pioneers Retrieved 15 March 2008. while C. Y. Rhee came to Australia some time later.
Significance
Rhee Taekwon-Do occupies a prominent place in Australian taekwondo history. This is reflected in three key claims: (1) Chong Chul Rhee is the Father of Australian Taekwondo, (2) Rhee Taekwon-Do is the first taekwondo school in Australia, and (3) Rhee Taekwon-Do is the biggest taekwondo school in Australia. The school has widely publicised these claims since at least the 1980s.
Father of Australian Taekwondo
Numerous claims have been made on who was the father of Australian Taekwondo by other martial art masters:
*
Chan Yong Kim
Chan may refer to:
Places
*Chan (commune), Cambodia
*Chan Lake, by Chan Lake Territorial Park in Northwest Territories, Canada
People
*Chan (surname), romanization of various Chinese surnames (including 陳, 曾, 詹, 戰, and 田)
*Chan Caldwel ...
, 9th ''dan'', was the first
tang soo do
Tang Soo Do (Hangul: 당수도, Hanja: 唐手道 ) refers to a Korean martial art
based on Karate and may include fighting principles from subak (as described in the Kwon Bup Chong Do), as well as northern Chinese martial arts. Before the Ni ...
instructor in Australia.Ta'kody, J. (2001): "Jack Rozinsky: The art of a lifetime (Part 1)." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 10(1):8–11. He arrived in the early 1960s,No's Taekwondo (c. 2007). Retrieved 15 June 2007.Stone, B. (2003): "Man of honour: Master Ke Hyung No." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 12(3):14–17. sponsored by the Silvertop Taxi Karate ClubAnonymous (2007): "Jack Rozinsky." In S. Morelli (Ed.), ''Taekwondo: Special collector's edition 2007'' (pp. 54–55). Mulgrave, Australia: Blitz Publications. or the
Judo Federation of Australia
Judo Australia (JA) is the National Sporting Organisation recognised by the Australian Sports Commission for the sport of Judo
is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wre ...
, Originally retrieved 15 June 2007; archived version retrieved 8 November 2011. and stayed for one or two years before moving overseas. Kim might be considered the first taekwondo instructor in Australia if tang soo do were recognised as taekwondo retrospectively, and so might lay claim to the title. Kim did not establish a taekwondo school in Australia.
* Jack Rozinsky, 9th ''dan'' (
Jidokwan
Jidokwan is one of the original nine schools of the modern Korean martial arts that became Taekwondo and was founded in what is now South Korea at the end of World War II. Its name translates as "School of Wisdom". The Jidokwan in Korea stil ...
), founded the Shuto Karate Club in 1963;Rozinsky, J. (1996): "Fighting frames." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 4(4):53. it later became the Melbourne Taekwondo Centre. As Rozinsky taught tang soo do there, he might be considered the first taekwondo school founder in Australia (again, if tang soo do were recognised as taekwondo retrospectively), and so might lay claim to the title. Rozinsky did not introduce taekwondo outside Victoria.
* Ke Hyung No, 8th ''dan'' (WTF), was invited to Australia by the Victoria Judo Federation in 1965, and taught taekwondo alongside judo.No, S. (2015) No's Taekwondo: The History of Taekwondo in Australia Retrieved 9 September 2015.No's Taekwondo: Grandmaster Ke Hyung No (c. 2015). Retrieved 9 September 2015. If tang soo do were not recognised as taekwondo retrospectively, No might lay claim to the title. He travelled back to South Korea for further training, returned to Australia in 1971, and established his own martial arts centre at that time. As with Rozinsky, No did not introduce taekwondo outside Victoria.
* Terence Walsh, 8th ''dan'' (World Kido Federation), claims to have introduced taekwondo to New South Wales in 1969.Walsh, T. F. (1999): "Grandmaster Kwang Sung Hang: Taekwondo pioneer." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 8(3):48–50.Walsh Martial Arts Australia (c. 2007). Retrieved 14 June 2007. If he was the first to introduce taekwondo to Australia's most populous state, then he might lay claim to the title. Walsh did not introduce taekwondo outside the eastern states.
* Young Ku Yun, 8th ''dan'' (ITF), has been described as having introduced taekwondo to Sydney in 1971.Anonymous (1997): "Grandmaster Yun: The changing face of martial arts." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 6(2):9–12. If he was the first to introduce taekwondo to Australia's largest city, then he might lay claim to the title. Yun arrived around five years after Rhee, however, and himself claimed to be the first ITF instructor (rather than the first taekwondo instructor) in Australia. (c. 2007). Retrieved 21 June 2007; link updated on 6 November 2011.
* Wee Hin (Steven) Cheah, 9th Dan. Sent by the ITF to Australia in the 1960s, opened his first school in Melbourne. In 1969 was promoted to Queensland Chief Instructor and opened a school in Townsville, Cheah is also considered to be one of the fathers of Australian Taekwon-Do. Having trained under General Choi and C.K Choi in Malaysia. Grand Master Cheah holds the rank of 9th Dan and runs his own federation. Cheah Advanced Taekwondo Australia.
Cheah, Kim and No would have been in the lower ''dan'' ranks, and would not yet have held the title of 'Master,' when they were invited to teach in Australia. A biography of No indicates that he had four years' training when he arrived. Rozinsky and Walsh would have held 1st ''dan'' ranking in the 1960s. Both Rhee (KTA) and Yun (ITF) would have been in the middle ''dan'' ranks and held the title of 'Master' when they arrived, as they were sent to Australia by their respective Korean governing bodies.
First taekwondo school in Australia
Rhee Taekwon-Do was the first Australian martial art school founded by a Korean master and using the name of taekwondo. Rhee's school was also the first nationwide taekwondo school in Australia, having operated in South Australia from its founding in the mid-1960s, Western Australia from at least 1970,Fricke, H. J. (2004) Originally retrieved 1 January 2005; new version retrieved 24 July 2009. Victoria from at least 1970, (c. 2017). Retrieved 25 May 2017. the Australian Capital Territory from 1971,Muyot, J. (1993): "The A.C.T. celebrates 21st anniversary." ''Rhee Taekwondo'', Autumn 1993:12–13. Queensland from at least 1973, Originally retrieved 30 August 2007; archived version retrieved 8 November 2011. New South Wales from 1973, and Tasmania from at least 1983.Southern ITF Taekwon-Do (c. 2007). Retrieved 14 June 2007; link updated on 14 February 2009. The first Rhee Taekwon-Do class was held in the
Adelaide
Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...
YMCA
YMCA, sometimes regionally called the Y, is a worldwide youth organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 64 million beneficiaries in 120 countries. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London, originally ...
centre.Rhee Taekwondo: South Australia – History of Rhee Taekwondo (c. 2007). Retrieved 3 November 2007.
Rhee Taekwon-Do's position as the first taekwondo school in Australia might be challenged by the Melbourne Taekwondo Centre (originally the Shuto Karate Club), as tang soo do was one of the arts taught there. Such status would, however, involve recognising tang soo do as taekwondo retrospectively. The Melbourne Taekwondo Centre incorporated taekwondo into its name in the 1970s. (c. 2013). Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Biggest taekwondo school in Australia
Rhee Taekwon-Do's position as the biggest taekwondo school in Australia is supported by independently verifiable listings of ''dojang''. It has at least 294 publicly listed ''dojang'' in Australia, with perhaps around 1,400 ''dojang'' in total at its peak. The claim might be disputed if the Australian member schools of the ITF and the WTF were considered as 'schools' as a whole, whether in terms of numbers of ''dojang'' or numbers of members. Rhee Taekwon-Do is, however, a single school under the direct leadership of Rhee while both the ITFInternational Taekwon-Do Federation Constitution (28 April 2007) (ITF-NK, Chang). Retrieved 26 August 2007; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. International Taekwon-Do Federation Constitution (ITF-C, Choi). Retrieved 26 August 2007. and WTF (c. 2007). Retrieved 26 August 2007; link updated on 8 November 2011. are groups of schools (each with its own head) under a larger governing body.
Training
Rhee Taekwon-Do teaches the military style of taekwondo, closer to traditional martial art than modern martial sport in nature. Training consists of exercises that may be classified as: basics (group drill exercises; similar to ''
kihon is a Japanese term meaning "basics" or "fundamentals." The term is used to refer to the basic techniques that are taught and practiced as the foundation of most Japanese martial arts.
The practice and mastery of kihon is essential to all advanced ...
'' in
karate
(; ; Okinawan language, Okinawan pronunciation: ) is a martial arts, martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the Okinawan martial arts, indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called , "hand"; ''tii'' in Okinawan) under the ...
),
destruction
Destruction may refer to:
Concepts
* Destruktion, a term from the philosophy of Martin Heidegger
* Destructive narcissism, a pathological form of narcissism
* Self-destructive behaviour, a widely used phrase that ''conceptualises'' certain kind ...
(breaking), ''
hyung
The Korean terms hyeong, pumsae, poomsae and teul (meaning "form" or "pattern") are all used to refer to martial arts forms that are typically used in Korean martial arts such as Taekwondo and Tang Soo Do.
* Hyeong is often romanized as ''hyu ...
'' (patterns or forms),
self-defence
Self-defense (self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in ...
, and
sparring
Sparring is a form of training common to many combat sports. Although the precise form varies, it is essentially relatively ' free-form' fighting, with enough rules, customs, or agreements to minimize injuries. By extension, argumentative debate ...
.Anonymous (2002) Shannan attains her black belt ''Milton Ulladulla Times'' (3 October 2002). Retrieved 3 December 2009.Anonymous (2005) Fricke reaches the first degree ''Latrobe Valley Express'' (25 July 2005). Retrieved 3 December 2009.Anonymous (c. 2008) Retrieved 3 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Vezgoff, P. (2009) CoastKids Illawarra (July/August 2009): Just for kicks (p. 15). Retrieved 3 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Handley, B. (2009) Canberra Girls' Grammar School newsletter (20 November 2009): Student achievements (p. 3). Retrieved 3 December 2009. Basics, destruction, ''hyung'', and self-defence are similar to equivalent exercises in other traditional martial art schools. Rhee Taekwon-Do teaches the Chang Hon ''hyung''.Rhee Taekwondo South Australia: Hyung (Patterns) (c. 2009). Retrieved 22 August 2009. (c. 2009). Retrieved 22 August 2009.Rhee Tae Kwon Do Mildura/Sunraysia: Hyung and Belts (c. 2009). Retrieved 22 August 2009.
Sparring
Sparring is a form of training common to many combat sports. Although the precise form varies, it is essentially relatively ' free-form' fighting, with enough rules, customs, or agreements to minimize injuries. By extension, argumentative debate ...
takes three forms: three-step sparring, one-step sparring, and free sparring. Three-step sparring and one-step sparring are similar to equivalent exercises in ITF and WTF schools, but free sparring is different, having more in common with traditional karate sparring. Rhee Taekwon-Do free sparring is unscored, unarmoured,Anonymous (1993): "Master Rhee: Interview by a special reporter." ''Rhee Taekwondo'', Autumn 1993:4–5. and usually 'non-contact' in principle.Dinneen, M. (2009) A good fist of things ''Newcastle Herald'' (30 November 2009, p. 62). Retrieved 18 June 2010. Members typically achieve non-contact sparring by two methods, whether separately or in combination:
* The attacker consciously stops just short of hitting the training partner, while still executing attacks with full speed and power.Lofthouse, D. (1993): "No contact." ''Rhee Taekwondo'', Summer 1993:7. The attacker has primary responsibility for non-contact, at a given moment during sparring, and this typically occurs when one training partner has more experience than the other. This is normally the practice when one training partner is a beginner.
* The defender actively avoids or blocks an incoming attack executed by the training partner.Coleman, A. (1993): "Effective self-defence is learnt through non-contact sparring." ''Rhee Taekwondo'', Summer 1993:31. The defender has primary responsibility for non-contact, at a given moment during sparring, and this typically occurs with training partners of similar experience. This is normally the practice when both training partners are in the senior ranks.
Ranks
Rhee Taekwon-Do ranks are denoted by coloured belts, which indicate a member's level of experience and responsibility within the school. There are ten coloured belt grades, or ''kup'' ranks ( 급), and nine black belt degrees, or ''dan'' ranks ( 단).Rhee International Taekwon-Do (Australia): ''Membership booklet''.Rhee Taekwondo South Australia: Kup (Belt System) (c. 2009). Retrieved 22 August 2009. Members start with white belts and progress through yellow, green, blue, brown, and then black. Most Rhee Tae Kwon-Do students have the opportunity to grade at least four times a year.
Non-black belts, from white through to brown, denote the ''kup'' ranks. 'Tips' denoting odd-numbered ''kup'' ranks are marked by a stripe of the higher colour near the right end (from the wearer's point of view) of a belt of the lower colour. Black belts denote the ''dan'' ranks. A specific ''dan'' rank is represented by the number of white bars embroidered on the black belt. A black belt with no bars is a Junior Black Belt, a rank assigned to members considered too young (typically 15 years or younger) for 1st ''dan''.Hobson, S. (2001) Black belt for Lisa ''The Newcastle Star'' (13 March 2001). Retrieved 3 December 2009.Edwards, G. (2004) Meet Coast's martial arts little master ''Sunshine Coast Daily'' (14 September 2004). Retrieved 3 December 2009.Marist College Ashgrove newsletter (August 2008): Individual achievements (p. 20). Retrieved 3 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Brown, A.-L. (2009) In women's defence, it's all about thinking ''Sunshine Coast Daily'' (9 November 2009). Retrieved 3 December 2009. Junior Black Belt members are tested for 1st ''dan'' when they reach 18 years of age.Anonymous (2011) Students make the grade ''Sunraysia Daily'' (23 November 2011). Retrieved 4 December 2011. One bar denotes 1st ''dan'', two bars denote 2nd ''dan'', and so on. The end of the belt bearing the ''dan'' rank also carries embroidery noting the name of the master issuing the promotion (Chong Chul Rhee, Chong Hyup Rhee, or Chong Yoon Rhee).
From mid 2018 onwards, at least 3 regional instructors have been promoted to the rank of 7th Dan, with the title of "Master Instructor". This was previously unheard of, in Rhee Tae Kwondo.
Taekkyeon
Taekkyon, Taekgyeon, Taekkyeon, or Taekyun (Korean: 태껸/ 택견/ 托肩, ) is a traditional Korean martial art.
It is characterized by fluid, dynamic foot movement called "''pum balki''" or Stepping-on-Triangles. Taekkyon includes hands and ...
Notes
a. "Rhee Taekwon-Do" is the spelling used in the earliest versions of the school's logo. All four spellings appear in official documentation and on uniforms. "Rhee Tae Kwon-Do" appears to be the most common spelling used in membership booklets issued by the school. The figures directly beneath the logo are Jong Soo Park on the left and Chong Hyup Rhee on the right.Rhee Tae Kwon Do Fremantle Region: History (2012). Retrieved 11 October 2012.Rhee Taekwondo Sydney: What is Tae Kwon Do? (c. 2011). Retrieved 12 October 2012.
b. Rhee Taekwon-Do has also operated in other parts of Oceania in the past, such as Papua New Guinea. In 2008, the school appears to operate exclusively in Australia and New Zealand.
c. Photographs of Rhee Taekwon-Do banners and uniforms from the 1970s and the school's use of the Chang Hon ''hyung'' establish its link with the International Taekwon-Do Federation for part of its history. (c. 2009). Retrieved 22 August 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011.
d. The University of Melbourne's Tae Kwon Do Club might be considered an exception, as it offers both Rhee Taekwon-Do and WTF taekwondo (in separate classes). (c. 2008). Retrieved 18 April 2008.
e. The KTA (1959/1961) predated both the ITF (1966) and the WTF (1973).Park, S. H. (1993): About the author. In H. H. Choi: ''Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence'', 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, pp. 241–274). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation. (c. 2007). Retrieved 3 September 2007.Kim, S. J. (2006) Retrieved 28 July 2007. The modern KTA is closely aligned to the WTF. (c. 2007). Retrieved 3 September 2007.
f. Nigel Higgs,Rhee TaeKwon-Do Brisbane and Sunshine Coast: Buderim (c. 2010). Retrieved 6 March 2011. Judy Tynan,Rhee Tae Kwon Do Maitland (c. 2010). Retrieved 6 March 2011.Rhee Taekwondo ''The Junction News'' (26 October 2010, p. 3). Retrieved 12 March 2011; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. and Jerry HatterNundah State School Newsletter, 8 November 2011 Retrieved 29 November 2011. are some of the Rhee Taekwon-Do instructors also recognised as Masters, holding the title of Regional Master Instructor. John O'Brien had previously been a Regional Master Instructor in Rhee Taekwon-Do, (c. 2010). Retrieved 6 March 2011. (c. 2010). Retrieved 6 March 2011. prior to leaving with V. Low.First Taekwondo – South Australia (2012). Retrieved 22 September 2012. (2012). Retrieved 13 November 2012.
g. While discussing the introduction of taekwondo to Malaysia and Singapore, Ki Ha Rhee noted that Choi had instructed him to bring another instructor with him. Almost certainly referring to C. H. Rhee, he added, "That's why I took the brother of Rhee Chong Chul—from Rhee International—he was the first to graduate so he came to Malaysia then I brought him to Singapore" (p. 52).Anonymous (2007): "In the words of a master: GM Rhee Ki Ha, 9th Dan." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 16(3):50–54.
h. According to Museum Victoria, there were only 72 Koreans in Victoria in 1971.Museum Victoria: History of immigration from South Korea (c. 2010). Retrieved 27 March 2011.
i. The Korean striking art taught by Kim, Rozinsky, and No in the 1960s was described as tang soo do or Korean karate, and not as taekwondo. It is a matter of interpretation whether the art should be called taekwondo retrospectively. The Shuto Karate Club (founded by Rozinsky in 1963) later became the Melbourne Taekwondo Centre, and tang soo do was one of the arts taught there. In contrast to the Australian sources, US author B. Maclaughlin (1972) reported: "In addition to his time-consuming work in judo, Kim found the opportunity to further the interest of Korean karate and established the first Australian tae kwon do school in Melbourne. The new club was heartily endorsed by Kim's karate sensei, General Hong-Hi Choi, head of the Korean Tae Kwon Do Association" (p. 27).Maclaughlin, B. (1972): "Wandering sensei takes on the big time: Korea, Australia, Malaysia, Hong Kong ... and now the US." ''Black Belt'', 10(4):24–29. See
Korea Taekwondo Association
Korea Taekwondo Association ( 한국 태권도 협회; 韓國 跆拳道 協會; KTA), originally the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (1961),Park, S. H. (1993): About the author. In H. H. Choi: ''Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence'', 3rd ed ...
and
Tang Soo Do
Tang Soo Do (Hangul: 당수도, Hanja: 唐手道 ) refers to a Korean martial art
based on Karate and may include fighting principles from subak (as described in the Kwon Bup Chong Do), as well as northern Chinese martial arts. Before the Ni ...
for more information.
j. Ex-members who founded ITF schools also include: Misko (Michael) Kordanovski, 8th ''dan'';Ainley, M. (1997): "Kicking out west." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 6(4):78–79.Advertisement for ITF Tae Kwon Do Ho Shin (2006) in ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 15(3):23.Taekwondo Ho Shin (c. 2008). Retrieved 4 April 2008; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. USMA ITF Taekwon-Do: USMA Dojang News (c. 2009). Retrieved 22 September 2012.Moore, J. (2008) International Taekwon-Do Federation: Down under seminar with Master Robert Wheatley (12 August 2008). Retrieved 22 September 2012. Graham Moulden, 8th ''dan'';Queensland Self-Defence and Taekwon-Do Academy: 30th Anniversary (2006). Retrieved 1 September 2003; link updated on 14 February 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011; link updated on 13 May 2012; link updated on 22 September 2012. Queensland Self-Defence and Taekwon-Do Academy: International examinations for QSDTA instructors (26 September 2004). Retrieved 21 July 2007; link updated on 14 February 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011; link updated on 13 May 2012; link updated on 22 September 2012. Hutchison, G. (2009) Club kicks up heels ''NewsMail'' (10 June 2009). Retrieved 3 December 2009.Richardson, K. (2010) Queensland Self-Defence and Taekwon-Do Academy: Wide Bay Burnett Grading Report (November 2010) Retrieved 13 May 2012; link updated on 22 September 2012. Moulden, G. (2008) Queensland Self-Defence and Taekwon-Do Academy: What a week-end! Retrieved 13 May 2012; link updated on 22 September 2012. Makyai, R. (2012) Queensland Self-Defence and Taekwon-Do Academy: 10th Junior and 5th Veteran Taekwon-Do World Championship (August 2012). Retrieved 22 September 2012. Queensland Self-Defence and Taekwon-Do Academy: Founder (c. 2012). Retrieved 22 September 2012. Spiridon Cariotis, 8th''dan'';USMA ITF Taekwon-Do: Profile of Master Spiridon Cariotis (c. 2007). Retrieved 20 September 2007; link updated on 22 October 2011; link has expired, as at 8 March 2015.Brown, R. (2007): "Fighting spirit: Spiridon Cariotis." ''Australasian Taekwondo'' 16(3):26–32.United ITF (Australia): Profile (c. 2014). Retrieved 8 March 2015. Steve Weston, 6th ''dan'';Weston, S. (2008): "Fighting frames." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 17(4):47. Scott Bower, 6th ''dan'';Tong-Il Taekwon-Do Australia: Instructor Profiles (2013). Retrieved 22 November 2013. George Gabrielides, 5th ''dan'';Gabrielides, G. (2006) Jun Tong International TaeKwon-Do newsletter (February 2006) Retrieved 4 December 2009. Catherine McMaster;Fusion Martial Arts: Instructors (c. 2011). Retrieved 22 September 2012.Canberra Montessori School Bulletin: Term 1, Week 2 (February 2011). Retrieved 22 September 2012. Steven Luxmoore, 5th ''dan'';Chosun Taekwon-Do's Instructors (c. 2007). Retrieved 17 June 2007; link has expired, as at 4 December 2009. Luxmoore, S. (2008): "Does taekwondo need more regulation?" ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 17(1):18–20. Trevor Harbrow, 2nd ''dan'';Davidson, E. (2003): "President's corner, ''Taekwon-Do Talk'' 2003(2):20. Retrieved 26 July 2007. McPhail, P., & Pygott, V. (2006): "A brief history of ITFNZ Taekwon-Do (Part 3), ''Taekwon-Do Talk'' 2006(1):14–15. Retrieved 26 July 2007. (c. 2007). Retrieved 26 July 2007; link has expired, as at 14 February 2009. (c. 2009). Retrieved 11 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Nguyen, H. T. (c. 2012) The story begins back in 1967 in Vietnam Retrieved 6 June 2012. Shane Astwood, 3rd ''dan''; (c. 2007). Retrieved 28 July 2007. and Robert Clarkson, 4th ''dan'', (c. 2009). Retrieved 24 November 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Kordanovski was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 4th ''dan'' instructor under C. H. Rhee in Melbourne and was promoted to ITF 7th ''dan'' (ITF Master Instructor status) in 2007. His nephew Dragi Kuzmanovski trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do from 1975 to 1995 and was also a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor. Moulden commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in 1976, was promoted to Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan'' in 1979, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 3rd ''dan'' regional instructor in 1993, and was promoted to ITF 7th ''dan'' in 2012. Cariotis trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do around the early 1970s. Weston commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Tasmania in 1983, was promoted to Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan'' in 1986, and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in 1993. Bower commenced training in Rhee in 1984, was promoted to Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan'' in 1988 and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in Townsville until 1999. Gabrielides was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in Sydney from the 1980s until 1999. McMaster commenced training in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Adelaide, was promoted to Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan'', was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in Adelaide, and now teaches in her own school in Canberra. Luxmoore trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Queensland from 1986 to 1991, and was promoted to Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan''. Harbrow was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd ''dan'' instructor in New Zealand in 2003. Astwood commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in 1992, and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan'' instructor in 2003. Clarkson was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan'' member.
k. Along with C. Y. Rhee, V. Low is a former Technical Advisor to ''Australasian Fighting Arts'' magazine, while C. C. Rhee and C. H. Rhee are former Special Consultants to that publication.1995 index listing in ''Australasian Fighting Arts'', 17(6):5.
l. Ex-members who founded non-ITF taekwondo schools also include: Hassan Iskandar, 7th ''dan'' (WTF);Anonymous (1999): "The caring crusader." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 8(3):8–12. Graham Johnson, 7th ''dan'';Antonio, S. (2007): "Southern style: Taekwondo meets Boxing in regional Australia." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 16(4):74–76. (c. 2010). Retrieved 13 May 2010; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011 Retrieved 6 November 2011. Trevor Dicks, 7th ''dan'';Anonymous (1995): "Inside Rhee Tae Kwon-Do." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 4(3):15–17. (c. 2009). Retrieved 14 February 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011 New version Retrieved 6 November 2011. Wahid Halimee, 7th ''dan'', and Carol Halimee, 6th ''dan''; (c. 2008). Retrieved 8 July 2008; link updated on 2 December 2011. (c. 2008). Retrieved 8 July 2008; link updated on 2 December 2011. Women Self Defence: Oriental Sports Academy (c. 2008). Retrieved 8 July 2008. Bradley Tatnell, 8th ''dan''; (c. 2003). Retrieved 12 March 2019; link updated on 18 January 2010; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. (c. 2010). Retrieved 18 January 2010. Nasim Chami, 6th ''dan''; (c. 2010). Retrieved 31 December 2010. Glen Corbett, 5th ''dan'', and Paul Corbett, 5th ''dan''; (c. 2008). Retrieved 15 April 2008; link has expired, as at 28 August 2009 New version Retrieved 24 November 2009. (c. 2008). Retrieved 15 April 2008; link has expired, as at 28 August 2009 New version Retrieved 24 November 2009. and Paul Mitchell, 5th ''dan''.United Taekwondo: Master Instructor Paul Mitchell (c. 2009). Retrieved 24 November 2009; link updated on 6 November 2011.Tae Kwon Do master in town ''Muswellbrook Chronicle'' (14 March 2008). Retrieved 11 December 2009.Macarthur Anglican School: Students prepare for black belt testing (14 May 2009) Retrieved 11 December 2009; link updated on 6 November 2011.Bertola, V. (2008) Martial arts masterclass ''Macarthur Chronicle'' (14 October 2008). Retrieved 21 December 2009.Bertola, V. (2009) Macarthur area United Taekwondo master instructor Paul Mitchell still mixes it with the best ''Macarthur Chronicle'' (18 May 2009). Retrieved 11 December 2009.United Taekwondo Newsletter (2009) Retrieved 21 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Iskandar trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Sydney in the 1970s, and now leads a WTF school in Tasmania. Johnson was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in Queensland in the 1970s. Dicks was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd ''dan'' regional instructor in Queensland in 1993. W. Halimee commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in 1976 and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do senior instructor in South Australia around 1990,Low, V. (c. 1990) Retrieved 8 July 2008. while C. Halimee commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in 1972 or 1974, according to two different autobiographical accounts,Halimee, C. (1993): "Oh ... what a feeling!" ''Rhee Taekwondo'', Summer 1993:15. and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in South Australia in 1993. Tatnell commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in the 1980s, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in 1993, and now teaches taekwondo and hapkido. Chami commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in New South Wales in 1979, and was promoted to Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st ''dan'' in 1986. G. Corbett and P. Corbett commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in New South Wales in 1979 and 1980, respectively. Mitchell was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 3rd ''dan'' regional instructor in Sydney in the early 2000s.
m. Ex-members who founded schools teaching martial arts other than taekwondo also include: Sai Thow Lam;McQueen, P. (2006): "Smart—not hard." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 15(2):28–33.Ainley, M. (1997): "All in the family." ''Australasian Taekwondo'', 6(4):37–40.Yau Hawk Tao Kung Fu: Introduction (c. 2009). Retrieved 11 December 2009. (c. 2009). Retrieved 11 December 2009.Go-Kan-Ryu Karate: Sensei Tyrone Coates (c. 2009). Retrieved 11 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Rod Power;Anonymous (1996): "Power to the people: Rod Power." ''Blitz'', 10(12):39–40. (c. 2009). Retrieved 19 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Power, R. (2011): ''In Search of the Warrior With-in and the Battle of the Ego'' (p. 3). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. () Glenn Puckeridge, 4th ''dan''; (c. 2008). Retrieved 9 July 2008.Bellingen & Seaboard Youth Services: News & events (2009). Retrieved 11 December 2009. Kay Thoren; (c. 2011). Retrieved 22 October 2011. Glen Gardiner, 7th ''dan'';Australasian Martial Arts Hall of Fame: Glen Gardiner (2008). Retrieved 4 December 2011.Combined Martial Arts Academy: Instructors (c. 2009). Retrieved 5 December 2009. and Kacey Chong.National All Styles martial arts tournaments: Victorian Championships, 9 November 2003 Retrieved 1 December 2009; link has expired, as at 6 November 2011. Monash University Kickboxing Club: Instructors (c. 2009). Retrieved 2 December 2009.Corporate Kickboxing: Instructors (c. 2009). Retrieved 2 December 2009.Corporate Self-Defence: Instructors (c. 2009). Retrieved 2 December 2009; link updated on 6 November 2011. Lam commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Western Australia in the early 1970s, and now teaches his own martial art based on kung fu. Power commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Western Australia in 1973, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in the mid-1970s, and now teaches Chinese martial arts. Puckeridge commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in New South Wales in the 1970s under C. Y. Rhee, and now teaches several martial arts, with a focus on wing chun kung fu. Thoren commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in the early 1980s, was promoted to 1st ''dan'' in 1984 and became a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor the following year, and now teaches tai chi. Gardiner commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in 1983, and now teaches karate, battodo, and eskrima. Chong commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Victoria in the 1990s under C. H. Rhee, and now teaches kickboxing.
n. Ivanov, Dicks, Frost, and Hicks all rose from Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd/3rd ''dan'' to 5th/6th ''dan'', promoted by the WTF or other taekwondo organisations, within a year or two of leaving Rhee's school. Moulden and Harbrow were exceptions to this trend.
References
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