The president of the Republic of China, now often referred to as the president of Taiwan, is the
head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...
of the
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
(ROC), as well as the
commander-in-chief of the
Republic of China Armed Forces. The position once had authority of ruling over
Mainland China
"Mainland China" is a geopolitical term defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (including islands like Hainan or Chongming), excluding dependent territories of the PRC, and other territories within Greater China. ...
, but its
remaining jurisdictions has been limited to
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
,
Penghu
The Penghu (, Hokkien POJ: ''Phîⁿ-ô͘'' or ''Phêⁿ-ô͘'' ) or Pescadores Islands are an archipelago of 90 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait, located approximately west from the main island of Taiwan, covering an area ...
,
Kinmen,
Matsu and
other smaller islands since the conclusion of
Second Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Communist Revolution, officially known as the Chinese People's War of Liberation in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and also known as the National Protection War against the Communist Rebellion in the Republic of China (ROC ...
.
Originally elected by the
National Assembly
In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repre ...
, the presidency was intended to be a
ceremonial office with no real executive power as the ROC was originally envisioned as a
parliamentary republic
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number ...
. Since the
1996 presidential election, the president is
directly elected
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they desire to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are cho ...
by
plurality voting
Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which a candidate, or candidates, who poll more than any other counterpart (that is, receive a plurality), are elected. In systems based on single-member districts, it elects just one member per ...
to a four-year term, with incumbents limited to serving two terms. The incumbent,
Tsai Ing-wen, succeeded
Ma Ying-jeou on May 20, 2016, to become the first female president in the history of Taiwan.
Qualifications
* The ''Presidential and Vice Presidential Election and Recall Act''
states that a candidate for president or vice president must be a citizen of the Republic of China, at least 40 years old, and a
resident
Resident may refer to:
People and functions
* Resident minister, a representative of a government in a foreign country
* Resident (medicine), a stage of postgraduate medical training
* Resident (pharmacy), a stage of postgraduate pharmaceutic ...
of
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
for a period of no less than 15 years with a physical presence of no less than 6 consecutive months.
* The following persons shall not be registered as candidates for the president:
**
Military personnel
Military personnel are members of the state's armed forces. Their roles, pay, and obligations differ according to their military branch (army, navy, marines, air force, space force, and coast guard), rank (officer, non-commissioned officer, or e ...
** Election officials
** People who hold foreign nationality or who hold residency of the
People's Republic of China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
** People who have restored their nationality or acquired their nationality by naturalization
Powers
![Presidential Building, Taiwan (0747)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Presidential_Building%2C_Taiwan_%280747%29.JPG)
The president is currently elected by a
plurality voting
Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which a candidate, or candidates, who poll more than any other counterpart (that is, receive a plurality), are elected. In systems based on single-member districts, it elects just one member per ...
direct election
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they desire to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are cho ...
of the areas administered by the Republic of China for a term of four years. Before 1991, the president was selected by the
National Assembly of the Republic of China
The National Assembly was the authoritative legislative body of the Republic of China, commonly referred to as Taiwan after 1949, from 1947 to 2005. Along with the Control Yuan (upper house) and the Legislative Yuan (lower house), the National ...
for a term of six years.
The Constitution of the Republic of China names the president as head of state and
commander-in-chief of the
Republic of China Armed Forces (formerly known as the
National Revolutionary Army
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; ), sometimes shortened to Revolutionary Army () before 1928, and as National Army () after 1928, was the military arm of the Kuomintang (KMT, or the Chinese Nationalist Party) from 1925 until 1947 in China ...
). The president is responsible for conducting foreign relations, such as concluding treaties, declaring war, and making peace. The president must promulgate all laws and has no right to veto, but can approve or not the veto proposed by the
Executive Yuan
The Executive Yuan () is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Its leader is the Premier, who is appointed by the President of the Republic of China, and requires confirmation by the Legislative Yuan.
...
(Cabinet). Other powers of the president include granting amnesty, pardon or clemency, declaring martial law, and conferring honors and decorations.
The president may, by resolution of the Executive Yuan Council, issue emergency decrees and take all necessary measures to avert imminent danger affecting the security of the state or of the people or to cope with any serious financial or economic crisis. However, such decrees shall, within ten days of issuance, be presented to the
Legislative Yuan
The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China (Taiwan) located in Taipei. The Legislative Yuan is composed of 113 members, who are directly elected for 4-year terms by people of the Taiwan Area through a parallel v ...
for ratification. Should the Legislative Yuan withhold ratification, the said emergency decrees shall forthwith cease to be valid.
The president may, within ten days following passage by the Legislative Yuan of a no-confidence vote against the
premier
Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier.
A premier will normally be a head of governm ...
, declare the dissolution of the Legislative Yuan after consulting with its president. However, the president shall not dissolve the Legislative Yuan while martial law or an emergency decree is in effect. Following the dissolution of the Legislative Yuan, an election for legislators shall be held within 60 days.
The president can appoint
senior advisors (), national policy advisors () and strategy advisors (), but they do not form a
council
A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or natio ...
.
The Constitution does not clearly define whether the president is more powerful than the premier, as it names the Executive Yuan (headed by the premier) as the "highest administrative authority" with oversight over domestic matters while giving the president powers as commander-in-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs. Prior to his election as president in 1948, Chiang Kai-shek had insisted that he be premier under the new Constitution, while allowing the president (to which Chiang nominated
Hu Shih
Hu Shih (; 17 December 1891 – 24 February 1962), also known as Hu Suh in early references, was a Chinese diplomat, essayist, literary scholar, philosopher, and politician. Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese libera ...
) be a mere figurehead. However, the National Assembly overwhelmingly supported Chiang as president and once in this position, Chiang continued to exercise vast prerogatives as leader and the premiership served to execute policy, not make it. Thus, until the 1980s power in the Republic of China was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on who occupied the office. For example, during the tenure of
Yen Chia-kan, the office was largely ceremonial with real power in the hands of Premier
Chiang Ching-Kuo, and power switched back to the presidency when Chiang became president. After President
Lee Teng-hui
Lee Teng-hui (; 15 January 192330 July 2020) was a Taiwanese statesman and economist who served as President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the 1947 Constitution and chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000. He was the fir ...
succeeded Chiang as president in 1988, the power struggle within the KMT extended to the constitutional debate over the relationship between the president and the premier. The first three premiers under Lee,
Yu Kuo-hwa,
Lee Huan, and
Hau Pei-tsun were
mainlanders who had initially opposed Lee's ascension to power. The appointment of Lee and Hau were compromises by President Lee to placate conservatives in the KMT. The subsequent appointment of the first native Taiwanese premier
Lien Chan was taken as a sign of Lee's consolidation of power. Moreover, during this time, the power of the premier to approve the president's appointments and the power of the Legislative Yuan to confirm the president's choice of premier was removed establishing the president as the more powerful position of the two.
After the 2000 election of
Chen Shui-bian as president, the presidency and the Legislative Yuan were controlled by different parties which brought forth a number of latent constitutional issues such as the role of the legislature in appointing and dismissing a premier, the right of the president to call a special session of the legislature, and who has the power to call a referendum. Most of these issues have been resolved through inter-party negotiations.
Succession
![Chiang Kai-shek 1947](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Chiang_Kai-shek%2C_Li_Zongren_and_XGOA_microphone_19480520.jpg)
The
Constitution of the Republic of China gives a short list of persons who will succeed to the presidency if the office were to fall vacant. According to the
Additional Articles of the Constitution, Article 2:
As no president of the Executive Yuan (also known as the premier) has ever succeeded to the presidency under these provisions (or their predecessors, under Article 49), it is untested whether, should the office of the premier be vacant as well, whether, pursuant to the Additional Articles, Article 3, the vice president of the Executive Yuan (vice premier), who would be acting premier, would act as president.
[ There is currently no constitutional provision for a succession list beyond the possibility that the vice president of the Executive Yuan might succeed to the presidency.
Assuming that the vice president of the Executive Yuan would be third in line for the presidency, the current line of succession is:
# ]Lai Ching-te
William Lai Ching-te (; born 6 October 1959) is a Taiwanese politician who has been the Vice President of the Republic of China, Vice President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2020. He served as a legislator in the Legislative Yuan from 19 ...
, Vice President of the Republic of China.
# Su Tseng-chang, President of the Executive Yuan.
# Shen Jong-chin
Shen Jong-chin (; born 1951) is a Taiwanese politician.
Education
Shen obtained his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Provincial Taipei Institute of Technology and master's degree in commerce automation and management from Nation ...
, Vice President of the Executive Yuan.
Presidential succession has occurred three times under the 1947 Constitution:
#President Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 ...
declared incapacity on 21 January 1949 amid several Communist victories in the Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949 with a Communist victory on m ...
and was replaced by Vice President Li Tsung-jen as the acting president. However, Chiang continued to wield authority as the director-general of the Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Tai ...
and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. Li Tsung-jen lost the ensuing power struggle and fled to the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
in November 1949. Chiang evacuated with the government to Taiwan on 10 December 1949 and resumed his duties as the president on 1 March 1950.
#President Chiang Kai-shek died on 5 April 1975 and was replaced by Vice President Yen Chia-kan, who served out the remainder of the term.
#President Chiang Ching-kuo died on 13 January 1988 and was replaced by Vice President Lee Teng-hui
Lee Teng-hui (; 15 January 192330 July 2020) was a Taiwanese statesman and economist who served as President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the 1947 Constitution and chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000. He was the fir ...
, who served out the remainder of the term and won two more terms on his own right.
Diplomatic protocol
The diplomatic protocol
Protocol may refer to:
Sociology and politics
* Protocol (politics), a formal agreement between nation states
* Protocol (diplomacy), the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state
* Etiquette, a code of personal behavior
Science and technology
...
regarding the President of the ROC is rather complex because of the political status of Taiwan
The controversy surrounding the political status of Taiwan or the Taiwan issue is a result of World War II, the second phase of the Chinese Civil War (1945–1949), and the Cold War.
The basic issue hinges on who the islands of Taiwan, Peng ...
. In the nations that have diplomatic relations with the ROC, she is accorded the standard treatment that is given to a head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...
. In other nations, she is formally a private citizen, although even in these cases, travel usually meets with strong objections from the People's Republic of China.
The president of ROC has traveled several times to the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, formally in transit to and from Central America, where a number of countries do recognize the ROC. This system allows the president to visit the United States without the US State Department having to issue a visa. During these trips, the president is not formally treated as a head of state, does not meet US government officials in their official capacities and does not visit Washington, D.C.
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
However, in these visits, the ROC president invariably meets with staff members from the US government, although these visits are with lower-ranking officials in non-governmental surroundings.
In the area of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...
, the ROC president was able to arrange visits in the early 1990s which were formally private tourist visits, however these have become increasingly infrequent as a result of PRC pressure.
At the annual Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC ) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economy, economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. leaders' summit, the ROC president is forbidden from attending personally and must send a special envoy to represent him or her at the event.
However, on 2 December 2016, US President-elect Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pe ...
accepted a congratulatory telephone call from the ROC president, a clear break from prior protocol.
The Government of the People's Republic of China uses the terms Leader of the Taiwan Area, Leader of the Taiwan Region () and Leader of the Taiwanese Authorities () to describe the head of state of the Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
(ROC) in Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
. These terms are used by PRC media to reflect the PRC's official stance of not recognizing the legitimacy of the ROC.
The PRC media does not use the terms ''"President of Taiwan"'' nor ''"President of the Republic of China"'', which could be inferred as implying recognition of Taiwan as a country, or of Two Chinas
The term "Two Chinas" refers to the geopolitical situation where two political entities exist under the name "China".
Background
In 1912, the Xuantong Emperor abdicated as a result of the Xinhai Revolution, and the Republic of China was est ...
. Hence, the term ''"Leader of the Taiwan Area"'' is used- with "Area" to show that Taiwan is not a country; while "Leader" does not equal "President". According to criteria set by the authorities in Beijing, media in mainland China generally are not allowed to use terms related to the Republic of China to describe the Taiwan authorities. But if the official title cannot be avoided in a news article, quotation marks would be used around terms for all official ROC positions and organizations, e.g. "President of the Republic of China"; "Presidential Office Building" to imply non-recognition. For other countries without official diplomatic ties, terms such as Taiwan's president have been used.
Secretary-general to the president
The secretary-general to the president is the highest-ranking official in the Office of the President and supervises the staff of the office. The current secretary-general is David Lee.
Elections
History
Taiwan was previously led by the Emperor of Japan
The Emperor of Japan is the monarch and the head of the Imperial House of Japan, Imperial Family of Japan. Under the Constitution of Japan, he is defined as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people, and his positio ...
during colonial rule by Japan from 1895 to 1945, represented by the Governor-General of Taiwan.
After the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising against Qing rule in 1911, the revolutionaries elected Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen (; also known by several other names; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)Singtao daily. Saturday edition. 23 October 2010. section A18. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition . was a Chinese politician who serve ...
as the " provisional president" () of the transitional government, with the Republic of China officially established on 1 January 1912. But Sun soon resigned from the provisional presidency in favor of Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
, who assumed the title "Great President" () in March 1912. Yuan induced the Last Emperor to abdicate, ending thousands of years of imperial rule in China. The 1913 Constitution called for a strong presidential system
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separati ...
with notable checks
Check or cheque, may refer to:
Places
* Check, Virginia
Arts, entertainment, and media
* ''Check'' (film), a 2021 Indian Telugu-language film
* ''The Checks'' (episode), a 1996 TV episode of ''Seinfeld''
Games and sports
* Check (chess), a thr ...
on the president by the National Assembly
In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repre ...
. However, Yuan soon began to assert dictatorial power, ignoring the National Assembly and later abolishing it altogether. In 1915, Yuan proclaimed himself Emperor of China
''Huangdi'' (), translated into English as Emperor, was the superlative title held by monarchs of China who ruled various imperial regimes in Chinese history. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was considered the Son of Heave ...
in a largely unpopular move and was forced to retract his declaration shortly before his death in 1916.
With Yuan Shikai's death the Warlord Era began. Vice President Li Yuanhong succeeded Yuan as president and attempted to reassert the constitutional government, but was soon forced to resign by military strongmen. The presidency, though leading an internationally recognized government, was thereafter to be headed by a series of prominent warlords. This presidency ended in 1928 when the Northern Expedition
The Northern Expedition was a military campaign launched by the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Kuomintang (KMT), also known as the "Chinese Nationalist Party", against the Beiyang government and other regional warlords in 1926. The ...
, led by the Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Tai ...
(KMT), succeeded in conquering North China.
Sun Yat-sen established a rival (military, not constitutional) government in Guangzhou
Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kon ...
in 1917 and took the title of "Generalissimo of the Military Government" (). He was ousted in 1918 but returned again to Guangzhou in 1921. Claiming to restore the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
After victory in the Xinhai Revolution, the Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic of China, led by Sun Yat-sen, framed the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China (, 1912), which was an outline of basic regulations with the qua ...
, he summoned the members of the original parliament to elect him as president, but since there lacked a quorum, he took the title of "Extraordinary President" (). Sun, again expelled from Guangzhou in 1922, returned in 1923 to take the title of "Generalissimo of the Military Government." Sun died in 1925 with no clear successor and leadership of the government, now named the National Government A national government is the government of a nation.
National government or
National Government may also refer to:
* Central government in a unitary state, or a country that does not give significant power to regional divisions
* Federal governme ...
, rested in a series of Leninist-style dual party and state committees, the most powerful of which was the policy-making Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Tai ...
. The government was organized into five branches, with the Executive Yuan
The Executive Yuan () is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Its leader is the Premier, who is appointed by the President of the Republic of China, and requires confirmation by the Legislative Yuan.
...
, headed by the premier, holding primary administrative authority. The "Chairman of the National Government," though not given specific presidential powers, took on the functions of a ''de facto'' head of state and its official English translation was "President of the National Government of the Republic of China". This form of government under the KMT lasted through the Northern Expedition, which moved the capital to Nanjing and gave the National Government domestic control and foreign recognition, and the Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Th ...
, during which the Japanese established a puppet "Reorganized" National Government with almost the identical organizational structure, until the promulgation of a new Constitution in 1947.
Following the Chinese victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, the National Government under Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 ...
was restored in Nanjing and the KMT set out to enact a liberal democratic constitution in line with the last stage of Sun Yat-sen's three stages of national development. The new Constitution of the Republic of China, promulgated on 25 December 1947, established a five-branch government with the office of president () as head of state. On 20 May 1948, Chiang Kai-shek was formally elected by the National Assembly
In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repre ...
to be the first term president.
After the KMT lost Mainland China in the Chinese Civil War, the government was evacuated to Taiwan, where the term limits for the president specified in the 1947 constitution were suspended after 1960. In 1954, as the term of the first National Assembly were about to expire, the Judicial Yuan ruled that the expired seats of the National Assembly would continue in power until the respective delegate region elections could be held. This largely froze the membership of the National Assembly mainland delegates and prevented local Taiwanese from widespread legislative and assembly participation in the expired mainland seats until the early 1970s. The members of the National Assembly continued in their office until 1991, and continued to elect Chiang Kai-shek as president until his death in 1975.
Presidents were elected by the National Assembly until the first direct presidential election in 1996, while the term length was shortened from six to four years.
File:1911年中华民国临时大总统选举1.jpg, Official results of the election announcing Sun's election on November 10, 1911.
File:West_Garden_Hall,_Nanjing,_Aug_2016.jpg, The West Garden Hall in Presidential Palace, Nanjing was the office of the Provisional President in 1912.
File:原段祺瑞执政府.jpg, After Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
's Peiyang Government took control of the ROC, the house in Peking was the office of the president.
File:National Government of the R.O.C.jpg, Presidential Palace in Xuanwu District, Nanjing
Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the second largest city in the East China region. T ...
housed the office of the Chairman of the National Government of the ROC in 1927–1937.
File:Tzu-chao Building.jpg, The Presidential Building in Presidential Palace, Nanjing was the office of the President of ROC after the 1947 Chinese Constitution, until the Government of the ROC fled to Taiwan in 1949.
Timeline of presidents
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:1911 till:2024
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1911
Colors =
id:da-pres value:lightorange
id:kmt-pres value:rgb(0,0,0.6)
id:dpp-pres value:rgb(0.1,0.58,0.19)
id:vac value:tan2
BarData =
bar:Sun
bar:Yuan
bar:LiYH
bar:Feng
bar:Xu
bar:Zhou
bar:Gao
bar:Cao
bar:Huang
bar:Duan
bar:Hu
bar:Yan
bar:Du
bar:Koo
bar:Zhang
bar:Tan
bar:ChiangKS
bar:Lin
bar:LiZR
bar:YanXS
bar:Yen
bar:ChiangCK
bar:Lee
bar:Chen
bar:Ma
bar:Tsai
PlotData =
width:8 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
bar:Sun
from: 01/01/1912 till: 04/01/1912 color:da-pres text:" Sun" fontsize:10
bar:Yuan
from: 10/03/1912 till: 06/06/1916 color:da-pres text:" Yuan" fontsize:10
bar:LiYH
from: 07/06/1916 till: 17/01/1917 color:da-pres
from: 11/06/1922 till: 13/06/1923 color:da-pres text:" Li Y.H." fontsize:10
bar:Feng
from: 17/01/1917 till: 10/10/1918 color:da-pres text:"Feng Feng may refer to:
*Feng (surname), one of several Chinese surnames in Mandarin:
**Féng (surname) ( wikt:冯 féng 2nd tone "gallop"), very common Chinese surname
**Fèng (surname) ( wikt:鳳 fèng 4th tone "phoenix"), relatively common Chinese fa ...
" fontsize:10
bar:Xu
from: 10/10/1918 till: 02/06/1922 color:da-pres text:" Xu" fontsize:10
bar:Zhou
from: 02/06/1922 till: 11/06/1922 color:da-pres text:" Zhou" fontsize:10
bar:Gao
from: 14/06/1923 till: 10/10/1923 color:da-pres text:"Gao
Gao , or Gawgaw/Kawkaw, is a city in Mali and the capital of the Gao Region. The city is located on the River Niger, east-southeast of Timbuktu on the left bank at the junction with the Tilemsi valley.
For much of its history Gao was an impor ...
" fontsize:10
bar:Cao
from: 10/10/1923 till: 02/11/1924 color:da-pres text:"Cao Cao or CAO may refer to:
Mythology
*Cao (bull), a legendary bull in Meitei mythology
Companies or organizations
* Air China Cargo, ICAO airline designator CAO
*CA Oradea, Romanian football club
*CA Osasuna, Spanish football club
*Canadian Assoc ...
" fontsize:10
bar:Huang
from: 02/11/1924 till: 24/11/1924 color:da-pres text:"Huang Huang or Hwang may refer to:
Location
* Huang County, former county in Shandong, China, current Longkou City
* Yellow River, or Huang River, in China
* Huangshan, mountain range in Anhui, China
* Huang (state), state in ancient China.
* Hwang Riv ...
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bar:Duan
from: 24/11/1924 till: 20/04/1926 color:da-pres text:" Duan" fontsize:10
bar:Hu
from: 20/04/1926 till: 13/05/1926 color:da-pres text:" Hu" fontsize:10
bar:Yan
from: 13/05/1926 till: 22/06/1926 color:da-pres text:"Yan
Yan may refer to:
Chinese states
* Yan (state) (11th century – 222 BC), a major state in northern China during the Zhou dynasty
* Yan (Han dynasty kingdom), first appearing in 206 BC
* Yan (Three Kingdoms kingdom), officially claimed inde ...
" fontsize:10
bar:Du
from: 22/06/1926 till: 01/10/1926 color:da-pres text:" Du" fontsize:10
bar:Koo
from: 01/10/1926 till: 17/06/1927 color:da-pres text:"Koo Koo may refer to:
*Kōō (1389–1390), a Japanese era
*KOO, a South African food brand
* Koo (social network), an Indian microblogging and social networking service
*''Koo Koo'', a 1981 Debbie Harry album
People
*Koo Chen-fu (1917–2005), Taiwan ...
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bar:Zhang
from: 17/06/1927 till: 02/06/1928 color:da-pres text:"Zhang Zhang may refer to:
Chinese culture, etc.
* Zhang (surname) (張/张), common Chinese surname
** Zhang (surname 章), a rarer Chinese surname
* Zhang County (漳县), of Dingxi, Gansu
* Zhang River (漳河), a river flowing mainly in Henan
* ''Zha ...
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bar:Tan
from: 02/07/1928 till: 10/10/1928 color:kmt-pres text:" Tan" fontsize:10
bar:ChiangKS
from: 10/10/1928 till: 15/12/1931 color:kmt-pres
from: 01/08/1943 till: 21/01/1949 color:kmt-pres
from: 01/03/1950 till: 05/04/1975 color:kmt-pres text:" Chiang K.S." fontsize:10
bar:Lin
from: 15/12/1931 till: 01/08/1943 color:kmt-pres text:"Lin
Lin or LIN may refer to:
People
*Lin (surname) (normally ), a Chinese surname
*Lin (surname) (normally 蔺), a Chinese surname
* Lin (''The King of Fighters''), Chinese assassin character
*Lin Chow Bang, character in Fat Pizza
Places
*Lin, Iran, ...
" fontsize:10
bar:LiZR
from: 21/01/1949 till: 20/11/1949 color:kmt-pres text:" Li Z.R." fontsize:10
bar:YanXS
from: 20/11/1949 till: 01/03/1950 color:kmt-pres text:" Yan X.S." fontsize:10
bar:Yen
from: 06/04/1975 till: 20/05/1978 color:kmt-pres text:"Yen
The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar (US$) and the euro. It is also widely used as a third reserve currency after the US dollar and the e ...
" fontsize:10
bar:ChiangCK
from: 20/05/1978 till: 13/01/1988 color:kmt-pres text:" Chiang C.K." fontsize:10
bar:Lee
from: 13/01/1988 till: 20/05/2000 color:kmt-pres text:"Lee
Lee may refer to:
Name
Given name
* Lee (given name), a given name in English
Surname
* Chinese surnames romanized as Li or Lee:
** Li (surname 李) or Lee (Hanzi ), a common Chinese surname
** Li (surname 利) or Lee (Hanzi ), a Chinese ...
" fontsize:10
bar:Chen
from: 20/05/2000 till: 20/05/2008 color:dpp-pres text:" Chen" fontsize:10
bar:Ma
from: 20/05/2008 till: 20/05/2016 color:kmt-pres text:" Ma" fontsize:10
bar:Tsai
from: 20/05/2016 till: end color:dpp-pres text:"Tsai
Cài () is a Chinese-language surname that derives from the name of the ancient Cai state. In 2019 it was the 38th most common surname in China, but the 9th most common in Taiwan (as of 2018), where it is usually romanized as "Tsai" (based on ...
" fontsize:10
* Cen Chunxuan was the president of the southern military government of the Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
from 1913 to 1921.
; 1st Provisional President and Presidents after the 1947 Constitution
File:孙中山肖像.jpg, Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen (; also known by several other names; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)Singtao daily. Saturday edition. 23 October 2010. section A18. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition . was a Chinese politician who serve ...
1st Provisional President
(served: 1912)
File:蔣中正總統玉照.png, 1st: Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 ...
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th terms
(served: 1948–1975)
File:President Yen Chia-kan.png, 2nd: Yen Chia-kan
remaining 5th term
(served: 1975–1978)
File:第7任總統蔣經國先生玉照.jpg, 3rd: Chiang Ching-kuo
6th & 7th terms
(served: 1978–1988)
File:總統李登輝先生玉照 (國民大會實錄).jpg, 4th: Lee Teng-hui
Lee Teng-hui (; 15 January 192330 July 2020) was a Taiwanese statesman and economist who served as President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the 1947 Constitution and chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000. He was the fir ...
remaining 7th, 8th, & 9th terms
(served: 1988–2000)
File:總統陳水扁先生玉照 (國民大會實錄).jpg, 5th: Chen Shui-bian
10th & 11th terms
(served: 2000–2008)
File:中華民國第12、13任總統馬英九先生官方肖像照.jpg, 6th: Ma Ying-jeou
12th & 13th terms
(served: 2008–2016)
File:蔡英文官方元首肖像照.png, 7th: Tsai Ing-wen
14th & 15th terms
(serving: 2016–present)
See also
* Elections in Taiwan
There are eleven types of elections in Taiwan which, since 2012, have been unified into general and local elections, each held every four years, typically in January and November respectively. There may also be by-elections. Electoral systems incl ...
* History of Taiwan
The history of the island of Taiwan dates back tens of thousands of years to the earliest known evidence of human habitation. The sudden appearance of a culture based on agriculture around 3000 BC is believed to reflect the arrival of the ances ...
* Vice President of the Republic of China
* Premier of the Republic of China
* List of presidents of the Republic of China
This is a list of the President of the Republic of China, presidents of the Republic of China.
The Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China controlled Mainland China before 1949. In the fall of 1949, the ROC government Retreat of th ...
* Politics of the Republic of China
* List of political parties in the Republic of China
This article lists the political parties in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 7 December 1949.
The organization of political parties in Taiwan is governed by the Political Parties Act, enacted on 6 December 2017. The Political Parties Act de ...
* List of rulers of Taiwan
This is a list of the highest-ranked rulers based on the island of Taiwan.
Dutch and Spanish Formosa (1624–1662) Dutch Formosa (1624–1662)
The Dutch Empire, during the period of the Dutch United Provinces and under the auspices of th ...
* Republic of China Presidential Museum
The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Artifacts Museum () is a museum located in Academia Historica, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. The museum's collection includes collections and archives belonging to previous Presid ...
Notes
References
External links
Office of the President of the Republic of China
{{DEFAULTSORT:President Of The Republic Of China
*
*
Articles which contain graphical timelines
China history-related lists
Chinese government officials
Government of the Republic of China
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...