''Retroculus'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
cichlid
Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Cichlids were traditionally classed in a suborder, the Labroidei, along with the wrasses ( Labridae), in the order Perciformes, but molecular studies have contradicted this ...
s native to
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
, where three are native to rivers in southeastern
Amazon Basin
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivi ...
in
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, while the final is native to rivers in
Amapá
Amapá () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is in the northern region of Brazil. It is the second least populous state and the eighteenth largest by area. Located in the far northern part of the country, Amapá is bordered clockwise by Fr ...
(Brazil) and
French Guiana
French Guiana ( or ; french: link=no, Guyane ; gcr, label=French Guianese Creole, Lagwiyann ) is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic ...
.
[ It is the sole genus included in the subfamily Retroculinae, although some authorities classify this as a ]tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...
, Retroculini, of the subfamily Cichlinae.rheophilic
A rheophile is an animal that prefers to live in fast-moving water.
Examples of rheophilic animals
Insects
*Many aquatic insects living in riffles require current to survive.
*''Epeorus sylvicola'', a rheophilic mayfly species ( Ephemeroptera) ...
cichlids are superficially similar to ''Geophagus
''Geophagus'' is a genus of cichlids that mainly live in South America as far south as Argentina and Uruguay, but a single species, ''G. crassilabris'' is from Panama.Mattos, J.L.O., Costa, W.J.E.M. & Santos, A.C.A. (2015): ''Geophagus diamantin ...
''.[
]
Species
Four recognized species are in this genus:[Landim, M.I., Moreira, C.R. & Figueiredo, C.A. (2015): ''Retroculus acherontos'', a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei) from the Rio Tocantins basin. ''Zootaxa, 3973 (2): 369-380.'']
* '' Retroculus lapidifer'' ( Castelnau, 1855)
* '' Retroculus septentrionalis'' J. P. Gosse, 1971
* '' Retroculus xinguensis'' J. P. Gosse, 1971
References
Cichlid fish of South America
Freshwater fish genera
Cichlid genera
Taxa named by Carl H. Eigenmann
Taxa named by William L. Bray
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