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The Persian Gulf Residency () was an official colonial subdivision (i.e.,
residency Residency may refer to: * Domicile (law), the act of establishing or maintaining a residence in a given place ** Permanent residency, indefinite residence within a country despite not having citizenship * Residency (medicine), a stage of postgrad ...
) of the
British Raj The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; * * it is also called Crown rule in India, * * * * or Direct rule in India, * Quote: "Mill, who was himsel ...
from 1763 until 1947 (and remained British protectorates after Indian independence in 1947, up to 1971), whereby the United Kingdom maintained varying degrees of political and economic control over several states in the Persian Gulf, including what is today known as the
United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE; ar, اَلْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَة الْمُتَحِدَة ), or simply the Emirates ( ar, الِْإمَارَات ), is a country in Western Asia (The Middle East). It is located at th ...
(formerly called the "
Trucial States The Trucial States ( '), also known as the Trucial Coast ( '), the Trucial Sheikhdoms ( '), Trucial Arabia or Trucial Oman, was the name the British government gave to a group of tribal confederations in southeastern Arabia whose leaders had s ...
") and at various times southern portions of
Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
,
Bahrain Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an ...
,
Kuwait Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the nort ...
,
Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and spans the mouth of t ...
, and
Qatar Qatar (, ; ar, قطر, Qaṭar ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar,) is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it sh ...
.


Historical background until 1900

British interest in the Persian Gulf originated in the sixteenth century and steadily increased as
British India The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance on the Indian subcontinent. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one ...
's importance rose in the
imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texa ...
system of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the beginning, the agenda was primarily of a commercial character. Realizing the region's significance, the British fleet supported the Persian emperor Shāh Abbās in expelling the Portuguese from
Hormuz Island Hormuz Island (; fa, جزیره هرمز ''Jazireh-ye Hormoz''), also spelled Hormoz, is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf. Located in the Strait of Hormuz, off the Iranian coast, the island is part of Hormozgan Province. It is sparsely ...
in 1622. In return, the
British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...
("the Company") was permitted to establish a trading post in the coastal city of Bandar 'Abbās, which became their principal port in the Persian Gulf. Empowered by the charter of Charles II in 1661, the Company was responsible for conducting British foreign policy in the Persian Gulf, as well as concluding various treaties, agreements and engagements with Persian Gulf states in its capacity as the Crown's regional agent. In 1763, the British East India Company established a residency at
Bushehr Bushehr, Booshehr or Bushire ( fa, بوشهر ; also romanised as ''Būshehr'', ''Bouchehr'', ''Buschir'' and ''Busehr''), also known as Bandar Bushehr ( fa, ; also romanised as ''Bandar Būshehr'' and ''Bandar-e Būshehr''), previously Antioc ...
, on the Persian side of the Gulf: this was followed by another residency in Basar several years later. The arrival in Persia in 1807 of a large French mission under
General Gardane Claude-Matthieu, Comte de Gardane (11 July 1766 in Marseille – 30 January 1818) was a French general and diplomat. He entered the army and rose rapidly during the revolutionary wars, becoming captain in 1793. Biography In May 1799 he distingui ...
galvanized the British, both in London and
Calcutta Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, the official name until 2001) is the Capital city, capital of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal, on the eastern ba ...
. They responded by sending a mission under Sir Harford Jones, which resulted in establishing the ''Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance'' with the Shah in 1809. Despite being modified during subsequent negotiations, this treaty provided the framework within which Anglo–Persian foreign relations operated for the next half century. Britain appointed Harford Jones as their first resident envoy to the Persian court in 1808. Until the appointment of Charles Alison as Minister in
Tehran Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most popul ...
in 1860, the envoy and his staff were, with rare exceptions, almost exclusively recruited from the East India Company. In the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the political resident conducted all necessary negotiations with Persian authorities and was described by Sir George Curzon as "the Uncrowned King of the Persian Gulf." Whether Persia liked it or not, the political resident had at his disposal naval forces with which to suppress piracy, slave trading, and gun running, and to enforce quarantine regulations; he also could, and did, put landing parties and punitive expeditions ashore on the Persia coast. In 1822, the Bushehr and Basar residencies were combined, with Bushehr serving as headquarters for the new position of "British Resident for the Persian Gulf." A chief political resident was the chief executive officer of the political unit, and he was subordinate to the governor of Bombay until 1873 and the viceroy of India until 1947, when India became independent. In 1858, the East India Company’s agency was transferred to the Indian Raj, who assumed authority of British foreign policy with Persian Gulf states: this responsibility went to the Foreign Office on 1 April 1947.


The Trucial States

British activity in the Persian Gulf was primarily a commercial pursuit. Thus, the British Raj was slow to take action in protecting British and Indian shipping against raids from
Qawasim The Al Qasimi ( ar, القواسم, spelled sometimes as Al Qassimi or Al Qassemi; plural: Al Qawasem ar, القواسم and, archaically, Joasmee) is an Arab dynasty in the Persian Gulf that rules Emirate of Sharjah, Sharjah and Emirate of Ras ...
pirates Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called pirates, v ...
. By 1817, the Qawasim were spreading terror along the Indian coast to within 70 miles of Bombay. This threat generated a British military expedition in 1819, which crushed the Qawasim confederation and resulted in ratification of the General Maritime Treaty on 5 January 1820. Through extension and modification, this treaty formed the basis of British policy in the Persian Gulf for a century and half. The ruler of Bahrain as well as
sheikhs Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...
along the northern coast of Oman pledged to maintain peace between their tribes and Britain and accepted clauses prohibiting
slavery Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
and cruel treatment of prisoners. The treaty further stipulated that the ships of maritime tribes would be freely admitted at British ports. While the treaty obviously served British interests, because it was sensibly magnanimous and aimed at securing all parties' interests, it effectively ended piracy in the Persian Gulf. Articles 6 and 10 authorized the British Residency in the Persian Gulf to act as maritime police to administer the treaty's conditions and resolve tribal disputes. Article 7 condemned piracy among Arab tribes and implied a British obligation to maintain peace. The trucial system took explicit form in 1835, when raids by Bani Yas tribesmen, rivals of the Qawasim, led to a British-imposed truce during the summer pearling season. The truce was made year-long in 1838 and renewed annually until 1843 when it was extended for ten years. The trucial system received formal permanency with the "1853 Treaty of Maritime Peace in Perpetuity." The British policy of non-involvement in the internal affairs of the Trucial ''sheikhs'' was abandoned with passage of the "Exclusive Agreement" in March 1892. This agreement prohibited the Trucial rulers from yielding territorial sovereignty without British consent. Britain, moreover, assumed responsibility for foreign relations and thus, by implication, their protection. This treaty marked Britain's shift from commercial to strategic priorities and formed the diplomatic pillar of British authority in the Trucial states.


Post World War I

In the years following
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, the Trucial ''sheikhs'' found their capacity to act independently being continuously curtailed by the British. This was partially a result of Britain shifting attention away from Iran, where
Reza Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi ( fa, رضا شاه پهلوی; ; originally Reza Khan (); 15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian Officer (armed forces), military officer, politician (who served as Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran), ...
's nationalist assertion of power undercut their hegemony. It also reflected growing commercial and imperial communications interests, such as air route facilities. For example, according to agreements concluded in February 1922, the Trucial sheikhs pledged themselves not to allow the exploitation of oil resources in their territories except by "persons appointed by the British government". Even more restrictive was the ultimatum issued by the political resident in 1937 requiring Trucial states to do business exclusively with Petroleum Concessions Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of the London-based
Iraq Petroleum Company The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), formerly known as the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), is an oil company that had a virtual monopoly on all oil exploration and production in Iraq between 1925 and 1961. It is jointly owned by some of the worl ...
, which was itself partly owned by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). Instead of reflecting higher demand for oil (England then had adequate supply), this ultimatum was designed to block other parties out of the economic and political affairs of the Trucial States. In 1946, the Persian Gulf residency left its location in Bushehr and relocated to a new base in Bahrain. However, while Reza Shah succeeded in removing Britain from Iranian territory, his efforts to curtail their role in the Iranian oil industry backfired, and led to an extension of the concession operated by the British government-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. From their new base in Bahrain, the British resident directed other political agents in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman until those regions became independent.


Duties of the Residency

On 1 April 1947, the British political residency came under the authority of the Foreign Office, 'graded' as an ambassador in the Persian Gulf. The political resident accomplished his obligations by using a network of representatives known as ''political agents'', operating in Bahrain, Qatar, Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Additionally, ''political officers'' were retained for the remaining Trucial states, acting under the British Agency at Dubai. Foreign relations in Muscat were conducted by a
Consul-General A consul is an official representative of the government of one state in the territory of another, normally acting to assist and protect the citizens of the consul's own country, as well as to facilitate trade and friendship between the people ...
, who was also, administratively, answerable to the resident in Bahrain. Through his political agents the resident preserved close connections with Persian Gulf rulers – simultaneously protecting their political and economic interests and the British government's on the basis of established treaties and agreements. According to Rupert Hay, the ''sheikhs'' enjoyed control over internal affairs, with Britain "ordinarily only exercises control in matters involving negotiations or the possibility of complications with foreign powers, such as
civil aviation Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military and non-state aviation, both private and commercial. Most of the countries in the world are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization and work ...
, posts and telegraphs." However, Hay added that "constant advice and encouragement are… offered to various rulers regarding improvement of their administrations and development of their resources, mostly in an informal manner". The resident also administered British
extraterritorial jurisdiction Extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) is the legal ability of a government to exercise authority beyond its normal boundaries. Any authority can claim ETJ over any external territory they wish. However, for the claim to be effective in the externa ...
, which had been exercised in certain Persian Gulf territories since 1925. Extraterritorial jurisdiction was ceded to Britain in the 19th century by virtue of informal agreements with various rulers. In Muscat it was based on formal agreements that were renewed periodically. Extraterritorial jurisdiction was originally applied to all resident classes in Persian Gulf states, but was later limited to British subjects, Commonwealth nationals and non-Muslim foreigners. Britain relinquished extraterritorial jurisdiction in Kuwait on 4 May 1961, transferring jurisdiction over all classes of foreigners to Kuwaiti courts. British extraterritorial jurisdiction in the Persian Gulf was implemented in accordance with the British Foreign Jurisdiction Acts of 1890–1913, which empowered the Crown to establish courts and legislate for the categories of persons subject to jurisdiction by means of Orders in Council. Regarding the resident's role in concluding concession agreements between rulers and foreign oil companies, Hay says: 'The oil companies naturally bulk largely in the political resident's portfolio. He has to closely watch all negotiations for new agreements or the amendment of existing agreements and ensure that nothing is decided which will seriously affect the position or the rulers of the British government…' The same author also refers to what he terms ''political agreements'', to which, he says, oil companies’ are all bound… with the British government… in addition to their concession agreements with the rulers…' 'One of the main objects of these', he continues, 'is to ensure that their relations with the rulers in all matters of importance are conducted through, or with, the knowledge of British political officers'.


Protectorates under the Residency

*
Trucial States The Trucial States ( '), also known as the Trucial Coast ( '), the Trucial Sheikhdoms ( '), Trucial Arabia or Trucial Oman, was the name the British government gave to a group of tribal confederations in southeastern Arabia whose leaders had s ...
, precursor of the
United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE; ar, اَلْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَة الْمُتَحِدَة ), or simply the Emirates ( ar, الِْإمَارَات ), is a country in Western Asia (The Middle East). It is located at th ...
(1820–1971) *
Bahrain Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an ...
(1861–1971) *
Muscat and Oman The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman ( ar, سلطنة مسقط وعمان, Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman () during the rule of Taimur bin Feisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the prese ...
(limited protectorate and intervention in internal affairs, 1892–1971) *
Kuwait Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the nort ...
(1899–1961) *
Qatar Qatar (, ; ar, قطر, Qaṭar ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar,) is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it sh ...
(1916–1971)


Chronology: 1763–1971

*1763: British Residency established at Bušehr in Persia by the
British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...
. *1798: Sultan of Muscat signed a treaty giving the British East India Company exclusive trading rights, in return for an annual British stipend. *1809: Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance is concluded between Britain and the shah. While modified in subsequent negotiations (Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 1812; Treaty of Tehran, 1814), remained the framework of Anglo–Persian relations over the next half century. *8 Jan 1820 – 15 March 1820: General Maritime Treaty with Britain and sheikhs in the "Trucial Coast States" and
Bahrain Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an ...
, abolishing
slave trade Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
and forbidding
piracy Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called pirates, v ...
and warfare between the states (This last point was never fully implemented). *1822: Persian Gulf residency established by Britain. *1822 – 1873: Subordinated to the
Governor of Bombay Until the 18th century, Bombay consisted of seven islands separated by shallow sea. These seven islands were part of a larger archipelago in the Arabian sea, off the western coast of India. The date of city's founding is unclear—historians tr ...
. *1835: Treaty with the Trucial States, installing a truce of six months a year, during the pearling season. *1843: Treaty renews the treaty of 1835 for ten years. *1853: Treaty with Trucial States, renewing the treaty of 1835 for an unlimited time period. *1856 – 1857:
Anglo-Persian War The Anglo-Persian War or the Anglo-Iranian War () lasted between 1 November 1856 and 4 April 1857, and was fought between the United Kingdom and Iran, which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty. The war had the British oppose an attempt by Iran to ...
and proclamation of ''
jihad Jihad (; ar, جهاد, jihād ) is an Arabic word which literally means "striving" or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it can refer to almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with Go ...
'' by
Nasereddin Shah Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ( fa, ناصرالدین‌شاه قاجار; 16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Malek ...
. *1858: Act of 1858 is passed, transferring powers of the East India Company to the British government of India. *1861:
Protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over m ...
treaty with Bahrain (completed by treaties of 2 December 1880 and 1892). *1873 – 1947: Subordinate to British India (from 1946 resident in Bahrain). *1873: Trucial states start being administered by the British. *8 Mar 1892 – 1 December 1971: Informal protectorate with
Muscat and Oman The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman ( ar, سلطنة مسقط وعمان, Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman () during the rule of Taimur bin Feisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the prese ...
, and a formal protectorate with the Trucial States. This new agreement includes the sheikhs giving the British effective control over foreign policy: British offer military protection in return. *1899: Protectorate treaty with Kuwait (completed 3 November 1914). *1906: Constitutional Revolution in Arabia. *3 Nov 1916: Protectorate treaty with
Qatar Qatar (, ; ar, قطر, Qaṭar ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar,) is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it sh ...
. *1920: Treaty of Seeb is signed recognizing the independence of the imamate of Oman. *1939: British residency established in the Trucial States at
Dubai Dubai (, ; ar, دبي, translit=Dubayy, , ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, the most populated of the 7 emirates of the United Arab Emirates.The Government and Politics of ...
. *1946: Headquarters of the Persian Gulf residency is moved from Bushire to Manama. *1947: With Indian independence imminent, the Persian Gulf Residency is transferred to the control of the British Foreign Office. *1961: Termination of protectorate over Kuwait and its complete independence. *1962: Great Britain declares Muscat and Oman an independent nation. *Jan 1968: Britain announces its decision to withdraw from the Persian Gulf, including the Trucial States, by 1971. *16 Dec 1971: Termination of British protectorate and military presence in the Persian Gulf.


Political Agents

Agents: :*1763 – 1812 : .... :*c.1798 : Mirza Mahdi Ali Khan :*c.1810 : Hankey Smith :*1812 – 1822 : William Bruce (acting to 1813) Chief political residents of the Persian Gulf : :(for Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States) :*1822 – 1823 : John Macleod :*1823 – 1827 : Ephraim Gerrish Stannus :*1827 – 1831 : David Wilson :*1831 – 1835 : David Alexander Blane :*1835 – 1838 : James Morrison :*1838 – 1852 :
Samuel Hennell Colonel Samuel Hennell (1800 – 13 September 1880) was a British Indian Army officer and Colonial Office administrator in the Middle East. He was the British Political Resident for the Persian Gulf from 1838 to 1852 and described by Professor JB ...
:*1852 – 1856 :
Arnold Burrowes Kemball General Sir Arnold Burrowes Kemball, KCB, KCSI, (18 November 1820, Bombay – 21 September 1908, London), was a British Army officer who took part in the First Afghan War, the Persian War, the Serbian-Ottoman War and the Russo-Turkish War, an ...
:*1856 – 1862 : James Felix Jones :*1862 : Herbert Frederick Disbrowe (acting) :*1862 – 1872:
Lewis Pelly Lieutenant General Sir Lewis Pelly, (14 November 1825 – 22 April 1892) was a British East India Company officer, and then an imperial army and political officer. At the end of his life, he was a Conservative Member of Parliament for Hackney ...
:*1872 – 1891: Edward Charles Ross :*1891 – 1893 : Adelbert Cecil Talbot :*1893 : Stuart Hill Godfrey (acting) :*1893 :
James Hayes Sadler Colonel Sir James Hayes Sadler (21 May 1827 – 9 January 1910) was a British diplomat and civil servant. Early life and education Sadler was born to the Reverend James-Hayes Sadler (5 January 1785 – 26 August 1845) and Anne Sadler (née Ric ...
(1st time)(acting) :*1893: James Adair Crawford (acting) :*1893 – 1894 : James Hayes Sadler (2nd time)(acting) :*1894 – 1897 : Frederick Alexander Wilson :*1897 – 1900 : Malcolm John Meade :*1900 – 1904 : Charles Arnold Kemball (acting) :*1904 – 1920:
Percy Zachariah Cox Major-General Sir Percy Zachariah Cox (20 November 1864 – 20 February 1937) was a British Indian Army officer and Colonial Office administrator in the Middle East. He was one of the major figures in the creation of the current Middle East. ...
::- Acting for Cox - ::*1913 – 1914 : John Gordon Lorimer ::*1914 : Richard Lockinton Birdwood ::*1914 : Stuart George Knox (1st time) ::*1915 : Stuart George Knox (2nd time) ::*1915 – 1917 : Arthur Prescott Trevor (1st time) ::*1917 – 1919 : John Hugo Bill ::*1919 : Cecil Hamilton Gabriel ::*1919 – 1920: Arthur Prescott Trevor (2nd time) :*1920:
Arnold Talbot Wilson Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson (18 July 1884 – 31 May 1940) was a British soldier, colonial administrator, Conservative politician, writer and editor. Wilson served under Percy Cox, the colonial administrator of Mesopotamia ( Mandatory Iraq ...
(acting) :*1920 – 1924 : Arthur Prescott Trevor :*1924 – 1927 : Francis Bellville Prideaux :*1927 – 1928 : Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth :*1928 – 1929 :
Frederick William Johnston Sir Frederick William Johnston (1872–1947) was a colonial administrator in British India. Life He was born in Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, the son of the Rev. Alexander Orrock Johnston, and was educated at Kelvinside Academy, the University of Gla ...
:*1929 : Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett (acting) :*1929 – 1932: Hugh Vincent Biscoe :*1932 – 1939: Trenchard Craven William Fowle :*1939 – 1946: Charles Geoffrey Prior :*1946 – 1953:
Rupert Hay Sir William Rupert Hay (December 16, 1893 – April 3, 1962) was a British Indian Army officer and administrator in British India. He served as Chief Commissioner of Balochistan during the colonial era. Career Hay was educated at Bradfield and ...
(from 1952, Sir Rupert) :*1953 – 1958:
Bernard Burrows Sir Bernard Alexander Brocas Burrows, Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG (3 July 1910 – 7 May 2002) was a British diplomat. Career Burrows studied at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford, Trinity College in Oxford. In 1934, after two y ...
(from 1955, Sir Bernard) :*1958 – 1961: Sir George Middleton :*1961 – 1966: Sir William Henry Tucker Luce :*1966 – 1970: Sir Robert Stewart Crawford :*1970 – 15 August 1971: Sir Geoffrey ArthurThe lists are based on Lorimer, ''Gazetteer'', ii. ''Geographical and Statistical'' (1908), 2673–5; Govt of India, Admin, ''Reports of the Persian Gulf Political Residency'' (1873–1947); Tuson, ''The Records of the British Residency'', 184; Rich, ''The Invasion of the Gulf'', 192-4


See also

*
Pax Britannica ''Pax Britannica'' (Latin for "British Peace", modelled after '' Pax Romana'') was the period of relative peace between the great powers during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a " global pol ...
* Bahrain Province


Further reading

*Blyth, Robert J.
''The Empire of the Raj''
*Shadle, Robert (1991)
Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
Greenwood Press, pp 409 *G. Lucas, "Memorandum on the Cultivation and Exportation of Opium in Persia," Annual Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf Residency from the Year 1874–75, pp. 26–30. *G. Lucas, "Memorandum on the Cultivation of Opium in Persia," Annual Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf Residency from the Year 1878–79, pp. 31–39. *Dr. H. al-Baharna LL.B (1998). British Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction in the Gulf 1913–1971 * Mehr, Farhang. ''A Colonial Legacy: The Dispute Over the Islands of Abu Musa, and the Greater and Lesser Tumbs'', University Press of America *Onley, James
''The Persian frontier of the British Raj''
*Albaharna, Husain M., (1968)
Legal Status of the Persian Gulf States: Study of Their Treaty Relations and Their International Problems


Notes


References

* * * * * *


External links


Qatar Digital Library
- an online portal providing access to previously undigitised British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history and Arabic science Residencies of British India 1763 establishments in Asia 1971 disestablishments in Asia 18th century in Iran 19th century in Iran 20th century in Iran 19th century in Bahrain 20th century in Bahrain History of Kuwait History of Dubai 19th century in Dubai 20th century in Dubai Bahrain–United Kingdom relations Iran–United Kingdom relations Kuwait–United Kingdom relations Oman–United Kingdom relations Qatar–United Kingdom relations United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations Trucial States 18th-century establishments in the British Empire Extraterritorial jurisdiction {{DEFAULTSORT:Persian_Gulf_Residency