Reginald Aldworth Daly (March 18, 1871 – September 19, 1957) was a
Canadian
Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...
geologist
A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study geology, earth science, or geophysics, althou ...
.
Biography
Reginald Daly was educated at the University of Toronto, where geologist
A.P. Coleman persuaded him away from teaching mathematics and into Earth Sciences. He attained his PhD at
Harvard
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
, and did postgraduate work in Germany and France. After working as a field geologist for the
International Boundary Commission
The International Boundary Commission (french: Commission de la frontière internationale) is a bi-national organization responsible for surveying and mapping the Canada–United States border. The commission was created in 1908 and made permanen ...
, he was a professor, and headed the Department of Geology at Harvard University from 1912 until 1942. Daly was president of
The Geological Society of America
The Geological Society of America (GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences.
History
The society was founded in Ithaca, New York, in 1888 by Alexander Winchell, John J. Stevenson, Charles H. Hitchco ...
in 1932.
For the Boundary Commission, working in six field seasons, Daly mapped the border from the Pacific Ocean to the Great Plains, a rugged swath long and wide – an area of about . He documented the geology alone, but had the help of one field assistant and numerous wranglers and porters. He collected 1,500 rock specimens and made 960 thin sections, using a German polishing technique he learnt as a student. The project also included 1,300 photographs, dozens of lake soundings, stratigraphic and structural mapping, petrology, and morphology. In 1912, he filed his final report with the
Geological Survey of Canada
The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC; french: Commission géologique du Canada (CGC)) is a Canadian federal government agency responsible for performing geological surveys of the country, developing Canada's natural resources and protecting the en ...
, a massive 3-volume tome he called ''North America Cordillera: Forty-Ninth Parallel.'' This work along the
49th parallel led him to formulate a theory of the origins of
igneous rocks
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ''ignis'' meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or ...
, and later publish his seminal work ''Igneous Rocks and Their Origin'' in 1914.
According to Daly's biographer, James Natland, Daly was an early proponent of
Arthur Holmes
Arthur Holmes (14 January 1890 – 20 September 1965) was an English geologist who made two major contributions to the understanding of geology. He pioneered the use of radiometric dating of minerals, and was the first earth scientist to grasp ...
' and
Alfred Wegener's continental drift
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed. The idea of continental drift has been subsumed into the science of pla ...
theory. Daly summarized his ideas in his 1926 book, ''Our Mobile Earth,'' which included on the title page small print adopted from
Galileo
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. Commonly referred to as Galileo, his name was pronounced (, ). He was ...
: ''
E pur si muove''. Daly's theory on continental displacement was based partly on the idea that after the Moon was ejected from the Earth, continental movement was an inevitable part of rebalancing the planet; he also suggested that continental material accruing near oceans eventually slips, and forces continents to creep along. He expanded this notion in ''Strength and Structure of the Earth,'' in 1940, where Daly anticipated aspects of
plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the la, label=Late Latin, tectonicus, from the grc, τεκτονικός, lit=pertaining to building) is the generally accepted scientific theory that considers the Earth's lithosphere to comprise a number of large ...
, including introduction of a "
mesospheric shell" and a slippery vitreous basaltic substratum.
Daly also proposed the
impact theory of lunar creation in 1946, which countered two prevailing notions: George Darwin's hypothesis that the Moon spun out of the primordial Earth due to centrifugal force; and, another fashionable theory that the Moon was a captured wayward asteroid. Daly applied Newtonian physics to make his point, which was later validated.
Family
In 1903, Daly married Louise Porter Haskell, daughter of
Alexander Cheves Haskell
Alexander Cheves Haskell (September 22, 1839 – April 13, 1910) was a Colonel in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War and a Democratic politician in postbellum South Carolina.
Early life
Haskell was born in Abbeville Coun ...
and Alice Van Yeveren, and elder sister of
Mary Elizabeth Haskell
Mary Elizabeth Haskell, later Minis (December 11, 1873 – October 9, 1964), was an American educator, best known for having been the benefactress of Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artist Kahlil Gibran.
Life
Haskell was born in Columb ...
. After their marriage, Louise accompanied Daly on his travels, and in the field, as an assistant. She did much of the work in preparing and editing his manuscripts and books, and Daly's 1914 book on 'Igneous Rocks and their Origin' is dedicated to her; his 'inspiring fellow worker'.
Awards
In 1909, Daly was elected a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
. Daly was awarded the
Penrose Medal
The Penrose Medal was created in 1925 by R.A.F. Penrose, Jr., as the top prize awarded by the Geological Society of America. Originally created as the Geological Society of America Medal it was soon renamed the Penrose Medal by popular assent of t ...
in 1935, the
Wollaston Medal
The Wollaston Medal is a scientific award for geology, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London.
The medal is named after William Hyde Wollaston, and was first awarded in 1831. It was originally made of gold (1831–1845), t ...
in 1942 and the
William Bowie Medal
The William Bowie Medal is awarded annually by the American Geophysical Union for "outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research". The award is the highest honor given by the AGU and is named in honor ...
in 1946. In 1950 he became foreign member of the
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( nl, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated: KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed ...
. The potassium zirconium silicate mineral
dalyiteDalyite
/ref> and craters on Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury (planet), Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Mars (mythology), Roman god of war. Mars is a terr ...
and the Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System and the largest and most massive relative to its parent planet, with a diameter about one-quarter that of Earth (comparable to the width of ...
are named in his honor. His Cambridge, Massachusetts, house (the Reginald A. Daly House
The Reginald A. Daly House is a historic house located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a National Historic Landmark, notable for its association with Reginald Aldworth Daly (1871–1957), an eminent geologist, Penrose Medal winner, and Harva ...
) is now a National Historic Landmark
A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Only some 2,500 (~3%) of over 90,000 places listed ...
.
References
Bibliography
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Further reading
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Robert M. Hazen: ''Reginald Aldworth Daly (1871-1957).''
Daly′s Biography, American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's act ...
James H. Natland: ''Reginald Aldworth Daly (1871–1957): Eclectic Theoretician of the Earth.''
GSA Today, vol. 16, no. 2, 2006
Francis Birch: ''Reginald Aldworth Daly, 1871-1957, A Biographical Memoir''
National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Nati ...
, Washington, DC, 36 pp., 1960
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Daly, Reginald Aldworth
1871 births
1957 deaths
Canadian geologists
Penrose Medal winners
Wollaston Medal winners
Harvard University faculty
People from Lennox and Addington County
Harvard University alumni
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Tectonicists
Presidents of the Geological Society of America
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences