''Rhacophorus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely Carnivore, carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order (biology), order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-f ...

s in the shrub frog

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

(

Rhacophoridae The Rhacophoridae are a family of frogs that occur in tropical sub-Saharan Africa, South India and Sri Lanka, Japan, northeastern India to eastern China and Taiwan, south through the Philippines and Greater Sundas, and Sulawesi. They are commonly ...

) and the related Hylidae make up the true tree frogs. They are found in India, Japan, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Over 40 species are currently recognised. These frogs have long toes with strong webbing between them, enabling the animals to slow their fall to a glide, a form of

arboreal locomotion Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose num ...

known as parachuting. They are, therefore, among the anurans commonly known as "

flying frog A flying frog (also called a gliding frog) is a frog that has the ability to achieve gliding flight. This means it can descend at an angle less than 45° relative to the horizontal. Other nonflying arboreal frogs can also descend, but only at angle ...

s". The present genus is closely related to ''

Polypedates ''Polypedates'' is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, the shrub frogs and Paleotropic tree frogs. They belong to subfamily Rhacophorinae. Members of this genus are collectively known as whipping frogs. They occur in eastern and sout ...

'', which in former times was often included in ''Rhacophorus''. Even today, it is not fully resolved in which of these genera '' "P." feae'' and the

Chinese flying frog The Chinese flying frog or Chinese gliding frog (''Zhangixalus dennysi'') is a species of tree frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in China, Laos, Burma, and Vietnam. It is also known as Blanford's whipping frog, large treefrog, and Denny's wh ...

(''"R." dennysi'') properly belong, and the supposedly new species ''"P. pingbianensis"'' has turned out to be the same as '' R. duboisi''. Rhacophorus arboreus Eggｓ in Mount Ryu 2011-09-29

Rhacophorus arboreus Eggｓ in Mount Ryu 2011-09-29

Reproduction

These frogs lay their eggs in aerial foam nests; upon hatching,

tadpole A tadpole is the larval stage in the biological life cycle of an amphibian. Most tadpoles are fully aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial. Tadpoles have some fish-like features that may not be found i ...

s drop to the water under the nest and complete their development there.Some species like

Rhacophorus kio ''Rhacophorus kio'' is a species of flying frog in the family Rhacophoridae and is found in the rainforests of southeast Asia, in countries such as China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its ability to glide and its adhesive toe pads make it well a ...

will wrap this and cover this foam nest with leaves.

Species

These species are recognised in the genus ''Rhacophorus'': * '' Rhacophorus annamensis'' Smith, 1924 – Annam flying frog * ''

Rhacophorus baluensis ''Rhacophorus baluensis'' (common name: Balu flying frog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in northern Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo. It is likely to be found in northern Kalimantan. Its natural habitats are submonta ...

'' Inger, 1954 * ''

Rhacophorus barisani ''Rhacophorus barisani'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat ...

'' Harvey, Pemberton, and Smith, 2002 * ''

Rhacophorus bengkuluensis ''Rhacophorus'' is a genus of frogs in the shrub frog family (biology), family (Rhacophoridae) and the related Hylidae make up the true tree frogs. They are found in India, Japan, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Over 40 species are curren ...

'' Streicher, Hamidy, Harvey, Anders, Shaney, Kurniawan, and Smith, 2014 * ''

Rhacophorus bifasciatus ''Rhacophorus bifasciatus'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened ...

'' Van Kampen, 1923 * ''

Rhacophorus bipunctatus :''In sources published from 1999 onwards, the name ''Rhacophorus bipunctatus'' can also refer to '' R. rhodopus'' (see "Taxonomy" section).'' ''Rhacophorus bipunctatus'' is a frog species in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae) found from eastern ...

'' Ahl, 1927 (including ''R. htunwini'') * ''

Rhacophorus borneensis ''Rhacophorus borneensis'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. This recently (2013) described species is endemic to Malaysian Borneo where it is known from its type locality in the Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sandakan Division ...

'' Matsui, Shimada, and Sudin, 2013 * ''

Rhacophorus calcadensis ''Rhacophorus calcadensis'', also known as the Kalakad gliding frog, Kalakkad tree frog, and Langbian flying frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae Endemism, endemic to the southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states, ...

'' Ahl, 1927 –

Kalakad gliding frog ''Rhacophorus calcadensis'', also known as the Kalakad gliding frog, Kalakkad tree frog, and Langbian flying frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to the southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states, India. I ...

* ''

Rhacophorus calcaneus ''Rhacophorus calcaneus'' (vernacular name: Vietnam flying frog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam. It has been extensively confused with ''Rhacophorus robertingeri'', making it difficult to know its true ...

'' Smith, 1924 * ''

Rhacophorus catamitus ''Rhacophorus catamitus'' is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, and occurs in the Barisan Mountains at elevations of above sea level. Its natural habitats are tropical forests. Males call from lo ...

'' Harvey, Pemberton, and Smith, 2002 * ''

Rhacophorus edentulus ''Rhacophorus edentulus'' (Celebes flying frog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its natural habitats are rivers, freshwater marsh A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rath ...

'' Müller, 1894 * '' Rhacophorus exechopygus'' Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999 * '' Rhacophorus georgii'' Roux, 1904 * ''

Rhacophorus helenae Helen's tree frog (''Rhacophorus helenae'') is a flying frogs found in low-lying forests of southern Vietnam, from Nui Ong Nature Reserve, Bình Thuận Province to jungle in Tân Phú District, Đồng Nai. It is named after Helen M. Rowley, mo ...

'' Rowley, Tran, Hoang & Le, 2012 – Helen's tree frog * ''

Rhacophorus hoabinhensis ''Rhacophorus hoabinhensis'', the Hoa Binh tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam. Scientists know it exclusively from the type locality (biology), type locality: Hang Kia–Pa Co Nature Reserve, 1 ...

'' Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Ninh, and Ziegler, 2017 * ''

Rhacophorus hoanglienensis ''Rhacophorus hoanglienensis'', also known as the Honglien Frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in Vietnam and possibly China. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habit ...

'' Orlov, Lathrop, Murphy, and Ho, 2001 * '' Rhacophorus indonesiensis'' Hamidy & Kurniati, 2015 * ''

'' Ohler & Delorme, 2005 – black-webbed treefrog * ''

Rhacophorus laoshan ''Rhacophorus laoshan'', the Laoshan tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae The Rhacophoridae are a family of frogs that occur in tropical sub-Saharan Africa, South India and Sri Lanka, Japan, northeastern India to east ...

'' Mo, Jiang, Xie, and Ohler, 2008 * '' Rhacophorus larissae'' Ostroshabov, Orlov, and Nguyen, 2013 * ''

Rhacophorus lateralis ''Rhacophorus lateralis'' is a Rhacophoridae, rhacophorid tree frog Endemism, endemic to the Western Ghats in South India. It has several common names: small tree frog, Boulenger's tree frog, small gliding frog, and winged gliding frog. After ...

'' Boulenger, 1883 * '' Rhacophorus malabaricus'' Jerdon, 1870 –

Malabar gliding frog The Malabar gliding frog or Malabar flying frog (''Rhacophorus malabaricus'') is a rhacophorid tree frog species found in the Western Ghats of India. Pictures The term "gliding" frog refers to its ability to break its fall by stretching ...

* ''

Rhacophorus margaritifer ''Rhacophorus margaritifer'', also known as the Java flying frog or Javan tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Java, Indonesia. It is known from several areas in Java. It is locally known as ''katak-parasu ...

'' (Schlegel, 1837) * '' Rhacophorus marmoridorsum'' Orlov, 2008 * ''

Rhacophorus modestus ''Rhacophorus modestus'' is a species of frog in the family (biology), family Rhacophoridae Endemism, endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia. Its common name is Boulenger's flying frog. It is only known from the type series collected from a montane forest ...

'' Boulenger, 1920 * ''

Rhacophorus monticola ''Rhacophorus monticola'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destructi ...

'' Boulenger, 1896 * ''

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Wallace's flying frog (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''), also known as the gliding frog or the Abah River flying frog, is a moss frog found at least from the Malay Peninsula into western Indonesia, and is present in Borneo and Sumatra. It is nam ...

'' Boulenger, 1895 –

Wallace's flying frog Wallace's flying frog (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''), also known as the gliding frog or the Abah River flying frog, is a moss frog found at least from the Malay Peninsula into western Indonesia, and is present in Borneo and Sumatra. It is named ...

* '' Rhacophorus norhayatii'' Chan and Grismer, 2010 * ''

Rhacophorus orlovi ''Rhacophorus orlovi'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia.Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2013). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians''. Exeter, England: Pelagic Publishing Ltd. xiii + 262 ...

'' Ziegler and Köhler, 2001 * ''

Rhacophorus pardalis The harlequin tree frog (''Rhacophorus pardalis'') is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtro ...

'' Günther, 1858 –

harlequin tree frog The harlequin tree frog (''Rhacophorus pardalis'') is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtro ...

* '' Rhacophorus poecilonotus'' Boulenger, 1920 * ''

Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus ''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'', also known as Anaimalai flying frog, false Malabar gliding frog, and false Malabar tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to the Anaimalai Hills, a part of the southern the ...

'' Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000 * ''

Rhacophorus reinwardtii ''Rhacophorus reinwardtii'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is variously known under the common names of black-webbed treefrog, green flying frog, Reinwardt's flying frog, or Reinwardt's treefrog. Before 2006, Rhacophorus re ...

'' (Schlegel, 1840) – black-webbed tree frog, green flying frog, Reinwardt's tree frog * ''

Rhacophorus rhodopus ''Rhacophorus rhodopus'' is a species of frog in the moss frog family (biology), family (Rhacophoridae). It occurs in south-eastern Asia, from India to southern China, and south to Malaysia. Previously unknown from Laos, it has now been found in ...

'' Liu and Hu, 1960 (including ''R. namdaphaensis'', often included in ''R. bipunctatus'') * ''

Rhacophorus robertingeri ''Rhacophorus robertingeri'' is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Vietnam. First found in the Annamite Mountains of Vietnam, it is now known from mountain areas between Hà Giang or Nghệ An Province in the north and ...

'' Orlov, Poyarkov, Vassilieva, Ananjeva, Nguyen, Sang, and Geissler, 2012 * ''

Rhacophorus spelaeus ''Rhacophorus spelaeus'', the cave-dwelling tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. Scientists know it exclusively from the type locality, a limestone cave in Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's ...

'' Orlov, Gnophanxay, Phimminith, and Phomphoumy, 2010 * '' Rhacophorus subansiriensis'' Mathew and Sen, 2009 * ''

Rhacophorus translineatus ''Rhacophorus translineatus'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is found in eastern Tibet (China) and in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India, northeastern Indiaand Bhutan. ''Rhacophorus translineatus'' occurs in forests at elev ...

'' Wu, 1977 * '' Rhacophorus tuberculatus'' (Anderson, 1871) * ''

Rhacophorus turpes ''Rhacophorus turpes'' (common names: Htingnan flying frog, Htingnan whipping treefrog) is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to northern Myanmar. Little is known about this species that is only known from the original ...

'' Smith, 1940 * ''

Rhacophorus vampyrus Rhacophorus vampyrus (''Vampyrius vampyrus'') is a medium-sized species of flying frogs endemic to Vietnam. It is found in Southern Vietnam, and is not known to be found in other places globally. It Is in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata ...

'' Rowley, Le, Thi, Stuart, and Hoang, 2010 – vampire tree frog * '' Rhacophorus vanbanicus'' Kropachev, Orlov, Ninh, and Nguyen, 2019 * ''

Rhacophorus verrucopus ''Rhacophorus verrucopus'' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae, which is found in China and possibly India. Rhacophorus Verrucopus has also been recorded in Myanmar from a field study in 2019. Its natural habitats are subtropical or ...

'' Huang, 1983 * ''

Rhacophorus viridimaculatus ''Rhacophorus viridimaculatus'', the green-spotted tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam in Ha Giang Province and Tuyen Quang Province and suspected in China's Guangxi Province. It has been observe ...

'' Ostroshabov, Orlov, and Nguyen, 2013

Phylogeny

The following is a partial phylogeny of ''Rhacophorus'' from Pyron & Wiens (2011). Only nine species are included. ''Rhacophorus'' is a

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and t ...

of ''

''.

References

External links

Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Rhacophoridae
{{Taxonbar, from=Q943540 Amphibians of Asia Amphibian genera Taxa named by Heinrich Kuhl Taxa named by Johan Conrad van Hasselt