The reorganization plan of the United States Army is a current modernization (2017–2028) and reorganization (2006–2016) plan of the
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
that was implemented (2006–2016) under the direction of
Brigade Modernization Command
The U.S. Army Joint Modernization Command, or JMC, based in Fort Bliss, Texas, gains insights from "Fight Tonight" units about future ways of fighting, future technology, and force structure during realistic live, constructive, and/or simulated ...
.
This effort formally began in 2006 when General
Peter Schoomaker
Peter Jan Schoomaker (born February 12, 1946) is a retired four-star general of the United States Army who served as the 35th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from August 1, 2003 to April 10, 2007. Schoomaker's appointment as Chief of S ...
Army
An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...
from its Cold War divisional orientation to a full-spectrum capability with fully manned, equipped and trained brigades; this effort was completed by the end of 2016. It has been the most comprehensive reorganization since
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
Eric Shinseki
Eric Ken Shinseki (; born November 28, 1942) is a retired United States Army general who served as the seventh United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2009–2014). His final United States Army post was as the 34th Chief of Staff of the Arm ...
combatant commander
A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, ...
Before General Schoomaker's tenure, the Army was organized around large, mostly mechanized divisions, of around 15,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to fight two major
theatres
Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The perform ...
simultaneously. Under the new plan, the Army would be organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to deploy continuously in different parts of the world, and effectively organizing the Army closer to the way it fights. An additional 30,000 soldiers were recruited as a short-term measure to assist in the structural changes, although a permanent end-strength change was not expected because of fears of future funding cuts, forcing the Army to pay for the additional personnel from procurement and readiness accounts. Up to 60% of the defense budget is spent on personnel and an extra 10,000 soldiers would cost
US$
The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...
1.4 billion annually.
On November 22 and 23, 2002, the
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
The Robert and Renée Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, also known as the Belfer Center, is a research center located within the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, in the United States. From 2017 until his death in Oc ...
held the "Belfer Center Conference on Military Transformation". It brought together present and former defense officials and military commanders for the stated purpose of assessing the Department of Defense's progress in achieving a "transformation" of U.S. military capabilities. The conference was held at the Belfer Center at Harvard University's
John F. Kennedy School of Government
The Harvard Kennedy School (HKS), officially the John F. Kennedy School of Government, is the school of public policy and government of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school offers master's degrees in public policy, public ...
. The
United States Army War College
The United States Army War College (USAWC) is a U.S. Army educational institution in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500-acre (2 km2) campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks. It provides graduate-level instruction to senior military offic ...
and the Dwight D. Eisenhower National Security Series were co-sponsors. In some respects this could be said to have been the birthplace of Transformation as a formal paradigm.
In 2004, the
United States Army Forces Command
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM con ...
(FORSCOM), which commands most active Army and Army Reserve Component forces based in the Continental United States, was tasked with supervising the modular transformation of its subordinate structure.
In March 2004, a contract was awarded to Anteon Corporation (now part of General Dynamics) to provide Modularity Coordination Cells (MCCs) to each transforming corps, division and brigade within FORSCOM. Each MCC contained a team of functional area specialists who provided direct, ground-level support to the unit. The MCCs were coordinated by the Anteon office in Atlanta, Georgia.
In 2007 a new deployment scheme known as
Grow the Army
Grow the Army was a transformation and restationing initiative of the United States Army announced in 2007. The initiative was designed to grow the U.S. Army's force by almost 75,000 soldiers, while realigning a large portion of the force in Europe ...
activated
"Activated" is a song by English singer Cher Lloyd. It was released on 22 July 2016 through Vixen Records. The song was made available to stream exclusively on ''Rolling Stone'' a day before to release (on 21 July 2016).
Background
In an inter ...
FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
), US Army Materiel Command (
AMC
AMC may refer to:
Film and television
* AMC Theatres, an American movie theater chain
* AMC Networks, an American entertainment company
** AMC (TV channel)
** AMC+, streaming service
** AMC Networks International, an entertainment company
*** ...
materiel
Materiel (; ) refers to supplies, equipment, and weapons in military supply-chain management, and typically supplies and equipment in a commercial supply chain context.
In a military context, the term ''materiel'' refers either to the specif ...
FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
, Department of the Army AR 525-2 Military Operations, Army Force Generation, 14 Mar 2011
In 2016 the Army force generation process ARFORGEN was sidelined because it relied mostly on the Active Army, in favor of the total force policy, which includes the Reserve and National Guard; in the new model, the total force could have fallen to 980,000 by 2018,Soldiers need to be ready 100 percent of time, says FORSCOM commander Army.mil, accessdate=2016-06-05 subject to DoD's Defense Strategic Guidance to the Joint Staff. By 15 June 2017, the Department of the Army approved an increase in the Active Army's end-strength from 475,000 to 476,000. The total Army end-strength increases to 1.018 million.Department of the Army announces force structure decisions for fiscal year 2017 accessdate=2017-06-25
*Global security.org accessdate=2017-02-02
Grow the Army
Grow the Army was a transformation and restationing initiative of the United States Army announced in 2007. The initiative was designed to grow the U.S. Army's force by almost 75,000 soldiers, while realigning a large portion of the force in Europe ...
was a transformation and re-stationing initiative of the United States Army which began in 2007 and was scheduled to be completed by fiscal year 2013. The initiative was designed to grow the army by almost 75,000 soldiers, while realigning a large portion of the force in Europe to the continental United States in compliance with the 2005
Base Realignment and Closure
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) is a process by a United States federal government commission to increase United States Department of Defense efficiency by coordinating the realignment and closure of military installations following the end ...
suggestions. This grew the force from 42 Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) and 75 modular support brigades in 2007 to 45 Brigade Combat Teams and 83 modular support brigades by 2013.
On 25 June 2013, 38th Army Chief of Staff General
Raymond T. Odierno
Raymond Thomas Odierno (8 September 1954 – 8 October 2021) was an American military officer who served as a four-star general of the United States Army and as the 38th chief of staff of the Army. Prior to his service as chief of staff, Odiern ...
announced plans to disband 13 brigade combat teams and reduce troop strengths by 80,000 soldiers. While the number of BCTs will be reduced, the size of remaining BCTs will increase, on average, to about 4,500 soldiers. That will be accomplished, in many cases, by moving existing battalions and other assets from existing BCTs into other brigades. Two brigade combat teams in Germany had already been deactivated and a further 10 brigade combat teams slated for deactivation were announced by General Odierno on 25 June. (An additional brigade combat team was announced for deactivation 6 November 2014.) At the same time the maneuver battalions from the disbanded brigades will be used to augment armored and infantry brigade combat teams with a third maneuver battalion and expanded brigades fires capabilities by adding a third battery to the existing fires battalions. Furthermore, all brigade combat teams—armored, infantry and Stryker—will gain a Brigade Engineer Battalion, with "gap-crossing" and route-clearance capability.US Army
On 6 November 2014, it was reported that the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, currently stationed in South Korea, was to be deactivated in June 2015 and be replaced by a succession of U.S.-based brigade combat teams, which are to be rotated in and out, at the same nine-month tempo as practiced by the Army from 2001 to 2014.
Eleven brigades were inactivated by 2015. The remaining brigades as of 2015 are listed below. On 16 March 2016, the Deputy Commanding General (DCG) of
FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
announced that the brigades would now also train to move their equipment to their new surge location as well as to train for the requirements of their next deployment.
DoD New (July 9, 2015) Army Announces Force Structure, Stationing Decisions /ref>
By 2018, Secretary of the Army Mark Esper noted that even though the large deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan had ceased, at any given time, three of the Armored Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to EUCOM, CENTCOM, and INDOPACOM, respectively, while two Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to Iraq, and Afghanistan, respectively.US Arm (23 April 2018) Army Secretary Esper, senior NCO Dailey discuss modernization, recruiting, retention /ref>
In 2019 the Secretary of the Army asserted that the planning efforts, including Futures Command, the SFABs, and the Decisive Action readiness training of the BCTs are preparing the Army for
competition
Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, indiv ...
The Army has now been organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to deploy continuously in different parts of the world, and effectively organizing the Army closer to the way it fights. The fact that this modernization is now in place has been acknowledged by the renaming of the '
Brigade Modernization Command
The U.S. Army Joint Modernization Command, or JMC, based in Fort Bliss, Texas, gains insights from "Fight Tonight" units about future ways of fighting, future technology, and force structure during realistic live, constructive, and/or simulated ...
' to the "U.S. Army Joint Modernization Command," on 16 February 2017.BMC redesignated JMC, New Name Better Reflects Evolving Organizational Mission accessdate=2017-02-16
By 2021 the Army of 2030 was envisioned to consist of Brigades for the close fight, Divisions for Large scale combat operations, Corps for enduring, sustained operations, and Theater-scale commands.
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
is the same as one at
Fort Stewart
Fort Stewart is a United States Army post in the U.S. state of Georgia. It lies primarily in Liberty and Bryan counties, but also extends into smaller portions of Evans, Long and Tattnall counties. The population was 11,205 at the 2000 census. ...
U.S. military equipment to arrive in Germany, 6-9 Jan 2017 Tank Brigade (3ABCT/4th ID) sets quick pace moving to Europe Soldiers Journal: Rolling Into Europe (3ABCT/4th ID) /ref>
Reconnaissance plays a large role in the new organizational designs. The Army felt the acquisition of the target was the weak link in the chain of finding, fixing, closing with, and destroying the enemy. The Army felt that it had already sufficient lethal platforms to take out the enemy and thus the number of reconnaissance units in each brigade was increased.The Army is introducin drones in its combat aviation brigades in order to increase its reconnaissance capability. (May 3, 2015) Apache helicopter squadron is the first unit to incorporate Shadow drones /ref> The brigades sometimes depend on joint fires from the Air Force and Navy to accomplish their mission. As a result, the amount of field artillery has been reduced in the brigade design.
The three types of BCTs are Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs), Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs) (includes Light, Air Assault and Airborne units), and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs).
Armored Brigade Combat Team
The brigade combat team (BCT) is the basic deployable unit of maneuver in the U.S. Army. A brigade combat team consists of one combat arms branch maneuver brigade, and its assigned support and fire units. A brigade is normally commanded by ...
s, or ABCTs consist of 4,743 troops. This includes the third maneuver battalion as laid out in 2013. The changes announced by the U.S. army on 25 June 2013, include adding a third maneuver battalion to the brigade, a second engineer company to a new Brigade Engineer Battalion, a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns. These changes will also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the brigade. Since the brigade has more organic units, the command structure includes a deputy commander (in addition to the traditional executive officer) and a larger staff capable of working with civil affairs, special operations, psychological operations, air defense, and aviation units. An Armored BCT consists of:
* the brigade headquarters and headquarters company ( HHC): 43 officers, 17 warrant officers, 125 enlisted personnel – total: 185 soldiers.
* the Brigade Engineer Battalion (BEB) (formerly Brigade Special Troops Battalion (BSTB)), consisted of a headquarters company, signal company, military intelligence company with a TUAV platoon and two combat engineer companies (A and B company). The former BSTB fielded 28 officers, 6 warrant officers, 470 enlisted personnel – total: 504 soldiers. Each of the combat engineer company fields 13× M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) Operation Desert Storm-Engineer (ODS-E), 1× M113A3 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC), 3× M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle (ABV), 1× M9 Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE), and 2× M104 Heavy Assault Bridge (HAB).
* a Cavalry (formerly Armed Reconnaissance) Squadron, consisting of a headquarters troop (HHT) and three reconnaissance troops and one armored troop. The HHT fields 2× M3A3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicles (CFVs) and 3× M7A3 Bradley Fire Support Vehicles, while each reconnaissance troop fields 7× M3A3 CFVs. The squadron fields 35 officers and 385 enlisted personnel – total: 424 soldiers.
* three identical combined arms battalions, flagged as a battalion of an infantry, armored or cavalry regiment. Each battalion consists of a headquarters and headquarters company, two tank companies and two mechanized infantry companies. The battalions field 48 officers and 580 enlisted personnel each – total: 628 soldiers. The HHC fields 1× M1A2
main battle tank
A main battle tank (MBT), also known as a battle tank or universal tank, is a tank that fills the role of armor-protected direct fire and maneuver in many modern armies. Cold War-era development of more powerful engines, better suspension sys ...
, 1× M2A3 infantry fighting vehicle, 3× M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicles, 4× M7A3 fire support vehicles and 4× M1064 mortar carriers with M120 120 mm mortars. Each of the two tank companies fields 14× M1A2
main battle tanks
A main battle tank (MBT), also known as a battle tank or universal tank, is a tank that fills the role of armor-protected direct fire and maneuver in many modern armies. Cold War-era development of more powerful engines, better suspension sys ...
, while each mechanized infantry company fields 14× M2A3 infantry fighting vehicles. In 2016, the ABCT's combined arms battalions adopted a triangle structure, of two armored battalions (of two armored companies plus a single mechanized infantry company) plus a mechanized infantry battalion (of two mechanized companies and one armored company). This resulted in the reduction of two mechanized infantry companies; the deleted armored company was reflagged as a troop to the Cavalry Squadron.
* a Field Artillery battalion, consisting of a headquarters battery, two cannon batteries with 8× M109A6self-propelled 155 mm howitzers each (the changes announced by the U.S. Army on 25 June 2013, include adding a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns; these changes also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the Brigade), and a target acquisition platoon. 24 officers, 2 warrant officers, 296 enlisted personnel – total: 322 soldiers.
* a brigade support battalion (BSB),Lt. Col. Mike Hammond (July 18, 2019) In Search of Synchronized Tactical Logistics The BSB Commander is responsible for "field trains command post (FTCP) and combat trains command post (CTCP) operations". —Army Field Manual 3-96 consisting of a headquarters, medical, distribution and maintenance company, plus six forward support companies, each of which support one of the three combined arms battalions, the cavalry squadron, the engineer battalion and the field artillery battalion. 61 officers, 14 warrant officers, 1,019 enlisted personnel – total: 1,094 soldiers.
Infantry Brigade Combat Team
The brigade combat team (BCT) is the basic deployable unit of maneuver in the U.S. Army. A brigade combat team consists of one combat arms branch maneuver brigade, and its assigned support and fire units. A brigade is normally commanded by ...
, or IBCTs, comprised around 3,300 soldiers, in the pre-2013 design, which did not include the 3rd maneuver battalion. The 2013 end-strength is now 4,413 Soldiers:
* Special Troops Battalion (now Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Cavalry Squadron
* (2), later (3) Infantry Battalions
* Field Artillery Battalion
* Brigade Support Battalion
Stryker Brigade Combat Team
The brigade combat team (BCT) is the basic deployable unit of maneuver in the U.S. Army. A brigade combat team consists of one combat arms branch maneuver brigade, and its assigned support and fire units. A brigade is normally commanded by a ...
or SBCTs comprised about 3,900 soldiers, making it the largest of the three combat brigade constructs in the 2006 design, and over 4,500 Soldiers in the 2013 reform.
Its design includes:
* Headquarters Company
* Cavalry Squadron (with three 14-vehicle, two-120 mm mortar reconnaissance troops plus a surveillance troop with
UAVs
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which includes adding a ground-based controlle ...
and
NBC
The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast, its headquarters are l ...
detection capability)
* (3) Stryker infantry battalions (each with three rifle companies with 12 infantry-carrying vehicles, 3 mobile gun platforms, 2 120 mm mortars, and around 100 infantry dismounts each, plus an HHC with scout, mortar and medical platoons and a sniper section.)
* Engineer Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion) in the 2013 reform">n additional engineer company was added to the battalion in the 2013 reform* Signal Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Military Intelligence Company (with UAV platoon) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Anti-tank company (9 TOW-equipped Stryker vehicles) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Field Artillery Battalion (three 6-gun 155 mm Howitzer batteries, target acquisition platoon, and a joint fires cell)
* Brigade Support Battalion (headquarters, medical, maintenance, and distribution companies)
Modular support brigades
Combat support brigades
Similar modularity will exist for support units which fall into five types: Aviation, Fires (artillery), Battlefield Surveillance (intelligence), Maneuver Enhancement (engineers, signal, military police, chemical, and rear-area support), and Sustainment (logistics, medical, transportation, maintenance, etc.). In the past, artillery, combat support, and logistics support only resided at the division level and brigades were assigned those units only on a temporary basis when brigades transformed into "brigade combat teams" for particular deployments.
Combat Aviation Brigade
A Combat aviation brigade (CAB) is a multi-functional brigade-sized unit in the United States Army that fields military helicopters, offering a combination of attack/reconnaissance helicopters (Boeing AH-64 Apache), medium-lift helicopters (Sikors ...
s are multi-functional, offering a combination of attack helicopters (i.e., Apache), reconnaissance helicopters (i.e.,
Kiowa
Kiowa () people are a Native American tribe and an indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries,Pritzker 326 and e ...
), medium-lift helicopters (i.e., Blackhawks), heavy-lift helicopters (i.e., Chinooks), and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) capability. Aviation will not be organic to combat brigades. It will continue to reside at the division-level due to resource constraints.
Heavy divisions (of which there are six) will have 48 Apaches, 38 Blackhawks, 12 Chinooks, and 12 Medevac helicopters in their aviation brigade. These are divided into two aviation attack battalions, an assault lift battalion, a general aviation support battalion. An aviation support battalion will have headquarters, refuelling/resupply, repair/maintenance, and communications companies. Light divisions will have aviation brigades with 60 armed reconnaissance helicopters and no Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. The remaining divisions will have aviation brigades with 30 armed reconnaissance helicopters and 24 Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. Ten Army Apache helicopter units will convert to heavy attack reconnaissance squadrons, with 12 RQ-7B Shadow drones apiece. The helicopters to fill out these large, combined-arms division-level aviation brigades comes from aviation units that used to reside at the corps-level.
Field Artillery Brigades (formerly known as "Fires Brigades" prior to 2014) provide traditional artillery fire ( Paladin Howitzer,
M270 MLRS
The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (M270 MLRS) is an American-developed armored, self-propelled, multiple rocket launcher.
The U.S. Army variant of the MLRS vehicle is based on the chassis of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. The first M270s ...
Global Combat Support System The Global Combat Support System (GCSS) is a web-based automated logistics system, for use by U.S. Department of Defense logistics specialists. This tool aids the specialists as they plan, and provide for, the materiel requirements for combat suppor ...
includes an Army-level tool (GCSS-A), which runs on
tablet computer
A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile device, typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat package. Tablets, being com ...
Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
The battlefield surveillance brigade (BfSB) was a United States Army surveillance/reconnaissance formation introduced from 2006 to 2015. The United States Army planned for the creation and transformation of nine intelligence brigades to a 'batt ...
s, now denoted ''Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary)'', will offer additional
UAVs
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which includes adding a ground-based controlle ...
and long-term surveillance detachments. Each of the three active duty brigades is attached to an Army Corps.
SOUTHCOM
The United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), located in Doral, Florida in Greater Miami, is one of the eleven unified combatant commands in the United States Department of Defense. It is responsible for providing contingency planning, op ...
EUCOM
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven Unified Combatant Command, unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers and 51 countries and territorie ...
, and USINDOPACOM, respectively); an SFAB could provide up to 58 teams (possibly with additional Soldiers for force protection).
Funding for the first two SFABs was secured in June 2017. By October 2017, the first of six planned SFABs (the
1st Security Force Assistance Brigade
The 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade (1st SFAB) is a security force assistance brigade of the United States Army. It is based at Kelley Hill in Fort Benning, Georgia and is under the command of Colonel Christopher S. Landers and Command Sergea ...
2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade
The 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade (2nd SFAB) is a security force assistance formation - a Security Force Assistance Brigade - of the United States Army. It is based in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, under the Security Force Assistance Comman ...
,Army announces activation of second Security Force Assistance Brigade at Fort Bragg /ref> for January 2018, the second of six planned SFABs. The SFAB are to consist of about 800 senior and noncommissioned officers who have served at the same echelon, with proven expertise in advise-and-assist operations with foreign security forces. Fort Bragg was chosen as the station for the second SFAB in anticipation of the time projected to train a Security Force Assistance Brigade. On 17 January 2018 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley announced the activation of the third SFAB.Jared Keller ''Task & Purpose (22 Jan 2018) The 1st SFAB's Afghan Deployment Is A Moment Of Truth For The Global War On Terror for 2018, with subsequent SFABs after the year 2nd SFAB undergoes three months of training beginning October 2018, to be followed by a Joint Readiness Training Center Rotation beginning January 2019, and deployment in spring 2019.Bridget Lynch & Greg Hall, PEO C3T Public Affair (September 5, 2018) Network Support Continues for Army's SFABs /ref> The 3rd, 4th, and 5th SFABs are to be stationed at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
,
Fort Carson
Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs ...
54th Security Force Assistance Brigade
The 54th Security Force Assistance Brigade (54th SFAB) is a Security Force Assistance Brigade of the United States Army. It is an Army National Guard formation headquartered out of Indiana and falls under the Regular Army's Security Force Assistan ...
United States Central Command
The United States Central Command (USCENTCOM or CENTCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands of the U.S. Department of Defense. It was established in 1983, taking over the previous responsibilities of the Rapid Deployment Joint Ta ...
Combatant Command
A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, ...
's Areas of Responsibility (AORs). Initially 405th AFSBprepositioned stocks for a partial brigade; eventually, the 405th was to field materiel for an ABCT, a Division headquarters, a Fires Brigade, and a Sustainment Brigade in their AOR, which required multinational agreements. Similarly, 401st AFSB configured materiel for an ABCT in their AOR as well. The objective has been combat configuration: maintain their vehicles to support a 96-hour readiness window for a deployed ABCT on demand. In addition,
403rd Army Field Support Brigade
403d Army Field Support Brigade (AFSB), headquartered at Camp Henry, Daegu, Republic of Korea, delivers U.S. Army Materiel Enterprise to supported forces throughout the Korean and Japanese Theaters of Operations.
The 403d AFSB and its subordinat ...
Below the Combatant Commands echelon, Division commands will
command and control
Command and control (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... hatemploys human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or en ...
their combat and support brigades.Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0 Divisions will operate as plug-and-play headquarters commands (similar to corps) instead of fixed formations with permanently assigned units. Any combination of brigades may be allocated to a division command for a particular mission, up to a maximum of four combat brigades. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters could be assigned two armor brigades and two infantry brigades based on the expected requirements of a given mission. On its next deployment, the same division may have one Stryker brigade and two armor brigades assigned to it. The same modus operandi holds true for support units. The goal of reorganization with regard to logistics is to streamline the logistics command structureDavid B. Larter (9 Oct 2018) The US Army is preparing to fight in Europe, but can it even get there? /ref> so that combat service support can fulfill its support mission more efficiently.Capt. Richard Foote, 593rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (April 21, 2017) Putting the expeditionary in ESC /ref>Maj. Daniel J. N. Belzer (January 2, 2019) Command relationships between corps and ESCs ESC=(Expeditionary Support Command); TSC=(Theater Support Command)
The division headquarters itself has also been redesigned as a modular unit that can be assigned an array of units and serve in many different operational environments.See, for exampl Francis J.H. Park (November/December 2007) "The strategic plans and policy officer in the modular division" /ref> The new term for this headquarters is the UEx (or Unit of Employment, X). The headquarters is designed to be able to operate as part of a joint force, command joint forces with augmentation, and command at the operational level of warfare (not just the tactical level). It will include organic security personnel and signal capability plus liaison elements. As of March 2015, nine of the ten regular Army division headquarters, and two national guard division headquarters are committed in support of
Combatant Command
A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, ...
s.
When not deployed, the division will have responsibility for the training and readiness of a certain number of modular brigades units. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters module based at Fort Stewart, GA is responsible for the readiness of its combat brigades and other units of the division (that is, 3rd ID is responsible for administrative control — ADCON of its downtrace units), assuming they have not been deployed separately under a different division.
The re-designed headquarters module comprises around 1,000 soldiers including over 200 officers. It includes:
* A Main Command Post where mission planning and analysis are conducted
* A mobile command group for commanding while on the move
* (2) Tactical Command Posts to exercise control of brigades"We need two command posts. We need to be able to shut one down and move it while the other is still in the fight." —MG Pat White, CG 1st Armored Divisio Army senior leaders meet at Bliss for command post huddle accessdate=2017-01-26 Abigail Meyer, Fort Bliss Public Affairs Office (01.18.2017) Army senior leaders meet at Bliss for command post huddle /ref>
* Liaison elements
* A special troops battalion with a security company and signal company
Divisions will continue to be commanded by major generals, unless coalition requirements require otherwise. Regional army commands (e.g. 3rd Army, 7th Army, 8th Army) will remain in use in the future but with changes to the organization of their headquarters designed to make the commands more integrated and relevant in the structure of the reorganized Army, as the chain of command for a deployed division headquarters now runs directly to an Army service component command (ASCC), or to
FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
United States Army Futures Command
The United States Army Futures Command (AFC) is a United States Army command, designed as a public-private initiative, that runs modernization projects for the Army. It is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and was first commanded by General John M ...
FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas, as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties. Incorporated on December 27, 1839, it is the 11th-most-populous city ...
overmatch
Overmatch is a concept in modern military thinking which prizes having overwhelming advantages over an adversary to a more significant margin than in traditional warfare. It is related to military superiority. Overmatch uses a military force's "ca ...
artillery
Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...
,
armor
Armour (British English) or armor (American English; see spelling differences) is a covering used to protect an object, individual, or vehicle from physical injury or damage, especially direct contact weapons or projectiles during combat, or f ...
,
aviation
Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. ''Aircraft'' includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as hot a ...
,
signal
In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. Any quantity that can vary over space or time can be used as a signal to share messages between observers. The '' IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing' ...
,
air defense artillery
The Air Defense Artillery Branch is the branch of the United States Army that specializes in anti-aircraft weapons (such as surface to air missiles). In the U.S. Army, these groups are composed of mainly air defense systems such as the Patrio ...
, and
infantry
Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and mar ...
respectively ''see:
Futures
Futures may mean:
Finance
*Futures contract, a tradable financial derivatives contract
*Futures exchange, a financial market where futures contracts are traded
* ''Futures'' (magazine), an American finance magazine
Music
* ''Futures'' (album), a ...
'').
In a reform-oriented break with Army custom, leaders of AFC headquarters were to locate in a downtown property of the
University of Texas System
The University of Texas System (UT System) is an American government entity of the state of Texas that includes 13 higher educational institutions throughout the state including eight universities and five independent health institutions. The UT& ...
o work side by side with civilians in the tech hubs
O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''o'' (pronounced ), pl ...
Milley noted in the 24 August 2018 press conference. Secretary Esper said he expected failures during the process of learning how to reform the acquisition and modernization process.
The organizational design of AFC was informed by the cancellation of the Army's
Future Combat Systems
Future Combat Systems (FCS) was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009. Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unpr ...
project. Under Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy reviewed the reasons for that cancellation. Thus "unity of command and purpose" was a criterion for the design by unifying previous modernization efforts in a single command; the sub-goals would be met in do-able chunks.US Arm Ryan McCarthy (06 October 2017) Army Directive 2017–24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development) /ref> The ratio of uniformed personnel to Army civilian employees is expected to be a talent-based, task-based issue for the AFC commander.The expectation is that these reforms will enable cultural change across the entire Army, as a part of attaining full operational capability.
The Program Executive Offices (PEOs) of ASA (ALT) will have a dotted-line relationship with Futures Command.
In order to separate Army modernization from today's requirement for readiness, eight cross-functional teams (CFTs) were transferred from the other three major commands to Futures Command.''Breaking Defense' (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux /ref>
United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command
The Combat Capabilities Development Command, (DEVCOM, aka CCDC) (formerly the United States Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM)) is a subordinate command of the U.S. Army Futures Command. RDECOM was tasked with "creating, ...
and the
United States Army Capabilities Integration Center
The United States Army Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC), was located on Fort Eustis, VA, as a former U.S. Army center within the army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) tasked with integrating "warfighting capabilities into the force ...
will report to the new command.
ATEC
Atec, Inc. specializes in the design, manufacture, construction and maintenance of precision components, large fabrications, systems and facilities. Atec provides solutions for low to medium volume requirements involving engine test, aero support ...
retains its direct reporting relationship to the Chief of Staff of the Army.
The first tranche of transfers into AFC included: Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC), Capability Development and Integration Directorates (CDIDs), and TRADOC Analysis Center (TRAC) from TRADOC, and
RDECOM
The Combat Capabilities Development Command, (DEVCOM, aka CCDC) (formerly the United States Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM)) is a subordinate command of the U.S. Army Futures Command. RDECOM was tasked with "creating, ...
(including the six research, development and engineering centers (RDECs), and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)), and Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (
AMSAA
United States Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA) is an analysis organization of the United States Army. AMSAA's overall goal is to provide soldiers with the best U.S. Army materiel possible. AMSAA supports the U.S. Army by conducting ...
Rock Island Arsenal
The Rock Island Arsenal comprises , located on Arsenal Island, originally known as Rock Island, on the Mississippi River between the cities of Davenport, Iowa, and Rock Island, Illinois. It lies within the state of Illinois. Rock Island ...
(RIA)
*Sgt. Travis M. O'Brie (January 4, 2016) Advanced shop sets for Soldiers' advanced skill sets MWMSS for MOS 91Es
*Thomas Bradin (December 5, 2019) Advanced manufacturing techniques set to cut costs, timelines *Thomas Bradin (19 February 2020) Army scientists develop cutting-edge, durable 3D printing technology /ref>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr (15 Dec 2020) Bullets, Beans & Data: The New Army Materiel Command EXCLUSIVE ala RAPTOR: "Race to 5000" national stock numbers (3D models) in the 12 months in 2021.
By 2020, in the Fiscal Year 2021 budget request to Congress, the Army Acquisition Executive (AAE) was able to report progress in the partnership between Army Futures Command (viz. its CFTs) and his PEOs in ASA(ALT) —the office of Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics & Technology).Sean Kimmons, Army News Servic (10 March 2020) Soldier-centered approach helping lead ground modernization efforts FY2021 planning in the top six priorities for modernization
* $9 billion was realigned using the "night court review" of items in the Army's budget over the next 5 fiscal years; $63 billion is now allocated for modernization in that 5 year period
* For Soldier lethality:
** Enhanced Night Vision Goggle-Binocular was defined and fielded in 18 months
** Similarly, a software system for mission command, the Command Post Computing Environment has now been fielded
* In Long range precision fires, successful tests have occurred in:
** ERCA (Extended range cannon artillery) has demonstrated accurate hits (within 1 meter) at over 40 miles range
** PrSM (Precision strike missile) has demonstrated 150 mile range within its expected accuracy and instrumentation in an overhead detonation
competition
Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, indiv ...
,
crisis
A crisis ( : crises; : critical) is either any event or period that will (or might) lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society. Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affair ...
, and
conflict
Conflict may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
* ''Conflict'' (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Stuart Paton
* ''Conflict'' (1936 film), an American boxing film starring John Wayne
* ''Conflict'' (1937 film) ...
instead. When meeting a
crisis
A crisis ( : crises; : critical) is either any event or period that will (or might) lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society. Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affair ...
command and control
Command and control (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... hatemploys human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or en ...
" with "
mission command
Mission command, also referred to as mission-type tactics, is a style of military command, derived from the Prussian-pioneered mission-type tactics doctrine, which combines centralized intent with decentralized execution subsidiarity and promotes f ...
DOTMLPF
DOTMLPF (pronounced "dot-mil-p-f") is an acronym for doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities. It is used by the United States Department of Defense and was defined in the Joint Capabilit ...
Mission command
Mission command, also referred to as mission-type tactics, is a style of military command, derived from the Prussian-pioneered mission-type tactics doctrine, which combines centralized intent with decentralized execution subsidiarity and promotes f ...
common operational picture A common operational picture (COP) is a single identical display of relevant (operational) information (e.g. position of own troops and enemy troops, position and status of important infrastructure such as bridges, roads, etc.) shared by more than ...
Competition
::"The competition phase is about ''deterring war''". —Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr.
In September and November 2019 the Department of Defense (DoD) "scheduled a series of globally integrated exercises with participation from across the US government interagency to refine our plans" —19th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joseph Dunford
Joseph Francis Dunford Jr. (born December 23, 1955) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general, who served as the 19th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2015, until September 30, 2019. He was the 36th command ...
. This exercise was designed to help 27th Secretary of Defense
Mark Esper
Mark Thomas Esper (born April 26, 1964) is an American politician and manufacturing executive who served as the 27th United States secretary of defense from 2019 to 2020. A member of the Republican Party, he had previously served as the 23rd ...
develop new plans, in the face of a change in chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Specifically what was missing in 2019 was a joint conceptSydney Freedberg, Jr (January 14, 2020) Army Chief Seeks ‘Minimally Manned’ Vehicles, Joint C2 LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —40th Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville shared at the appropriate operational speed between the several domains, among the respective services, when fighting a peer adversary. —LTG
Eric Wesley
Eric Wesley (born 1973) is an American artist. Wesley was born in Los Angeles, California, where he continues to live and work. He has held solo exhibitions in galleries internationally as well as at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles an ...
Mission command
Mission command, also referred to as mission-type tactics, is a style of military command, derived from the Prussian-pioneered mission-type tactics doctrine, which combines centralized intent with decentralized execution subsidiarity and promotes f ...
kill chain
The term kill chain is a military concept which identifies the structure of an attack. It consists of:
* identification of target
* dispatching of forces to target
* initiation of attack on target
* destruction of target
Conversely, the idea o ...
s were formed within seconds, by live-fire demonstration, as of September 2020.
In the Army of 2030 a division would be the Unit of Action, rather than a brigade.Caitlin Kenn (10 Oct 2022) Divisions, Corps to Replace Brigades As Army’s Wartime Formation Of Choice "Brigades that operated largely independently in Iraq and Afghanistan will fight as part of larger units in future conflicts, officials said". US Army Public Affair (10 Oct 2022) AUSA Contemporary Military Forum: Army 2030 - Preparing Today for Tomorrow’s Fight Gen. McConville, Gen.(Ret) Perkins, DepUnderSec Diaz, Gen. Rainey, LTG Beagle, Prof. Greer (SAMS)Army University Pres (Dec 2021) WayPoint in 2028 – Multidomain Operations 14:00 Lt Gen Theodore Martin, Commander of the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, KS Artillery, engineer, and intelligence units would mass at the division echelon; brigades would become smaller to become more maneuverable. A corps would sustain the brigades' endurance for the longer fight; the higher echelons (field army, corps, and division) would gain the resources they would need for the duration of an operation.
Christine Wormuth
Christine Elizabeth Wormuth (born April 19, 1969) is an American defense official and career civil servant who serves as the United States Secretary of the Army since 2021. Wormuth previously served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy f ...
crises
A crisis ( : crises; : critical) is either any event or period that will (or might) lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society. Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affair ...
using capabilities it had developed jointly among its military departments, using concepts it had settled upon experimentally, beginning in 2019:
''Note: the following training scenario, to gain relative advantage, is only one of the possible paths suggested by following the 5 red numbered bullet points in the illustration.''
# Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
# Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
# Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
# Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to
defeat in detail
Defeat in detail, or divide and conquer, is a military tactic of bringing a large portion of one's own force to bear on small enemy units in sequence, rather than engaging the bulk of the enemy force all at once. This exposes one's own units to ...
, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
# Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)
In 2019 the 27th Secretary of Defense ordered the four services and the
Joint staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, that advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and the ...
to create a new joint warfighting concept for All-domain operations (ADO), operating simultaneously in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). In 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense approved the Joint warfighting concept (JWC), which remains classified.Theresa Hitchen (16 Jun 2021) SecDef OKs Joint Warfighting Concept; Joint Requirements Due Soon /ref>
The 20th CJCS has allocated roles to each of the services in concept development for Joint All-Domain Operations (JADO);Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr (22 July 2020) Milley Assigns Service Roles In All-Domain Ops Concept /ref>
*the Air Force takes the lead for
command and control
Command and control (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... hatemploys human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or en ...
Littoral Combat Ship
The littoral combat ship (LCS) is either of two classes of relatively small surface vessels designed for operations near shore by the United States Navy. It was "envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeat ...
Naval Strike Missile
The Naval Strike Missile (NSM) is an anti-ship and land-attack missile developed by the Norwegian company Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA).
The original Norwegian name was Nytt sjømålsmissil (literally ''New sea target missile'', indicatin ...
Joint Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, that advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and the ...
J-7 as of 16 September 2020. Build a
kill chain
The term kill chain is a military concept which identifies the structure of an attack. It consists of:
* identification of target
* dispatching of forces to target
* initiation of attack on target
* destruction of target
Conversely, the idea o ...
faster than the adversary's
OODA loop
The OODA loop is the cycle ''observe–orient–decide–act'', developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd. Boyd applied the concept to the combat operations process, often at the operational level during m ...
.The corresponding Army terminology (2021) to
OODA
The OODA loop is the cycle ''observe–orient–decide–act'', developed by military strategy, military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd (military strategist), John Boyd. Boyd applied the concept to the combat operation ...
Fog of war
The fog of war (german: links=no, Nebel des Krieges) is the uncertainty in situational awareness experienced by participants in military operations. The term seeks to capture the uncertainty regarding one's own capability, adversary capability, ...
Joint requirements oversight council Part of the United States Department of Defense acquisition process, the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) reviews programs designated as JROC interest and supports the acquisition review process in accordance with law (). The JROC accompl ...
C2BMC
Missile defense is a system, weapon, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception, and also the destruction of attacking missiles. Conceived as a defense against nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), ...
as well as the
Nuclear Posture Review The Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) is a process “to determine what the role of nuclear weapons in U.S. security strategy should be.”
History
1994 NPR
The first NPR was ordered by Department of Defense (DoD) Secretary Les Aspin, to create a d ...
Sentinel
Sentinel may refer to:
Places Mountains
* Mount Sentinel, a mountain next to the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana
* Sentinel Buttress, a volcanic crag on James Ross Island, Antarctica
* Sentinel Dome, a naturally occurring grani ...
radar. The Air Force contributes
F-22
The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is an American single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force (USAF). As the result of the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, the ...
s and
F-35
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is an American family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions. It is also able to provide elect ...
s, while the Navy is bringing
F-35C
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is an American family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions. It is also able to provide ele ...
AFWERX
AFWERX is a United States Air Force program with the goal of fostering a culture of innovation within the service. Encompassing a number of programs supported with relatively small amounts of funding, the initiative is intended to circumvent burea ...
br>(25 August 2020) Dr. Will Roper ABMS 'Ask Me Anything' 1:30:33 ABMS ( Advanced battle management system) requires Internet of Military Things.
**5:00 Foundational IoT: Containerized software systems, forming the connective tissue between domains, devices, platforms, populations.
**16:15 There is not going to be one machine-to-machine system in the future force, but rather a set of machine-to-machine data-exchanges (in publishable, understandable, communicable, discoverable formats).
**22:50 A new kind of requirements process (horizontal (modernize seamlessly over time) rather than vertical, top-down processes for hardware). If a standard exists, such as 5G, or APIs, use it.
**27:50 A culture change, elevating data in importance, over bullets, will be required to win wars. Simplification of the ABMS user interface will be necessary, in order to present the relevant mission-dependent data to the Soldier, or Combatant commander.
**31:30 There will be so much happening, that phone calls will be seen as the obstacle they are, during ABMS Onramp, just like the COVID-19 data needs.
**35:00 deviceONE operates on
SIPRNET
The Secure Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet) is "a system of interconnected computer networks used by the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of State to transmit classified information (up to and including information cla ...
tablets today. Portions of ABMS are
operational
An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct. In the words of American psychologist S.S. Stevens (1935), "An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept." F ...
today (25 August 2020).
**39:50 a
devOps
DevOps is a set of practices that combines software development (''Dev'') and IT operations (''Ops''). It aims to shorten the systems development life cycle and provide continuous delivery with high software quality. DevOps is complementary to ...
mentality will be required; X as a Service (XaaS) is needed for Developer's adaptability and agility in the face of uncertain threats --an
OODA loop
The OODA loop is the cycle ''observe–orient–decide–act'', developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd. Boyd applied the concept to the combat operations process, often at the operational level during m ...
with 4-month cycles. Agility and adaptability are needed for the Onramps. A set of Use cases are the targets to be sought during the development process.
**49:20 70 industry team offerings are welcome, include 50%-solutions as well.
**52:00 There is no way the Acquisition process can have a lead Systems Integrator to serve as Prime Contractor for a program— Replace this with a tool, a common infrastructure (tech stack) with full authorities (IRAD, Design Reviews, -- DoD has to be good at IT).
**56:10 for the Army, ABMS means National-level
situation awareness
Situational awareness or situation awareness (SA) is the perception of environmental elements and events with respect to time or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their future status. An alternative definition is tha ...
White Sands Missile Range
White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) is a United States Army military testing area and firing range located in the US state of New Mexico. The range was originally established as the White Sands Proving Ground on 9July 1945. White Sands National P ...
) shot down cruise missile surrogates with hypervelocity (speeds of Mach 5)
projectiles
A projectile is an object that is propelled by the application of an external force and then moves freely under the influence of gravity and air resistance. Although any objects in motion through space are projectiles, they are commonly found i ...
hypervelocity projectile
The M109 is an American 155 mm turreted self-propelled howitzer, first introduced in the early 1960s to replace the M44. It has been upgraded a number of times, most recently to the M109A7. The M109 family is the most common Western indirect- ...
descended from a Paladin munition knocked down a cruise missile surrogate on 3 September 2020 at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR)
*An ABMS Onramp Two vendor provided sensor towers and AI to track the cruise missile surrogates.
*ABMS provided common picture to combatant commanders the Navy interceptor stems from a deck gun.Theresa Hitchen (3 Sep 2020) ABMS Demo Proves AI Chops For C2 The ABMS demo had four phases, under computer control. The
kill chain
The term kill chain is a military concept which identifies the structure of an attack. It consists of:
* identification of target
* dispatching of forces to target
* initiation of attack on target
* destruction of target
Conversely, the idea o ...
s were formed in seconds rather than minutes.
# Early detection, identification, and warning
#* Scanning —Humans no longer need to dedicate their attention to a single, boring task. Replace the problem of stovepiped sensors / functions with more salient events. Let sensors perform direct machine-to-machine data exchanges in an Internet of Military Things and detect events which are salient to the mission.
#* This allows concentration of effort by the Intelligence Community. Let machines follow the leads under Human direction
# Red force tracking
#* Use AI feeds to form the kill chains (plan the series of steps needed to kill a Red threat)
#* Let machines follow Red trajectories to estimate the time needed to intercept a Red threat
# Engaging red force threats
#* Select an appropriate Blue interceptor (fast enough to engage Red threat, close enough to get past standoff distance)
#* In two cases, hypervelocity (moving at Mach 5) munitions were launched from cannons (one Army, one Navy) to kill cruise missile surrogates.
#* Other 'sensor-to-shooter' kill chains included AIM-9 missiles launched from F-16s and MQ-9s, as well as a ground-launched AIM-9 missile (which was designed to be an air-to-air munition).
# Blue force tracking
#* Develop dedicated Clouds- strategic cloud for the Commander, and tactical cloud for the individual SoldierPATRICK TUCKE (11 SEPTEMBER 2020) The Air Force's ‘Connect Everything’ Project Just Had a Big Success The ABMS Onramp 2 demo occurred on 2 September 2020. Commanders were shown they had the same access to a Common Operational Picture, displayed on their tablets at the flight line, as they had on their screens earlier in the command center.Colin Clar (19 Nov 2020) Preston Dunlap: ‘A Thousand Kill Chains In Your Pocket’ links to video The data feeds used both 4G and 5G, as well as cloud-based AI feeds, to form the
kill chain
The term kill chain is a military concept which identifies the structure of an attack. It consists of:
* identification of target
* dispatching of forces to target
* initiation of attack on target
* destruction of target
Conversely, the idea o ...
s. The kill chains directing the intercepts were developed from 60 data feeds, and took seconds to develop, as opposed to the minutes which previous processes took. Other 'sensor-to-shooter' kill chains included
AIM-9
The AIM-9 Sidewinder (where "AIM" stands for "Air Intercept Missile") is a short-range air-to-air missile which entered service with the US Navy in 1956 and subsequently was adopted by the US Air Force in 1964. Since then the Sidewinder has prove ...
MQ-9
The General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (sometimes called Predator B) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations developed by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI) primarily for the Unit ...
Will Roper
William B. Roper Jr. is an American physicist and foreign policy strategist who served as the 13th Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, overseeing procurement for the U.S. Air Force and Space Force from ...
In October 2020 the DoD Acquisition chief completed an extensive redesign of the Adaptive acquisition framework (AAF) including software acquisition, middle-tier acquisition, defense business systems, acquisition of services, urgent capability acquisition and major capability acquisition. AAF now adheres to the updated DoD 5000.01 policy approved in September 2020 by her lead, the Deputy Defense Secretary.Mandy Mayfiel (7 October 2020) JUST IN: Pentagon to Streamline Software Development AAF (Adaptive acquisition framework) now adheres to the updated DoD 5000.01 policy approved in September 2020 by Ellen Lord's lead, the Deputy Defense Secretary David Norquist
;PC21
:''See PC22''
In March 2021,
XVIII Airborne Corps
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America ...
F-35
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is an American family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions. It is also able to provide elect ...
s,
A-10
The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-turbofan, straight-wing, subsonic attack aircraft developed by Fairchild Republic for the United States Air Force (USAF). In service since 1976, it is named for the Republic ...
First island chain
The first island chain refers to the first chain of major Pacific archipelagos out from the East Asian continental mainland coast. It is principally composed of the Kuril Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan (Formosa), th ...
kill chain
The term kill chain is a military concept which identifies the structure of an attack. It consists of:
* identification of target
* dispatching of forces to target
* initiation of attack on target
* destruction of target
Conversely, the idea o ...
from an
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
ISTAR stands for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. In its macroscopic sense, ISTAR is a practice that links several battlefield functions together to assist a combat force in employing its sensors and managing t ...
detection of an enemy hypersonic weapons launch, to interdiction of the threat, to battle damage assessment.
#*Note that exercises to deepen a service silo have a disadvantage in a competition for RDER funding.
# an AI and data acceleration initiative to help the 11
combatant command
A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, ...
THAAD
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), formerly Theater High Altitude Area Defense, is an American anti-ballistic missile defense system designed to shoot down short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their termina ...
, and MIM-104 Patriot missiles) and their radars/sensors (such as THAAD's
AN/TPY-2
The AN/TPY-2 Surveillance Transportable Radar, also called the Forward Based X-Band Transportable (FBX-T) is a long-range, very high-altitude active digital antenna array X band surveillance radar designed to add a tier to existing missile and a ...
radar,
AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel
The AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel is an X-band electronically steered pulse-Doppler 3D radar system used to alert and cue Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD) weapons to the locations of hostile targets approaching their front line forces. It is currently pr ...
By September 2020 the joint modernization efforts to retain
overmatch
Overmatch is a concept in modern military thinking which prizes having overwhelming advantages over an adversary to a more significant margin than in traditional warfare. It is related to military superiority. Overmatch uses a military force's "ca ...
in a
crisis
A crisis ( : crises; : critical) is either any event or period that will (or might) lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society. Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affair ...
were visible in the press reports covering the joint level (DoD and the military departments).
In the view of
John Hyten
John Earl Hyten (born July 18, 1959) is a retired United States Air Force general who served as the 11th vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 2019 to 2021. A career space operations and acquisitions officer, he commanded the United St ...
combatant commander
A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, ...
s, who needed to select their top priority, by answering "What do you want and how do we do it?" in November 2020. Hyten then had an opportunity to shape the operation of the
Joint requirements oversight council Part of the United States Department of Defense acquisition process, the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) reviews programs designated as JROC interest and supports the acquisition review process in accordance with law (). The JROC accompl ...
, by providing a
common operational picture A common operational picture (COP) is a single identical display of relevant (operational) information (e.g. position of own troops and enemy troops, position and status of important infrastructure such as bridges, roads, etc.) shared by more than ...
to the combatant commanders and their forces in the respective domains, to get to a position of relative advantage very quickly (faster than the enemy's
OODA loop
The OODA loop is the cycle ''observe–orient–decide–act'', developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd. Boyd applied the concept to the combat operations process, often at the operational level during m ...
Program of Record
The processes of government procurement in the United States enable federal, state and local government bodies in the country to acquire goods, services (including construction), and interests in real property.
In fiscal year 2019, the US Feder ...
, for CJADC2;PEO new (27 Sep 2021) TITAN Brings Together Systems For Next Generation Intelligence Capabilities " Multi Domain Operations (MDO) and Joint All Domain Operations (JADO), TITAN will be the first Intelligence ground station enabled by Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) " --Palantir project additional Soldier touchpoints will assess capabilities of two prototype satellite ground stations for downselect in 14 months by FY2023, and follow-on phases III and IV.
Return to competition
By 2020 the Joint all-domain concept was converging on the need for the allies and partners to convince the adversary that it is in everyone's interest to return to
competition
Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, indiv ...
conflict
Conflict may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
* ''Conflict'' (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Stuart Paton
* ''Conflict'' (1936 film), an American boxing film starring John Wayne
* ''Conflict'' (1937 film) ...
An ongoing series of programs to strengthen relationships between the Army and its allies and partners is being implemented. These programs include demonstrations of cooperation, interoperability, and preparedness of its partners. For example, in 2019 the Army uses DoD's
State Partnership Program
The State Partnership Program (SPP) is a joint program of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the individual states, territories, and District of Columbia. The program and the concept are entirely new, originating in 1993 as a si ...
, to link 22 National Guard Bilateral Affairs Officers (BAOs) with 22 allies or partners in the 54 countries in European Command's area to facilitate common defense interestsEric Schmitt ''The New York Times'' (14 July 2019) "Rehearsing for a Shadow War Against a Foe Embraced by Trump" pp. A1, A10.Reuter (11 Jan 2020) Minister says Britain must reduce military dependence on U.S.: report /ref> with the US. In all, 89 partnerships now exist. ''See: Foreign Area Officer (FAO) ''
DoD's Joint AI Center ( JAIC) has convened 100 online participants from 13 countries to discuss how to use AI in a way that is consonant with their national ethical principles, termed the 'AI Partnership for Defense' in 2020. For example, the US has a policy of human permission needed in order to trigger the automatic kill chains.Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr (23 Apr 2021) Artificial Intelligence, Lawyers And Laws Of War /ref> In 2021 the 28th Secretary of defense committed to the department's ethical use of AI capabilities in a "responsible, equitable, traceable, reliable, and governable" way.
In 2019 the 27th Secretary of Defense Mark Esper identified the Indo-Pacific Theater as the priority theater for the United States.Aaron Mehta 'The Indo-Pacific Theater is "our priority theater"—Mark Esper. (27 August 2019) Esper calls for new basing investments in the Pacific Sites to be determined A multi-domain task force for the Indo-Pacific Theater is planned for a Defender exercise. However, in light of the DoD 60-day travel ban due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...
, the number of CONUS-based troops participating in Defender Europe 2020 was reduced to those troops already in Europe.
In 2020 the Army lost 3 NTC training rotations to COVID-19.
JWA 20 was intended to exercise Multi-domain operations, and multinational forces, in EUCOM for 2020. ''See:
Vostok 2018
Vostok 2018 (russian: Восток 2018, lit=East 2018) was a large-scale Russian military exercise, held from 11 to 17 September 2018, throughout Siberia and the Russian Far East in the Eastern Military District. The exercise involved units ...
.'' EUCOM's Multi-domain task force is to be smaller than the Pacific's task force.Jen Judso (8 September 2019) US Army's multidomain force emerges in Europe /ref>Training Support Activity Europ (16 September 2021) 2nd Multi-Domain Task Force Activation Ceremony live stream. I2CEWS is a detachment. It is expected that the task forces are to be employed in the Defender exercises in both EUCOMJacob Kriss, CECOM Public Affair (October 16, 2019) CECOM Empowering Strategic Support Area Readiness: Strategic Power Projection Pre-positioned stocks "with enough equipment for an entire brigade or division, up to 15,000" and the Pacific. Defender Europe 2020 was to test the ability to deploy 20,000 Soldiers across Europe, for a 37,000-member exercise.
* Elements of the 1st Cavalry, 82nd Airborne, 1st Armored, 1st Infantry, and 3rd Infantry Divisions, 11 National Guard states and seven Army Reserve units were to rapidly deploy.
*# Reception, staging, onward movement and integration (RSOI) of a division-sized formation in EUCOM. A National Guard Brigade was to draw from pre-positioned stocks in EUCOM.
*# An immediate response force from 82nd Airborne Division was to conduct joint forcible entries.
*# A division command post spread across Europe was to conduct JWA 20, to test multi-domain operations (MDO) and other Futures Command capabilities, such as an initial prototype of Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN), a ground station for integrating the data feed between "sensors and shooters".
*#*While in Europe, the units were to spread out across the region for separate exercises with allies and partners to participate in their annual exercises.
*# A river crossing (see
M1074 Joint Assault Bridge
The M1074 Joint Assault Bridge System (JABS) is an American armored military engineering vehicle based on the Abrams M1A1 main battle tank.ASA(ALT)br>Weapon Systems Handbook 2018Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages.
*By Modern ...
), forward passages of lines (one unit passes through a position held by another unit), and a maritime off-load mission was to have been conducted.
*# Army forces were to clear the training areas, return pre-positioned stocks,EUCO (2020) DEFENDER Europe Trifold /ref> consolidate, and redeploy (in this case, to home station). Returning troops were ordered to quarantine for two weeks without experiencing any flu-like symptoms. Social distancing, masks, and other protective measures were employed, in response to the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...
1st Security Force Assistance Brigade
The 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade (1st SFAB) is a security force assistance brigade of the United States Army. It is based at Kelley Hill in Fort Benning, Georgia and is under the command of Colonel Christopher S. Landers and Command Sergea ...
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
Mission Command
Mission command, also referred to as mission-type tactics, is a style of military command, derived from the Prussian-pioneered mission-type tactics doctrine, which combines centralized intent with decentralized execution subsidiarity and promotes f ...
Center of Excellence
A center of excellence (COE or CoE ), also called excellence center, is a team, a shared facility or an entity that provides leadership, best practices, research, support or training for a focus area.
Due to its broad usage and vague legal prec ...
(MCCoE) provided Opposing forces (
OPFOR
An opposing force (alternatively enemy force, abbreviated OPFOR) is a military unit tasked with representing an enemy, usually for training purposes in war game scenarios. The related concept of aggressor squadron is used by some air forces. ...
) and multiple dilemmas for the Warfighters to train on.
III Armored Corps
III Corps or III Armored Corps is a corps of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. It is a major formation of the United States Army Forces Command.
Activated in World War I in France, III Corps oversaw US Army divisions a ...
commander Pat White stated "the key goal of the exercise, to build international partnerships and increase interoperability, was realized".Sgt. Evan Ruchotzk (21 April 2021) Warfighter 21-4 concludes, strengthens collaboration with British and French forces /ref> British and French commanders noted the need to further develop electronic warfare and signals intelligence capabilities.Muriel Delaport (3 Jun 2021) US, France, UK Hammer Out Multinational Corps Warfighting /ref>
In May 2021, 7th Army Training Command led Dynamic Front 21 (DF21), a USAEUR-AF exercise in integrating joint fires for artillery units from 15 nations. The exercise was meant to increase the readiness, lethality, and interoperability for nearly 1800 artillery troops from the 15 nations at Camp Aachen, Germany. Later locations for DF21 included Vilseck Army Air Field, Germany, Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, and Torun, Poland.Spc. Zachary Stahlber (20 May 2021) Dynamic Front 21 shows the future of modern artillery 1800 troops from 15 nations held an Artillery Systems Cooperation Activities University, Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, and Torun, Poland
;V Corps FOC
In October 2021 V Corps attained Full operational capability (FOC) by completing Warfighter exercise 22-1 (WFX 22-1),Gabriella Sulliva (13 October 2021) V Corps completes Warfighter 22-1 en route to becoming America's forward deployed Corps in Europe /ref> in a series of command post exercises in Large scale combat operations (LSCO). The operations involved a combatant command, Active Army, Reserve and National Guard components, a Theater training command, and a sustainment command, as well as multi-national partners. V Corps was slated to lead the Defender Europe 22, as of October 2021.Jen Judso (11 Oct 2021) US Army insists next year’s Defender Europe is not canceled
In 2020 the Secretary of the Army announced 5-month extended rotations to Indo-Pacific countries such as Thailand, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.Thomas Brading, Army News Servic (13 January 2020) More deployments, stronger presence set for Pacific, says SecArmy /ref> Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) task forces in the region have already been engaging in MDO-like exercises in concert with the armed forces of Japan, Thailand, and Singapore.
Two Multi-domain task forces are being requested for Indo-Pacom for 2021.
5th Security Force Assistance Brigade
5th Security Force Assistance Brigade (5th SFAB) is a security force assistance brigade in the United States Army based at Joint Base Lewis–McChord, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington (state), Washington. The unit (''Vanguard'' Brigade) sto ...
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...
actually provided the impetus for rapid fielding of a DoD technology for separating Top secret, Secret, and Unclassified messaging, a necessary function for the Intelligence community. The JSIL connection of experimental networks with Army battle labs is a way to determine the bandwidth needed for these vignettes, to prepare Project Convergence 2021 for Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2).Richard Cod (10 Sep 2021) Project Convergence: Exercise Shows Value In Data Weapons Check For The Digital Age at JSIL
Defender Pacific 2021 focuses on the southwest Pacific region.Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr (19 Jan 2021) Facing Cuts, Army Chief Touts Pacific Role /ref> The Army was to draw from a pre-positioned stock for its units, exercise its watercraft and an MDTF's long range precision fires. In 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense,
Lloyd Austin
Lloyd James Austin III (born August 8, 1953) is a retired United States Army four-star general who, since his appointment on January 22, 2021, has served as the 28th United States secretary of defense. He is the first African American to serv ...
, stated he expected to "review our posture in the Pacific from all aspects including presence, capabilities, logistics, exercises, infrastructure, and capacity building and cooperation with allies and partners" during his questioning by the Senate Armed Services Committee. Integrated deterrence is the objective of the 28th Secretary of defense, in joint exercises in Australian waters,Dzirhan Mahadzi (29 Jul 2021) Admiral: Talisman Sabre Proves U.S., Allies Can Create Pacific Naval Force in Days Expeditionary Strike Group 7, 31st MEU, Amphibious Squadron 11 with ''
HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)
HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' is the lead ship of the of aircraft carriers and the Fleet Flagship of the Royal Navy. Capable of carrying 60 aircraft including fixed wing, rotary wing and autonomous vehicles, she is named in honour of the first , a ...
Peter Dutton
Peter Craig Dutton (born 18 November 1970) is an Australian politician who has been leader of the opposition and leader of the Liberal Party since May 2022. He has represented the Queensland seat of Dickson in the House of Representatives sinc ...
,
Marise Payne
Marise Ann Payne (born 29 July 1964) is an Australian politician who served in the Morrison Government as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2018 to 2022 and as Minister for Women from 2019 to 2022. She has been a Senator for New South Wales si ...
,
Lloyd Austin
Lloyd James Austin III (born August 8, 1953) is a retired United States Army four-star general who, since his appointment on January 22, 2021, has served as the 28th United States secretary of defense. He is the first African American to serv ...
, and
Antony Blinken
Antony John Blinken (born April 16, 1962) is an American government official and diplomat serving as the 71st United States secretary of state since January 26, 2021. He previously served as deputy national security advisor from 2013 to 2015 a ...
signed statements of intent to jointly build nuclear submarines, and share
National Reconnaissance Office
The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is a member of the United States Intelligence Community and an agency of the United States Department of Defense which designs, builds, launches, and operates the reconnaissance satellites of the U.S. fe ...
AUKUS
AUKUS (, ) is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced on 15 September 2021 for the Indo-Pacific region. Under the pact, the US and the UK will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered ...
Bundeswehr
The ''Bundeswehr'' (, meaning literally: ''Federal Defence'') is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ''Bundeswehr'' is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part, the military part con ...
Arctic Council
The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic. At present, eight countries exercise sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle ...
, which include Russia, and China as an observer nation. ''See Cold Response''
;Defender Europe 2022
Defender Europe 2022 started 3 May 2022, under the command and control of V Corps, which has had a forward-deployed Headquarters in Europe since 2021. The exercises will involve 11 allied and partner nations, including Denmark, Estonia, Germany, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, and Great Britain. Defender Europe 2022 had been previously planned, on a longer timescale than the wartime events of 2022, such as the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. ...
Under Schoomaker, combat training centers (CTCs) emphasized the contemporary operating environment (such as an urban, ethnically-sensitive city in Iraq) and stress units according to the unit mission and the commanders' assessments, collaborating often to support holistic collective training programs, rather than by exception as was formerly the case.
Schoomaker's plan was to resource units based on the mission they are expected to accomplish (major combat versus SASO, or stability and support operations), regardless of component (active or reserve). Instead of using snapshot readiness reports, the Army now rates units based on the mission they are expected to perform given their position across the three force pools ('reset', 'train/ready', and 'available'). The Army now deploys units upon each commanders' signature on the certificate of their unit's assessment (''
viz.
The abbreviation ''viz.'' (or ''viz'' without a full stop) is short for the Latin , which itself is a contraction of the Latin phrase ''videre licet'', meaning "it is permitted to see". It is used as a synonym for "namely", "that is to say", "to ...
PULHES Factor
PULHES is a United States military acronym used in the Military Physical Profile Serial System. It is used to qualify an enlistee's physical profile for each military skill. Each letter in the acronym (see box below) is paired with a number from ...
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
The chief of staff of the Army (CSA) is a statutory position in the United States Army held by a general officer. As the highest-ranking officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army, the chief is the principal military advisor and ...
Army Emergency Relief
Army Emergency Relief (AER), often referred to by the longer title ''Army Emergency Relief Fund'', is a non-profit, charitable organization independent of, but closely associated with the United States Army, founded in 1942. The organization is he ...
fund is available to any soldier with a phone call to their local garrison.Devon Suits, Army News Servic (11 August 2020) New Army Digital Garrison app serves as guide to on-post services 60 installations are currently on the app, which runs on iPhone or Android. Seventy-five Fisher Houses maintain home-away-from-home suites for families undergoing medical treatment of a loved one. The Army, Navy, and Air Force Medical Treatment Facilities (MTFs) are scheduled to complete their transfer to the
Defense Health Agency
The Defense Health Agency (DHA) is a joint, integrated combat support agency that enables the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force medical services to provide a medically ready force and ready medical force to Combatant Co ...
(DHA) no later than 21 October 2021. This has been a ten-year process. The directors of each home installation's Medical treatment facility (MTF) continue to report to the commanders of their respective installations. This change transfers all civilian employees of each Medical treatment facility (MTF) to the Defense Health Agency (DHA).Army.mil Stand-to: Headquarters, U.S. Army Surgeon Genera (Friday, 24 January 2020) Transfer of Army Medical Treatment Facilities (MTFs) to
Defense Health Agency
The Defense Health Agency (DHA) is a joint, integrated combat support agency that enables the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force medical services to provide a medically ready force and ready medical force to Combatant Co ...
IMCOM
The United States Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM) is a support formation of the United States Army responsible for the day-to-day management of Army installations around the globe. Army garrisons are communities that provide many o ...
Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention
SHARP is a proactive U.S. Army program which aims to end sexual harassment and assault in the service. Sexual harassment is a crime in the armed forces, under the UCMJ Article 134 by executive order on 26 January 2022.Jeff Schogo(26 January 2022) ...
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
deserter
Desertion is the abandonment of a military duty or post without permission (a pass, liberty or leave) and is done with the intention of not returning. This contrasts with unauthorized absence (UA) or absence without leave (AWOL ), which ...
Soldier Readiness Processing Soldier Readiness Processing (SRP) is a program within the United States Army, including its reserve components (the Army Reserve and Army National Guard) to qualify soldiers for pending deployments.FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
The 29th chief of the National Guard Bureau, as director of the Army National Guard, plans to align existing ARNG divisions with subordinate training formations.Staff Report, National Guard Burea (1 August 2020) Army National Guard to establish eight Divisions by aligning existing ARNG Division Headquarters with down-trace formations for training /ref> This plan increases the number of divisions in the Total Army from 10 to 18, and increases the readiness of the National Guard divisions, by aligning their training plans with large-scale combat operations. Additional advantages of the August 2020 plan are increased opportunity for talent management, from the Company to the Division level, and opportunity for leader development unfettered by geographical restriction.
"Associated units" training program
The Army announced a pilot program, 'associated units', in which a National Guard or Reserve unit would now train with a specific active Army formation. These units would wear the patch of the specific Army division before their deployment to a theater;
36th Infantry Division (United States)
The 36th Infantry Division ("Arrowhead"), also known as the "Panther Division", "Lone Star Division",Engagement Skills Trainer (EST). More advanced training on squad level simulators (Squad Advanced Marksmanship-Trainer (SAMT)) place a squad in virtual engagements against avatars of various types,Matthew Parget Capt. (March 25, 2019) Squad tactics tested on new virtual marksmanship trainer /ref> using M4 carbine, M249 light machine gun and M9 Beretta pistol simulated weapon systems. Home stations are to receive Synthetic training environments (STEs) for mission training, as an alternative to rotations to the National Combat Training Centers, which operate Brigade-level training against an Opposing force (OPFOR) with near-peer equipment.
Some installations have urban training facilities for infantrymen, in preparation for Brigade-level training.Sgt. Brandon Banzha (April 24, 2019) Focus on teamwork, education helps build a squad of infantrymen /ref>
A 2019 marksmanship manual "TC 3-20.40, Training and Qualification-Individual Weapons" (the ''Dot-40'') now mandates the use of the simulators,Franklin Fishe (August 22, 2019) Army overhauls small arms training with tougher standards, combat-like rigor /ref> as if the Soldier were in combat. The Dot-40 is to be used by the entire Army, from the Cadets at West Point, to the Active Army, the Army Reserve, and Army National Guard; the Dot-40 tests how rapidly Soldiers can load and reload while standing, kneeling, lying prone, and firing from behind a barrier. The marksmanship tests of a Soldier's critical thinking, selecting targets to shoot at, in which order, and the accuracy of each shot are recorded by the simulators.
Stryker training
Up to a platoon-sized unit of a Stryker brigade combat team, and dismounted infantry, can train on Stryker simulators (Stryker Virtual Collective Trainer – SVCT), which are in the process of being installed at 8 home stations. The 4th is being completed.Sgt. Jeff Clements, Virginia National Guar Joanna Bradley, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (April 18, 2019) Aviation, Missile Center teams develops Stryker simulator /ref> Forty-five infantrymen (4 Stryker shells) or thirty-six scouts (6 Stryker shells) can rehearse their battle rhythm on a virtual battlefield, record their lessons learned, give their after-action reports, and repeat, as a team. The Stryker gunner's seat comes directly from a Stryker vehicle and has a Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS) and joystick to control a virtual .50 caliber machine gun or a virtual 30 mm autocannon.
Other CROWS configurations are possible.Sgt. Jeff Clements, Virginia National Guar (11 September 2020) VNG Soldiers train on CROWS remote weapons system /ref>
Opposing force
An opposing force (alternatively enemy force, abbreviated OPFOR) is a military unit tasked with representing an enemy, usually for training purposes in war game scenarios. The related concept of aggressor squadron is used by some air forces. T ...
(OPFOR) could be a mission for an Army unit, as temporary duty (TDY), during which they might wear old
battle dress uniform
The Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) is a camouflaged combat uniform that was used by the United States Armed Forces as their standard combat uniform from the early 1980s to the mid-2000s. Since then, it has been replaced or supplanted in every br ...
Fort Irwin
Fort Irwin National Training Center (Fort Irwin NTC) is a major training area for the United States military in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California. Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of . It is located northeast o ...
,
Fort Polk
Fort Polk is a United States Army installation located in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, about 10 miles (15 km) east of Leesville and 30 miles (50 km) north of DeRidder in Beauregard Parish.
It was named to honor Leonidas Polk, the firs ...
FGM-148 Javelin
The FGM-148 Javelin, or Advanced Anti-Tank Weapon System-Medium (AAWS-M), is an American-made portable anti-tank missile system in service since 1996, and continuously upgraded. It replaced the M47 Dragon anti-tank missile in US service. Its fire ...
) to test that brigade's readiness for deployment.
Multiple integrated laser engagement system
The multiple integrated laser engagement system, or MILES, is used by the U.S. military and other armed forces around the world for training purposes. It uses lasers and blank cartridges to simulate actual battle.
Individual soldiers carry small ...
256th IBCT
The 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team ("Louisiana Brigade") is a modular infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) of the Louisiana Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Lafayette, Louisiana. Currently the brigade is part of the 36th Infantry ...
in XCTC training in 2018 against OPFORs, then JRTC in 2020.
PEO Soldier Program Executive Office Soldier is a US Army organization that is responsible for rapid prototyping, procurement, and fielding of equipment for its soldiers.
Development areas
Project Manager Soldier Protection and Individual Equipment (PM SPIE) d ...
has established a Soldier integration facility (SIF) at
Fort Belvoir
Fort Belvoir is a United States Army installation and a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. It was developed on the site of the former Belvoir plantation, seat of the prominent Fairfax family for whom Fai ...
Applications for Synthetic Training Environment (STE)
The Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training (SAMT) system, developed by the STE Cross-functional team from Futures Command, has an application for 1st SFAB.Patti Bielling, Synthetic Training Environment CF (June 11, 2019) 1st SFAB Soldiers hone close combat skills on Army's newest virtual trainer /ref> Bluetooth enabled replicas of M4 rifles and M9 and Glock 19 pistols, with compressed air recoil approximate the form, fit and function of the weapons that the Soldiers are using in close combat. For 1st SFAB, scenarios included virtual reality attacks which felt like engagements in a room. The scenarios can involve the entire SFAB Advisor team, and engagements can be repeated over and over again. Advanced marksmanship skills such as firing with the non-dominant hand, and firing on the move can be practiced.
Nine Army sites are now equipped with the SAMT. Over twenty systems are planned for locations in the United States. The Close combat tactical trainers are in use, for example, to train 3rd Infantry Division headquarters for a gunnery training event (convoy protection role),Spc. William Griffe (20 February 2020) HHBN masters the fundamentals of convoy escort /ref> and 2nd BCT/ 82nd Airborne close combat training.Ms. Elvia E Kelly (IMCOM (26 February 2020) 'Machine Gun University' keeps Soldiers ready for real-world missions Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training at Fort Bragg's Virtual Training Center, 20 Feb. 2020
The concept has been extended to the Live, Virtual, Constructive Integrating Architecture (LVC-IA), to integrate the National Guard, and the Reserves, with Active Army.
*"A simulation places leadership teams in a situation akin to a Combat Training Center rotation, an intellectually and emotionally challenging environment that forgives the mistakes of the participants "—Dr. Charles K. PickarDr. Charles K. Pickar, Naval Postgraduate Schoo (October 29, 2019) An exercise to experience Experential learningUS Arm Army ALT Magazine (January 29, 2019) Then And Now: Training for the Future —Retired Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, 32nd vice chief of staff of the Army: "I believe that a training environment .. should be a maneuver trainer, and it should be a gunnery trainer."
*"It is important for Soldiers to have an open and clear mind during the simulation so that they learn something from the experience." —Tim Glaspie
*"Repetition increases a team's situational understanding of the tactics they'll use" —Maj. Anthony Clas
Other training environments include MANPADS for SHORAD in the 14P MOS at Fort Sill.Gary Sheftick, Army News Servic Army rebuilding short-range air defense (July 2, 2019) Army rebuilding short-range air defense Manpads training for 14P MOS using synthetic training environment (STE)Monica Woo (18 October 2021) Cutting-edge, VR-equipped Stinger training facility opens /ref>
Deployment scheme
The force generation system, posited in 2006 by General Schoomaker, projected that the U.S. Army would be deployed continuously. The Army would serve as an expeditionary force to fight a protracted campaign against terrorism and stand ready for other potential contingencies across the full-spectrum of operations (from humanitarian and stability operations to major combat operations against a conventional foe).
Under ideal circumstances, Army units would have a minimum "dwell time," a minimum duration of which it would remain at home station before deployment. Active-duty units would be prepared to deploy once every three years. Army Reserve units would be prepared to deploy once every five years. National Guard units would be prepared to deploy once every six years. A total of 71 combat brigades would form the Army's rotation basis, 42 from the active component with the balance from the reserves.
Thus, around 15 active-duty combat brigades would be available for deployment each year under the 2006 force-generation plan. An additional 4 or 5 brigades would be available for deployment from the reserve component. The plan was designed to provide more stability to soldiers and their families. Within the system, a surge capability would exist so that about an additional 18 brigades could be deployed in addition to the 19 or 20 scheduled brigades.
From General Dan McNeil, former Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) Commander: Within the Army Forces Generation (ARFORGEN) model, brigade combat teams (BCTs) would move through a series of three force pools;GEN Charles C. Campbel (June 2009), "ARFORGEN : Maturing the Model, Refining the Process". ''Army Magazine'', AUSA.org they would enter the model at its inception, the "reset force pool", upon completion of a deployment cycle. There they would re-equip and reman while executing all individual predeployment training requirements, attaining readiness as quickly as possible. Reset or "R" day, recommended by
FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
and approved by Headquarters, Department of the Army, would be marked by BCT changes of command, preceded or followed closely by other key leadership transitions. While in the reset pool, formations would be remanned, reaching 100% of mission required strength by the end of the phase, while also reorganizing and fielding new equipment, if appropriate. In addition, it is there that units would be confirmed against future missions, either as deployment expeditionary forces (DEFs-BCTs trained for known operational requirements), ready expeditionary forces (REFs-BCTs that form the pool of available forces for short-notice missions) or contingency expeditionary forces (CEFs-BCTs earmarked for contingency operations).
Based on their commanders' assessments, units would move to the ready force pool, from which they could deploy should they be needed, and in which the unit training focus would be at the higher collective levels. Units would enter the available force pool when there is approximately one year left in the cycle, after validating their collective mission-essential task list proficiency (either core or theater-specific tasks) via battle-staff and dirt-mission rehearsal exercises. The available phase would be the only phase with a specified time limit: one year. Not unlike the division-ready brigades of past decades, these formations would deploy to fulfill specific requirements or stand ready to fulfill short-notice deployments within 30 days.
The goal was to generate forces 12–18 months in advance of combatant commanders' requirements and to begin preparing every unit for its future mission as early as possible in order to increase its overall proficiency.
Personnel management would also be reorganized as part of the Army transformation. Previously, personnel was managed on an individual basis in which soldiers were rotated without regard for the effect on
unit cohesion
Unit cohesion is a military concept, defined by one former United States Chief of staff in the early 1980s as "the bonding together of soldiers in such a way as to sustain their will and commitment to each other, the unit, and mission accomplishmen ...
. This system required unpopular measures such as "stop loss" and "stop move" in order to maintain force levels. In contrast, the new personnel system would operate on a unit basis to the maximum extent possible, with the goal of allowing teams to remain together longer and enabling families to establish ties within their communities.
Abrams 2016 noted that mid-level Army soldiers found they faced an unexpected uptempo in their requirements, while entry-level soldiers in fact welcomed the increased challenge.
Readiness model
ARFORGEN, "a structured progression of increased unit readiness over time, resulting in recurring periods of availability of trained, ready, and cohesive units prepared for operational deployment in support of geographic Combatant Commander requirements" was utilized in the 2010s.Sean Kimmon (October 11, 2018) Second phase of Multi-Domain Task Force pilot headed to Europe /ref> ARFORGEN was replaced by the Sustainable Readiness Model (SRM) in 2017.Office of the Chief of Public Affair (Wednesday, October 4, 2017) Readiness 2017 /ref>HQDA Capt. Clare Saxton and 1st Lt. Getoar Luzh (November 20, 2017) 2nd Cavalry Regiment Stryker common chassis course /ref> In 2016 the 39th Chief of Staff of the Army identified the objective of a sustainable readiness process as over 66 percent of the Active Army in combat ready state at any time;CSA Mark Mille (20 Jan 2016) Army Readiness Guidance, 2016/2017 /ref> in 2019 the readiness objective of the National Guard and Army Reserve units was set to be 33 percent; Total Army readiness for deployment was 40 percent in 2019.
ReARMM (Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model) is a unit lifecycle model which goes into effect in October 2021.Whitley and McConvill (5 May 2021) Statement before the House Armed Services Committee ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY as cited b Office of the Director of the Army Staff (6 May 2021) Army Posture Statement 2021 /ref>Alyssa Crockett (21 June 2022) Army leaders, experts collaborate to meet future equipping demands ReARMM: Regionally aligned Readiness and Modernization Model, based on logistics, mission command, ground combat, medical, fires and aviation ReARMM was introduced in October 2020. It is a force generation model which uses the total Army, the Reserve components as well as Active component when planning.Headquarters, Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3-5- (16 October 2020) Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model *AUS (9 Nov 2020) AUSA 2020 CMF 6 – Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model (ReARMM) video clip Dynamic force employment ( DFE) will be used more often. The Operational tempo will decrease, which gives Commanders will more times, 'training windows' during which their units can train, first at the small-unit level, and then at larger-step modernization of their formations. The units can then train at echelon for Large scale combat operations (LSCO) at a more measured pace.
In 2018 Chief of Staff Mark Milley's readiness objective is that all operational units be at 90 percent of the authorized strength in 2018, at 100 percent by 2021, and at 105 percent by 2023. The observer coach/trainers at the combat training centers, recruiters, and drill sergeants are to be filled to 100 percent strength by the end of 2018.
The requested strength of the Active Army in FY2020 is increasing by 4,000 additional troops from the current 476,000 soldiers; this request covers the near-term needs for cyber, air & missile defense, and fires (Army modernization).ASA(ALT)br>Weapon Systems Handbook 2018update Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages.
*By Modernization priority
*By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely — °Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
*ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404
;Organic industrial base (OIB)
The Army’s Organic industrial base (OIB) Modernization Implementation Plan got a refresh in 2022, with a review of the "23 depots, arsenals and ammunition plants that manufacture, reset and maintain Army equipment", in light of the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. ...
AMC
AMC may refer to:
Film and television
* AMC Theatres, an American movie theater chain
* AMC Networks, an American entertainment company
** AMC (TV channel)
** AMC+, streaming service
** AMC Networks International, an entertainment company
*** ...
), which uses Army Field Support Brigades ( AFSBs) to provision the
Combatant Command
A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, ...
EUCOM
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven Unified Combatant Command, unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers and 51 countries and territorie ...
Euler diagram
An Euler diagram (, ) is a diagrammatic means of representing sets and their relationships. They are particularly useful for explaining complex hierarchies and overlapping definitions. They are similar to another set diagramming technique, Ven ...
Ochakiv
Ochakiv, also known as Ochakov ( uk, Оча́ків, ; russian: Очаков; crh, Özü; ro, Oceacov and ''Vozia'', and Alektor ( in Greek), is a small city in Mykolaiv Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast (region) of southern Ukraine. It hosts the admini ...
and
Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv ( uk, Миколаїв, ) is a city and municipality in Southern Ukraine, the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast. Mykolaiv city, which provides Ukraine with access to the Black Sea, is the location of the most downriver brid ...
Operation Spartan Shield
Operation Spartan Shield (OSS) is a United States Army Central operation in the Middle East. OSS is commanded by United States Army Central and includes units from all service branches. Task Force Spartan is the U.S. Army component of OSS.
The ...
, the LCMC's relevant AFSB effected the hand-off of prepositioned stocks to
155th Armored Brigade Combat Team
The 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team is a brigade combat team of the Mississippi Army National Guard.
The brigade was formed in 1973 as the separate 155th Armored Brigade from the 1st Brigade, 30th Armored Division during a National Guard reo ...
EUCOM
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven Unified Combatant Command, unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers and 51 countries and territorie ...
WION
WION (World is One News) is an Indian multinational English language news channel headquartered in New Delhi. It is owned by the Essel Group and is part of the Zee Media network of channels. The channel covers global news and current affairs. ...
EUCOM
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven Unified Combatant Command, unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers and 51 countries and territorie ...
, was supplied with new communications materiel — Integrated Tactical Networks ( ITN) in 2018. New ground combat vehicles, the Infantry Carrier Vehicle – Dragoon ( ICVD) are being supplied to 2nd Cavalry Regiment. ICVDs are
Stryker
The Stryker is a family of eight-wheeled armored fighting vehicles derived from the Canadian LAV III. Stryker vehicles are produced by General Dynamics Land Systems-Canada (GDLS-C) for the United States Army in a plant in London, Ontario. I ...
s with an unmanned turret and 30 mm autocannon (
CROWS
The Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS) is a series of remote weapon stations used by the US military on its armored vehicles and ships. It allows weapon operators to engage targets without leaving the protection of their vehicle. ...
12th Mechanised Division (Poland)
The 12th Bolesław Krzywousty Szczecin Mechanised Division () is a division of the Polish Armed Forces, headquartered in Szczecin.
It traces its heritage back to the 1919 formation of the 6th Polish Rifle Division of the Blue Army in France. Th ...
in
Drawsko Pomorskie
Drawsko Pomorskie (until 1948 pl, Drawsko; formerly german: Dramburg) is a town in Drawsko County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland, the administrative seat of Drawsko County and the urban-rural commune of Gmina Drawsko Po ...
Mission Command
Mission command, also referred to as mission-type tactics, is a style of military command, derived from the Prussian-pioneered mission-type tactics doctrine, which combines centralized intent with decentralized execution subsidiarity and promotes f ...
element of TRADOC served in the role of echelon-above-brigade for the maneuver and interoperability of the joint multi-national armored brigades.) In September 2018, the
278th Armored Cavalry Regiment
The 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (278th ACR, "Third Tennessee"), previously the 117th Infantry Regiment, is an armored brigade combat team of the Tennessee Army National Guard with headquarters in Knoxville, Tennessee. It is the only National ...
had already assumed a forward deployment in Poland.Sgt Sarah Kirby 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Tennessee Army National Guard [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/294417/tenn-army-national-guard-assumes-responsibility-natos-efp-battle-group-poland (September 2018) Tenn. Army National Guard Assumes Responsibility of NATO's eFP Battle Group Poland!]Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/221461/new_capabilities_rotations_to_bolster_army_presence_in_eastern_europe (May 6, 2019) New capabilities, rotations to bolster Army presence in Eastern Europe] Poland and the US are planning for regular rotations going forward. U.S. Army Sgt. Kyle Larsen, 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment ttps://www.army.mil/article/223776/174th_ada_and_nato_demonstrate_lethality_over_16_day_span (June 27, 2019) 174th ADA and NATO demonstrate lethality over 16-day spanTobruq Legacy 2019 (TOLY19)
Ustka
Ustka (pronounced ; csb, Ùskô; german: Stolpmünde) is a spa town in the Middle Pomerania region of northern Poland with 17,100 inhabitants (2001). It is part of Słupsk County in Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is located on the Slovincian Coast o ...
,
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
V Corps 5th Corps, Fifth Corps, or V Corps may refer to:
France
* 5th Army Corps (France)
* V Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
* V Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Ar ...
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. ...
, thousands more troops have posted or rotated to Europe.Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/06/29/thousands-more-soldiers-will-be-posted-to-europe-and-rotating-through/ (29 Jun 2022) Thousands more soldiers will be posted to Europe and rotating through] US DoD [https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3078056/fact-sheet-us-defense-contributions-to-europe/ (29 Jun 2022) FACT SHEET - U.S. Defense Contributions to Europe]
Force size and unit organization
Overall, the Army would end up with 71 brigade combat teams and 212 support brigades, in the pre-2013 design. The Regular Army would move from 33 brigade combat teams in 2003 to 43 brigade combat teams together with 75 modular support brigades, for a total of 118 Regular Army modular brigades. In addition the previously un-designated training brigades such as the Infantry Training Brigade at Fort Benning assumed the lineage & honors of formerly active Regular Army combat brigades. In 2017 there were 31 brigade combat teams in the Active Army. Within the United States National Guard, Army National Guard, there were to be 28 brigade combat teams and 78 support brigades. Within the
Army Reserve
A military reserve force is a military organization whose members have military and civilian occupations. They are not normally kept under arms, and their main role is to be available when their military requires additional manpower. Reserve ...
304th Sustainment Brigade (United States)
The 304th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army Reserve. It is headquartered at March Air Reserve Base near Riverside, California.
Originally the 304th Corps Materiel Management Center, the unit became the 304t ...
The Reserve component will be playing an increased role.
In the Total Army, 8 ARNG divisions are to be trained to increase their readiness for large-scale combat operations, making 58 BCTs in the Total Army in 2018, and 6 SFABs in 2020.
Army commands
*
United States Army Forces Command
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM con ...
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and ...
*
United States Army Futures Command
The United States Army Futures Command (AFC) is a United States Army command, designed as a public-private initiative, that runs modernization projects for the Army. It is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and was first commanded by General John M ...
headquarters in
Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas, as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties. Incorporated on December 27, 1839, it is the 11th-most-populous city ...
*
United States Army Materiel Command
U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) is the primary provider of materiel to the United States Army. The Command's mission includes the management of installations, as well as maintenance and parts distribution.
It was established on 8 May 1962 and wa ...
United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
The United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is a major command of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Eustis, Virginia. It is charged with overseeing training of Army forces and the development of operational doctrine. ...
headquartered at
Joint Base Langley-Eustis
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole.Saladin, Ken. Anatomy & Physiology. 7th ed. McGraw ...
,
Virginia
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...
Army service component commands
*Geographic commands
**
United States Army Central
The United States Army Central, formerly the Third United States Army, commonly referred to as the Third Army and as ARCENT, is a military formation of the United States Army which saw service in World War I and World War II, in the 1991 Gulf W ...
Shaw Air Force Base
Shaw Air Force Base (Shaw AFB) is a United States Air Force (USAF) base located approximately west-northwest of downtown Sumter, South Carolina. It is one of the largest military bases operated by the United States, and is under the jurisdict ...
,
South Carolina
)'' Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no)
, anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind"
, Former = Province of South Carolina
, seat = Columbia
, LargestCity = Charleston
, LargestMetro = ...
**
United States Army North
The United States Army North (ARNORTH) is a formation of the United States Army. An Army Service Component Command (ASCC) subordinate to United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM), ARNORTH is the joint force land component of NORTHCOM.
Joint Base San Antonio
Joint Base San Antonio (JBSA) is a United States military facility located in San Antonio, Texas, USA. The facility is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force 502d Air Base Wing, Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The wi ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
**United States Army South / Sixth United States Army, Sixth Army headquartered at
Joint Base San Antonio
Joint Base San Antonio (JBSA) is a United States military facility located in San Antonio, Texas, USA. The facility is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force 502d Air Base Wing, Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The wi ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
**United States Army Europe-Africa / Seventh United States Army, Seventh Army headquartered at Wiesbaden, Germany, Wiesbaden, Germany
**United States Army Pacific headquartered at Fort Shafter, Hawaii
*Functional commands
**United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command headquartered at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
**United States Army Special Operations Command headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
**Surface Deployment and Distribution Command, Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois
**U.S. Army Cyber Command, United States Army Cyber Command headquartered at Fort Gordon, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
Army direct reporting units
*United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM)
*United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) headquartered at
Fort Belvoir
Fort Belvoir is a United States Army installation and a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. It was developed on the site of the former Belvoir plantation, seat of the prominent Fairfax family for whom Fai ...
, Virginia
*United States Army Corps of Engineers
*United States Military Academy
*United States Army Military District of Washington (MDW) headquartered at Fort McNair, District of Columbia
*United States Army Criminal Investigation Command, United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (USACID) headquartered at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia
*United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC)
Field armies
*U.S. First Army, First US Army, headquartered at
Rock Island Arsenal
The Rock Island Arsenal comprises , located on Arsenal Island, originally known as Rock Island, on the Mississippi River between the cities of Davenport, Iowa, and Rock Island, Illinois. It lies within the state of Illinois. Rock Island ...
, Illinois (A component of
FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is the largest United States Army command. It provides expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM cons ...
; responsible for training the reserve components when mobilized for overseas deployment)
*U.S. Eighth Army, Eighth US Army, headquartered at Camp Humphreys, South Korea (component of United States Forces Korea)
Army corps
*U.S. I Corps, I Corps headquartered at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington (U.S. state), Washington
*
III Armored Corps
III Corps or III Armored Corps is a corps of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. It is a major formation of the United States Army Forces Command.
Activated in World War I in France, III Corps oversaw US Army divisions a ...
headquartered at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
*
V Corps 5th Corps, Fifth Corps, or V Corps may refer to:
France
* 5th Army Corps (France)
* V Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
* V Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Ar ...
headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky
*U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, XVIII Airborne Corps headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Divisions and brigades
:''Note: these formations were subject to change, announced in 2013 reform''
In the post-2013 design, the Regular Army was planned to reduce to 32 BCTs after all the BCTs had been announced for inactivation.
The 2018 budget was to further reduce 40,000 active-duty soldiers from 490,000 in 2015 to 450,000 by 2018 fiscal year-end. Thirty installations would have been affected; six of these installations would have accounted for over 12,000 of those to be let go. In early 2015, the plan was to cut entire BCTs; by July 2015, a new plan, to downsize a BCT (4,500 soldiers) to a maneuver battalion task force (1,032 soldiers, with the possibility of upsizing if need be) was formulated. In 2015, a plan was instituted to allow further shrinking of the Army, by converting selected brigades to maneuver battalion task forces.[http://www.army.mil/article/151992/Army_to_realign_brigades__cut_40_000_Soldiers__17_000_civilians/ Army to re-align brigades], Army.mil, accessed 2015-07-10 A maneuver battalion task force includes about 1,050 Soldiers rather than the 4,000 in a full BCT. This 9 July 2015 plan, however, would preclude rapid deployment of such a unit until it has been reconstituted back to full re-deployable strength. This is being addressed with the #"Associated units" training program, § "Associated units" training program from the Reserve and Guard.
In 2017 the National Defense Strategy and National Security Strategy and a #Readiness model, § Sustainable Readiness Model (SRM) managed to halt the cuts. Funding was allocated for two (out of six planned) Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) in 2016U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/189082/department_of_the_army_announces_force_structure_decisions_for_fiscal_year_2017 (15 June 2017) Department of the Army announces force structure decisions for fiscal year 2017] composed of 529 senior officers and senior NCOs (a full chain of command for a BCT).C. Todd Lopez [https://www.army.mil/article/188004/well_trained_sfabs_to_free_bcts_from_advise_assist_mission (19 September 2017) Security force assistance brigades to free brigade combat teams from advise, assist mission] By 2020 all 6 SFABs were activated.
The changes announced so far affect:C. Todd Lopez [http://www.army.mil/article/151992/Army_to_realign_brigades__cut_40_000_Soldiers__17_000_civilians/ (10 July 2015) Army to cut 40,000 Soldiers, 17,000 civilians], Army.mil accessed 2015-07-10
*The number of generals and SES's will decrease 25% by 2023, DoD-wide.
*FORSCOM
**Every HHBN (2-star, and higher, headquarters battalion) reduces by 10%
**3rd ABCT, 3rd Infantry Division, Fort Benning
**2nd SBCT, 25th Infantry Division, Schofield Barracks
**3rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command relocates from Fort Knox to Fort Bragg
**1st Theater Sustainment Command relocates from Fort Bragg to Fort KnoxCapt. Matthew Miller [https://www.army.mil/article/223835/multi_domain_intelligence_support_for_sustainment (July 18, 2019) Multi-Domain Intelligence Support for Sustainment] Risks of non delivery
*ARNG
**81st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 40th Infantry Division to become an associated unit (SBCT) of 7th Infantry Division (81st's armor assets to be pre-positioned in Europe).
Brigade Combat Teams
* U.S. 1st Armored Division, 1st Armored Division, at Fort Bliss (
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
), regionally aligned with Central Command ( CENTCOM)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, converted from Stryker BCT on 20 June 2019David Burge [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06/12/ready-first-gets-an-a-1st-sbct-to-become-1st-abct-june-20-infantry-battalions-to-reflag/ (12 June 2019) ‘Ready First’ gets an A: 1st SBCT to become 1st ABCT June 20, infantry battalions to reflag][https://www.army.mil/article/211405/fort_bliss_based_1st_stryker_brigade_combat_team_to_be_converted_to_an_armored_brigade 1st Armored Division Public Affairs Office (September 20, 2018) Fort Bliss-based 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team to be converted to an Armored Brigade]Staff Sgt. Kris Bonet, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division [http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/09/04/m1a2-sep-v2-arrive-ready-first-receives-tanks-following-armor-conversion/ (SEPTEMBER 4, 2019) M1A2 SEP V2 arrive ‘Ready First’ receives tanks following armor conversion]
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), 1st Armored Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade deploys to Afghanistan early 2019U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/212545/department_of_the_army_announces_upcoming_1st_armored_division_combat_aviation_brigade_unit_rotation (October 18, 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming 1st Armored Division Combat Aviation Brigade unit rotation]
** 15th Sustainment Brigade (United States), 1st Armored Division Sustainment Brigade
* 1st Cavalry Division (United States), 1st Cavalry Division, at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
(
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
), regionally aligned with European Command (
EUCOM
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven Unified Combatant Command, unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers and 51 countries and territorie ...
)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), 1st Cavalry Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** 4th Sustainment Brigade (United States), 1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade
* 1st Infantry Division (United States), 1st Infantry Division, at Fort Riley, (Kansas)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, regionally aligned with African Command ( AFRICOM)
** 1st Infantry Division Artillery (United States), 1st Infantry Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** 1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), 1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
* 2nd Infantry Division, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1x Rotation Armored Brigade Combat Team, at Camp Casey, South Korea, Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, and Camp Humphreys, South Korea
** 2nd Infantry Division Artillery (United States), 2nd Infantry Division ArtilleryTodd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/09/09/army-artillery-headquarters-moves-from-jblm-to-south-korea-permanently/ (9 Sep 2021) Army artillery headquarters moves from JBLM to South Korea permanently] at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
** Combat Aviation Brigade, at Camp Humphreys and Seoul Air Base, K-16 Airfield, South Korea
** 501st Sustainment Brigade (United States), 2nd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade, at Camp Carroll, Camp Stanley, and Camp Humphreys, South Korea
* 3rd Infantry Division (United States), 3rd Infantry Division, at
Fort Stewart
Fort Stewart is a United States Army post in the U.S. state of Georgia. It lies primarily in Liberty and Bryan counties, but also extends into smaller portions of Evans, Long and Tattnall counties. The population was 11,205 at the 2000 census. ...
, (Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States), 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Georgia Army National Guard)
** Task Force 1-28: 1st Battalion 28th Infantry Regiment, at Fort Benning, Georgia
** 3rd Infantry Division Artillery (United States), 3rd Infantry Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade, at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia
** 3rd Sustainment Brigade (United States), 3rd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
* 4th Infantry Division (United States), 4th Infantry Division, at
Fort Carson
Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs ...
, (Colorado), regionally aligned with European Command (
EUCOM
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven Unified Combatant Command, unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers and 51 countries and territorie ...
)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat TeamStripes [https://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-transition-two-brigades-to-add-heavy-firepower-as-it-prepares-for-near-peer-conflict-1.548522 (20 September 2018) Army to transition two brigades to add heavy firepower as it prepares for near-peer conflict]Staff Sgt. Neysa Canfield [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/372183/new-beginnings-fort-carson-infantry-brigade-converts-stryker-brigade (15 June 2020) New Beginnings: Fort Carson infantry brigade converts to Stryker brigade]
** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team In May 2017, during their rotation to EUCOM, Combined Resolve VIII, 3rd ABCT/4th ID combined with land and aviation forces from six partner nations, Albania, Finland, Hungary, Kosovo, Romania and the Ukraine. The combined team will operate within 3rd ABCT's combined arms structure. The scenario is to defend a European nation from attack. in a NATO Article V incident. —Staff Sgt. Ange Desinor (3rd ABCT, 4th ID)[https://www.army.mil/article/188665/34_id_evolves_into_multinational_brigade_at_combined_resolve_viii (31 May 2017) 3/4 ID evolves into multinational brigade at Combined Resolve VIII] accessdate=2017-07-18
** 4th Infantry Division Artillery (United States), 4th Infantry Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** 43rd Sustainment Brigade (United States), 4th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
* 7th Infantry Division (United States), 7th Infantry Division (Headquarters only), at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington (State), Washington)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division
** 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division
** 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team (Washington Army National Guard)
* 10th Mountain Division (United States), 10th Mountain Division, at Fort Drum, New York, Fort Drum, (New York (state), New York)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
** 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Vermont Army National Guard)Vermont National Guard
** 10th Mountain Division Artillery (United States), 10th Mountain Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** 10th Sustainment Brigade (United States), 10th Mountain Division Sustainment Brigade
* 11th Airborne Division (United States), 11th Airborne Division, at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, (Alaska)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team, at Fort Wainwright, (Alaska)
** 4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division, 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, (Alaska)
** 11th Airborne Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade (Notional)
** Sustainment Brigade
* 25th Infantry Division (United States), 25th Infantry Division, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
** 25th Infantry Division Artillery (United States), 25th Infantry Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** 45th Sustainment Brigade (United States), 25th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
* 82nd Airborne Division, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
** 82nd Airborne Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** 82nd Sustainment Brigade (United States), 82nd Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade
* 101st Airborne Division, at Fort Campbell, (Kentucky)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)Soldiers of the 2nd BCT/101st Airborne Division served as the first rotational brigade during NIE 17.2 in July 2017 at Fort Bliss. 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment served as their opposing force. —[http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/military/ft-bliss/2017/07/16/nie-weekender/475359001/ David Burge (16 July 2017) "Fort Campbell soldiers travel to Bliss for modernization mission" ''El Paso Times'']
** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)
** 101st Airborne Division Artillery
** Combat Aviation Brigade rotates stateside early 2019
** 101st Sustainment Brigade (United States), 101st Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade
* 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker BCT), in Vilseck, Germany, Vilseck, (Germany)Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/us-and-poland-wrap-up-deal-for-permanent-us-troops-more-drones-special-ops/ (31 July 2020) Poland Wraps Deal For Permanent US Troops, Drones, Special Ops] In addition,
*"4,500 members of the Second Cavalry Regiment in Germany will return to the US, and then begin rotations in the Black Sea region"
*2000 troops to relocate from Stuttgart to Mons
*On hold: 2000 Airmen were due to deploy from UK to Germany
*An F-16 squadron will move from UK to Italy
* 3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), 3rd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker BCT), at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
, (
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
Fort Polk
Fort Polk is a United States Army installation located in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, about 10 miles (15 km) east of Leesville and 30 miles (50 km) north of DeRidder in Beauregard Parish.
It was named to honor Leonidas Polk, the firs ...
, (Louisiana)
* 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, in Vicenza, Italy, Vicenza, (Italy)
Active-duty division:
* 11 division headquarters (one division headquarters stationed overseas in South Korea)
Active-duty combat brigades: 31 at the end of 2017
* 11 Armored Brigade Combat Teams
** 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at Fort Bliss (Texas), part of 1st Armored Division (United States), 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss (Texas)
** 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
(Texas), part of 1st Cavalry Division (United States), 1st Cavalry Division at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
(Texas)
** 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), 1st and 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, 2nd ABCT at Fort Riley (Kansas), part of 1st Infantry Division (United States), 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley (Kansas)
** 1st and 2nd ABCT at
Fort Stewart
Fort Stewart is a United States Army post in the U.S. state of Georgia. It lies primarily in Liberty and Bryan counties, but also extends into smaller portions of Evans, Long and Tattnall counties. The population was 11,205 at the 2000 census. ...
(Georgia), part of 3rd Infantry Division (United States), 3rd Infantry Division at
Fort Stewart
Fort Stewart is a United States Army post in the U.S. state of Georgia. It lies primarily in Liberty and Bryan counties, but also extends into smaller portions of Evans, Long and Tattnall counties. The population was 11,205 at the 2000 census. ...
(Georgia)
** 3rd ABCT at
Fort Carson
Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs ...
(Colorado), part of 4th Infantry Division (United States), 4th Infantry Division at
Fort Carson
Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs ...
(Colorado)
* 6 Stryker Brigade Combat Teams
** 1st and 2nd SBCTs at
Fort Carson
Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs ...
(Colorado), part of 4th Infantry Division (United States), 4th Infantry Division at
Fort Carson
Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs ...
(Colorado)
** 1st and 2nd SBCT at Fort Lewis (Joint Base Lewis–McChord) (Washington), administratively under the 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Humphreys (South Korea), operationally under the 7th Infantry Division (United States), 7th Infantry Division HQ at Joint Base Lewis–McChord (Washington)
** 2nd Cavalry Regiment (SBCT) at Rose Barracks in Vilseck (Germany), independent SBCT under United States Army Europe, US Army Europe at United States Army Europe, Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Barracks (Germany)
** 3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States), 3rd Cavalry Regiment (SBCT) at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
(Texas), independent SBCT under III Corps (United States), III Corps at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
(Texas)
* 6 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Light)Sean Kimmons [https://www.army.mil/article/178862/spartan_brigade_to_become_armys_newest_armored_brigade Spartan Brigade to become Army's newest armored brigade] accessdate=2016-12-02
*Daniel P. Elkins, Mission and Installation Contracting Command Public Affairs Office [https://www.army.mil/article/184843/micc_supporting_armys_efforts_for_newest_armored_brigade MICC supporting Army's efforts for newest armored brigade (24 March 2017)] accessdate=2017-03-30. The 10th in the Active component, but the 15th ABCT in the total force.
** 1st and 2nd IBCT at Fort Drum (New York), part of 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum (New York)
** 1st IBCT at Fort Wainwright (Alaska), part of 11th Airborne Division (United States), 11th Airborne Division at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska)
** 2nd and 3rd IBCT at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii), part of 25th Infantry Division (United States), 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii)
** 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, 3rd IBCT at
Fort Polk
Fort Polk is a United States Army installation located in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, about 10 miles (15 km) east of Leesville and 30 miles (50 km) north of DeRidder in Beauregard Parish.
It was named to honor Leonidas Polk, the firs ...
(Louisiana), a regular army brigade under the Army National Guard's 36th Infantry Division (United States), 36th Infantry Division at Austin, Texas, Austin (Texas)
* 5 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Airborne)
** 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Airborne) at Fort Bragg (North Carolina), part of 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 11th Airborne Division, 2nd IBCT (Airborne) at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska), part of 11th Airborne Division (Alaska)
** 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team at Caserma Ederle Barracks in Vicenza (Italy), independent brigade under United States Army Europe, US Army Europe at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Barracks (Germany)
* 3 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Air Assault)
** 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell (Kentucky), part of 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell (Kentucky)
:''See Army National Guard#Divisions, National Guard divisions for the 27 ARNG BCTs''
Support brigades
Active-duty Support Brigades (with reserve-component numbers in parenthesis: National Guard of the United States, ARNG/United States Army Reserve, USAR)
* 12
Combat Aviation Brigade
A Combat aviation brigade (CAB) is a multi-functional brigade-sized unit in the United States Army that fields military helicopters, offering a combination of attack/reconnaissance helicopters (Boeing AH-64 Apache), medium-lift helicopters (Sikors ...
s (12/2):
** 12th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, in Katterbach Kaserne, Katterbach, (Germany)
** 16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States), 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** 10 Combat Aviation Brigades as part of active army divisions
* 3 Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary) (2/3):
** 201st Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, 201st Military Intelligence Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** 504th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, 504th Military Intelligence Brigade, at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
, (Texas)
** 525th Military Intelligence Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
* 5 Field Artillery Brigades (8/0):
** 17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), 17th Field Artillery Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis–McChord, (Washington)
** 18th Field Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
** 41st Field Artillery Brigade (United States), 41st Field Artillety Brigade, at Grafenwoehr, (Germany)
** 75th Field Artillery Brigade (United States), 75th Field Artillery Brigade, at Fort Sill, (Oklahoma)
** 210th Field Artillery Brigade, at Camp Casey, South Korea, Camp Casey, (South Korea)
* 6 Air Defense Artillery Brigades (3/0):
** 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bliss, (Texas)
** 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Sill, (Oklahoma)
** 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Osan Air Base, (South Korea)
** 38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), 38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Sagami Depot, (Japan)
** 52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), 52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Sembach, (Germany)Zamone Perez [https://news.yahoo.com/army-activates-unit-control-air-185033255.html (6 Oct 2022) Army activates new unit to control air and missile defenses in Europe] DRU of 10th AAMDC
** 69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), 69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
, (Texas)
** 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
* 5 Engineer Brigades (7/4):
** 7th Engineer Brigade (United States), 7th Engineer Brigade, Ansbach, (Germany)John Vandiver [https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-11-17/ansbach-army-germany-8087412.html (17 Nov 2022) German garrison town gears up for a thousand US arrivals with incoming Army units] 7th Engineer Brigade (United States)? and the 1st Battalion of the 57th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
** 20th Engineer Brigade (United States), 20th Engineer Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
** 36th Engineer Brigade (United States), 36th Engineer Brigade, at
Fort Hood
Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarter ...
, (Texas)
** 130th Engineer Brigade (United States), 130th Engineer Brigade, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii)
** 555th Engineer Brigade (United States), 555th Engineer Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
* 12 Sustainment Brigades (10/9):
** 16th Sustainment Brigade (United States), 16th Sustainment Brigade, in Bamberg, (Germany)
** 528th Sustainment Brigade (United States), 528th Sustainment Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne), at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
** Ten Sustainment Brigades as part of active army divisions
* 5 Military Police Brigades (4/4):
** 8th Military Police Brigade (United States), 8th Military Police Brigade, at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii)
** 16th Military Police Brigade (United States), 16th Military Police Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
** 18th Military Police Brigade (United States), 18th Military Police Brigade, in Grafenwöhr, (Germany)
** 42nd Military Police Brigade (United States), 42nd Military Police Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** 89th Military Police Brigade (United States), 89th Military Police Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
* 1 Transportation Brigade (0/5):
** 7th Transportation Brigade (United States), 7th Transportation Brigade, at Fort Eustis, (Virginia)
* 5 Security Force Assistance Brigades (1/0) planned, 1st in 2017:
** 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Benning, (Georgia)
** 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
** 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
** 4th Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Fort Carson, (Colorado)
** 5th Security Force Assistance Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
* 5 Medical Brigades (0/10):
** 1st Medical Brigade (United States), 1st Medical Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
** 30th Medical Brigade (United States), 30th Medical Brigade, in Sembach, (Germany)
** 44th Medical Brigade (United States), 44th Medical Brigade, at Fort Bragg, (North Carolina)
** 62nd Medical Brigade (United States), 62nd Medical Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** 65th Medical Brigade (United States), 65th Medical Brigade, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
* 9 Signal Brigades (2/2):
** 1st Signal Brigade (United States), 1st Signal Brigade, at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
** 2nd Signal Brigade (United States), 2nd Signal Brigade, in Wiesbaden, (Germany)
** 11th Signal Brigade (United States), 11th Signal Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
** 22nd Signal Brigade (United States), 22nd Signal Brigade, at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** 35th Signal Brigade (United States), 35th Signal Brigade, at Fort Gordon, (Georgia)
** 93rd Signal Brigade (United States), 93rd Signal Brigade, at Fort Eustis, (Virginia)
** 106th Signal Brigade (United States), 106th Signal Brigade, at Fort Sam Houston, (Texas)
** 160th Signal Brigade (United States), 160th Signal Brigade, at Camp Arifjan, (Kuwait)
** 516th Signal Brigade, at Fort Shafter, (Hawaii)
* 1 Chemical Brigade (1/1):
** 48th Chemical Brigade (United States), 48th Chemical Brigade, at Fort Hood, (Texas)
See also
* Army National Guard#List of units undergoing transformation, Transformation of the Army National Guard
* Revolution in Military Affairs
* Network-centric warfare
Notes
References
External links
* Blythe, Wilson C. Jr., Farrell, Dave, Jacobsen, Tim, and Owens, James. “The Battlefield Development Plan: A Holistic Campaign Assessment to Inform the Army Modernization Enterprise”, ''Military Review'' (July-August 2020), https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/July-August-2020/Blythe-BDP/
*
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911201951/http://www.army.mil/institution/leaders/modplan/ 2007 Army Modernization Plan]
*
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/echelonment.htm GlobalSecurity.org article about current transformation]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/force-xxi.htm GlobalSecurity.org article about Force XXI]
* [http://www.army.mil/aps/06/maindocument/print/Text_addendum_D.html Addendum D: Naming Convention for Headquarters and Forces]
* John Gordon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112108/http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/Focus_strategique_11_Gordon.pdf "Transforming for What? Challenges Facing Western Militaries Today"], ''Focus stratégique'', Paris, Ifri, November 2008.
* [http://www.army.mil/aps/08/addenda/addenda_e.html ARFORGEN — Army Force Generation] Graphic showing the three stages before deployment, [http://www.army.mil/article/30668/ARFORGEN__Army__039_s_deployment_cycle_aims_for_predictability/ discussion], [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193713/http://www.usawoa.org/downloads/10ThingsWOneedtoKnow-ARFORGEN.pdf ARFORGEN from Warrant Officer viewpoint], and [http://fbmonitor.com/2012/11/20/notified-certified-deployed-47th-transportation-company-ready-to-go/ example of training for deployment]
* Wesley, Eric J. and Blythe, Wilson C. Jr. AFC Pamphlet 71-20-1 ''Army Futures Command Concept for Maneuver in Multi-Domain Operations 2028'', https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/Hot-Spots/docs/NEBF/AFC-Pam-71-20-1.pdf
{{United States Department of Defense
21st-century history of the United States Army
Command and control
Net-centric
United States Army organization
Military reforms
BCT Modernization