René Ghil

René François Ghilbert (27 September 1862 – 15 September 1925), known as René Ghil, was a French poet. He was a disciple of Stéphane Mallarmé, a major contributor to the symbolist movement in France, although they later had a falling out over ideological differences. Ghil published a series a short stories which together were called the ''Traité du Verbe''. He worked extensively on a new system of poetic language in reaction to the Decadent Movement and Symbolism. Owing to his widespread use of personal syntax and neological vocabulary, much of Ghil's work was inaccessible, and his own contemporaries labelled it confusing. However, his works gained wider attention after his death.

Early life and education

René François Ghilbert was born on 27 September 1862 in Tourcoing. He went to Paris in 1870 to study at Lycée Fontanes, where his classmates included Rodolphe Darzens, Pierre Quillard, Stuart Merrill, André-Ferdinand Hérold, André Fontainas, and Éphraïm Mikhaël. This group of friends subsequently became known as the "Fontanes group".

Literary career

Ghil was a disciple of Stéphane Mallarmé, a major French symbolist poet. Ghil published his first book in 1885. In the same year, he published a series of short stories, which were together called, the ''Traité du Verbe''. His works also included extensive metaphysical references especially to matter, the history of the universe, and human development. According to Joseph Acquisto of the University of Pennsylvania, Ghil worked towards developing an ideal poetic language that would "subsume and supersede all the other arts", by establishing his own system of verbal instrumentation. Ghil's theory was intended to support scientific poetry, which included inert matter, atomic-level concepts, human knowledge, and ways of attaining wisdom. This system established relations among vowels, consonants, colours, music (orchestra), and emotions, which he expanded in a style through versions of the ''Traité du Verbe''. Though it is not clear which or how these scientific principles were applied, Ghil always claimed these observations were based on scientific facts.

Though he initially admired Mallarmé's works, Ghil later became a critic because of their ideological differences. In one of Mallarmé's gatherings in Rue de Rome, Ghil openly expressed his disagreement with him, which ended their relationship. Before this incident, Mallarmé wrote the preface to one of Ghil's works. After his estrangement from his mentor in 1888, Ghil continued to work relentlessly on his own school of instrumentalism, a philosophico-aesthetic system in reaction to the Decadent Movement and Symbolism, which were prevalent in the late 19th-century. This was based largely on serious misreadings of the works of Hermann von Helmholtz, a German physicist, Arthur Rimbaud, a French poet, and Auguste Comte, a French philosopher and writer.

In 1923, he published ''Les dates et les œuvres, symbolisme et poésie scientifique'', a sort of autobiographical report, which attempts to re-situate its singularity and its contribution to the avant-garde of the early 20th-century.exte imprimé