The red-rimmed melania (''Melanoides tuberculata''), also known as Malayan livebearing snails or Malayan/Malaysian trumpet snails (often abbreviated to MTS) by

aquarists Fishkeeping is a popular hobby, practiced by aquarists, concerned with keeping fish in a home aquarium or garden pond. There is also a piscicultural fishkeeping industry, serving as a branch of agriculture. Origins of fishkeeping Fish have ...

, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, a

parthenogenetic Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek grc, παρθένος, translit=parthénos, lit=virgin, label=none + grc, γένεσις, translit=génesis, lit=creation, label=none) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and developmen ...

, aquatic gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

in the family

Thiaridae Thiaridae, common name thiarids or trumpet snails, is a family of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Thiaridae Gill, 1871 (1823). Ac ...

. The common name comes from the presence of reddish spots on the otherwise greenish-brown shell. The species name is sometimes spelled ''Melanoides tuberculatus'', but this is incorrect because ''

Melanoides ''Melanoides'' is a genus of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Thiarinae of the family Thiaridae.Bouchet, P. (2014). Melanoides Olivier, 1804. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species ...

'' Olivier, 1804 was clearly intended to be feminine because it was combined with the feminine specific epithet ''fasciolata'' in the original description."Genus: ''Melanoides''"
''Molluscs of central Europe'', accessed 19 April 2011. This species is native to northern Africa and southern Asia, but it has been accidentally introduced in many other tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. It has also been accidentally introduced to heated aquaria in colder parts of the world.

Subspecies

* † ''Melanoides tuberculata dadiana'' (Oppenheim, 1919) * † ''Melanoides tuberculata monolithica'' (Bukowski, 1892) * † ''Melanoides tuberculata tegalensis'' (Oostingh, 1935) * ''Melanoides tuberculata tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774)

Shell description

This species has an elongate, conical shell, which is usually light brown, marked with rust-colored spots. An operculum is present. In some places, such as in

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

, the shells are colored in black or dark brown, probably to help conceal the snail on the background of the

basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon. More than 90 ...

rocks of the Sea of Galilee (Kinnereth).Dr. David Darom and Dr. Moshe Tsurnamal, Handbook of the Seashores of Israel (Guide to the Sea and Shores of Israel, Fauna and Flora), Keter Publishing, 1992 (Hebrew). The average shell length is about Glöer P. (2002). ''Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas''. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., , page 74. or , but exceptional specimens may be up to long. Shells of this species have 10–15

whorls A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral ...

Distribution

Naturalis Biodiversity Center - Melanoides tuberculata

This species is native to northern Africa and southern Asia. ;in Africa: * Algeria, Burundi, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, * South Africa (Eastern Cape Province, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo Province) * Eswatini, Senegal, Sarr A., Kinzelbach R. & Diouf M. (2011, in press). "Diversité spécifique et écologie des mollusques continenatux de la basse vallée du Ferlo (Sénégal). pecific diversity and ecology of continental molluscs from the Lower Ferlo Valley (Senegal). ''MalaCo'' 7: 8 pp
PDF
. Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. ;in Asia: * Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India (including Andaman Islands), Israel of Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam * ThailandUkong S., Krailas D., Dangprasert T. & Channgarm P. (2007). "Studies on the morphology of cercariae obtained from freshwater snails at Erawan waterfall,

Erawan national park Erawan National Park ( th, อุทยานแห่งชาติเอราวัณ) is a 343,735 rai ~ park in western Thailand in the Tenasserim Hills of Kanchanaburi Province, Amphoe Si Sawat in tambon Tha Kradan. Founded on August 14 ...

, Thailand". ''

The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the ...

'' 38(2): 302-312
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Prehistoric localities include Gobero in Niger in 6200–5200 BCE.

Nonindigenous distribution

* CubaVázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". ''

Tropical Conservation Science Mongabay (mongabay.com) is a conservation news web portal that reports on environmental science, energy, and green design, and features extensive information on tropical rainforests, including pictures and deforestation statistics for countries ...

'' 3(2): 190-199
HTMPDF
* United States since the 1930s (see below) * Latin America in the late 1960s * Brazil – since 1967 (

Ilha Grande Ilha Grande ( "Big Island") is an island located off the coast of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The island, which is part of the municipality of Angra dos Reis, remains largely undeveloped. For almost a century it was closed by the Brazilian go ...

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a ...

in southeastern Brazil since 2004) * Netherlands – before 1990 * New Zealand * Venezuela * DominicaPDF
. *

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...

* and others This species can also be found in artificially-heated indoor habitats, such as aquaria in greenhouses, and similar biotopes: * Czech Republic * Germany * Great Britain * Slovakia – thermal brook in the wild. * and others

Nonindigenous distribution in the United States

This species has become established outside of its natural range in large part through the activities of

. These snails were imported to the United States by the aquarium trade as early as the 1930s. Established populations exist from Florida to Texas, and the species may still be expanding its range in the West and Northeast. Some of these

exotic Exotic may refer to: Mathematics and physics * Exotic R4, a differentiable 4-manifold, homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic to the Euclidean space R4 * Exotic sphere, a differentiable ''n''-manifold, homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic to the ordina ...

populations have become very large, with densities of being reported from the

St. Johns River The St. Johns River ( es, Río San Juan) is the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida and its most significant one for commercial and recreational use. At long, it flows north and winds through or borders twelve counties. The drop in eleva ...

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

.Pererea G. & Walls J. G. (1996). ''Apple Snails in the Aquarium'', pp 102-105. . In some cases red-rimmed melanias are believed to have a negative impact on native snail populations. The nonindigenous distribution includes the United States: Arizona; San Francisco Bay, California; Colorado; Florida; Hawai'i; Louisiana; Montana; North Carolina; Nevada; Oregon; Utah; Texas, and Fall River County in South Dakota, (unconfirmed in Virginia, and Wyoming.)

Ecology

This is primarily a

burrowing An Eastern chipmunk at the entrance of its burrow A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of s ...

species that tends to be most active at night.

Habitat

Although normally a freshwater snail, this species is very tolerant of

brackish water Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuari ...

, and has been recorded in waters with a salinity of 32.5 ppt (1,024 specific gravity salinity). It is however a warm-climate species. It appears to prefer a temperature range of or of . Research has been conducted to determine the snail's lethal high water temperature, which is about . This information is helpful in the disinfection of fishing gear and research equipment, which otherwise may inadvertently spread the snails to uninfested waters. This species is resistant to low oxygen levels. The pollution tolerance value is 3 (on scale 0–10; 0 is the best water quality, 10 is the worst water quality).Young S.-S., Yang H.-N., Huang D.-J., Liu S.-M., Huang Y.-H., Chiang C.-T. & Liu, J.-W. (2014). "Using Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish Communities as Bioindicators of the Tanshui River Basin Around the Greater Taipei Area – Multivariate Analysis of Spatial Variation Related to Levels of Water Pollution". ''

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health The ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health'' is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Paul B. Tchounwou. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'' 2020 edition, t ...

'' 11(7): 7116–7143. .

Feeding habits

This snail feeds primarily on algae (microalgae).

Life cycle

Red-rimmed melania females are both

parthenogenic Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek grc, παρθένος, translit=parthénos, lit=virgin, label=none + grc, γένεσις, translit=génesis, lit=creation, label=none) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development ...

and

ovoviparous Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, ovivipary, or aplacental viviparity is a term used as a "bridging" form of reproduction between egg-laying oviparous and live-bearing viviparous reproduction. Ovoviviparous animals possess embryos that develop insi ...

. Females can be recognized by their greenish coloured gonads while males have reddish gonads. Under good conditions, females will produce fertilised eggs that are transferred to a brood pouch where they remain until they hatch (

parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek grc, παρθένος, translit=parthénos, lit=virgin, label=none + grc, γένεσις, translit=génesis, lit=creation, label=none) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and developmen ...

and

viviparity Among animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the parent. This is opposed to oviparity which is a reproductive mode in which females lay developing eggs that complete their development and hatch externally from the ...

). ''Melanoides tuberculata'' has 1–64 embryos in its brood pouch. Snails will begin reproducing at a size as small as or in length and broods may contain over seventy offspring ( iteroparity). The size of the shell of the parent at peak release of juveniles is . The size of juveniles at birth is . ''Melanoides tuberculata'' grows to a similar size as ''

Tarebia granifera ''Tarebia granifera'', common name (in the aquarium industry) the quilted melania, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Thiaridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Tarebia gr ...

'', are similar in size at first birth and juvenile output.Appleton C. C., Forbes A. T.& Demetriades N. T. (2009). "The occurrence, bionomics and potential impacts of the invasive freshwater snail ''Tarebia granifera'' (Lamarck, 1822) (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in South Africa". ''Zoologische Mededelingen'' 83. http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a0
Table 2
It is a r-strategist species.Silva E. C., Molozzi J. & Callisto M. (2010). "Size-mass relationships of ''Melanoides tuberculatus'' (Thiaridae: Gastropoda) in a eutrophic reservoir". ''Zoologia'' 27(5): 691-695.
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Parasites

''Melanoides tuberculata'' is known to carry certain

parasite Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has ...

s which can be dangerous to

humans Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...

. Pinto & de Melo (2011) compiled a checklist of 37 species of

trematode Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is usually a snail. The definitive h ...

parasites from this species of snail.Pinto H. A. & de Melo A. L. (2011). "A checklist of trematodes (Platyhelminthes) transmitted by ''Melanoides tuberculata'' (Mollusca: Thiaridae)". ''

Zootaxa ''Zootaxa'' is a peer-reviewed scientific mega journal for animal taxonomists. It is published by Magnolia Press (Auckland, New Zealand). The journal was established by Zhi-Qiang Zhang in 2001 and new issues are published multiple times a week ...

'' 2799: 15-28
abstract
Eleven of those trematodes are also parasites of human. These snails serve as first intermediate host for parasites which include:Wingard G. L., Murray J. B., Schill W. B. & Phillips E. C. (published online May 2008). "Red-rimmed melania (''Melanoides tuberculatus'')—A snail in Biscayne National Park, Florida—Harmful invader or just a nuisance?". ''

U.S. Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and ...

Fact Sheet'' 2008–3006, 6 p. available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3006/ * ''

Clonorchis sinensis ''Clonorchis sinensis'', the Chinese liver fluke, is a liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding o ...

'' – Chinese liver flukeVogler R. E., Núñez V., Gregoric D. E. G., Beltramino A. A. & Peso J. G. (2012). "''Melanoides tuberculata'': The history of an invader". pp. 65-84. In: Hämäläinen E. M. & Järvinen S. (eds.) ''Snails. Biology, Ecology and Conservations''.

Nova Science Publishers Nova Science Publishers is an academic publisher of books, encyclopedias, handbooks, e-books and journals, based in Hauppauge, New York. It was founded in 1985. A prolific publisher of books, Nova has received criticism from librarians for not ...

, . * ''

Centrocestus formosanus ''Centrocestus formosanus'' is a trematode parasite of Asian origin that has found its way into North American streams and rivers. It not only affects the fountain darter but many species of commercially important fishes. It is also capable of i ...

'' * ''

Paragonimus westermani ''Paragonimus westermani'' (Japanese lung fluke or oriental lung fluke) is the most common species of lung fluke that infects humans, causing paragonimiasis. Human infections are most common in eastern Asia and in South America. Paragonimiasis m ...

'' – Oriental lung fluke * '' Paragonimus kellicotti'' * ''

Angiostrongylus cantonensis ''Angiostrongylus cantonensis'' is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that causes angiostrongyliasis, the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin. The nematode commonly resides in the pulmonary arteries ...

'' * '' Loxogenoides bicolor'' * '' Transversotrema laruei'' * '' Sticiodora tridactyl'' * '' Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus'' * ''

Philophthalmus gralli ''Philophthalmus gralli'', commonly known as the Oriental avian eye fluke, parasitises the conjunctival sac of the eyes of many species of birds, including birds of the orders Galliformes and Anseriformes. In Brazil this parasite was reported i ...

'' * '' Philophthalmus distomatosa'' * '' Haplorchis pumilio'' * '' Haplorchis'' sp. * '' Metagonimus'' * '' Diorchitrema formosanum'' * unknown species in

Schistosomatidae Schistosomatidae is a family of digenetic trematodes with complex parasitic life cycles. Immature developmental stages of schistosomes are found in molluscs and adults occur in vertebrates. The best studied group, the blood flukes of the genus ...

This species is a host for a trematode parasite which has been found to infect an endangered species of fish in Texas, the

fountain darter The fountain darter (''Etheostoma fonticola'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in the h ...

Agricultural pests

Red-rimmed melanias can sometimes be an agricultural pest species, as has been reported on

Chinese cabbage Chinese cabbage (''Brassica rapa'', subspecies ''pekinensis'' and ''chinensis'') can refer to two cultivar groups of leaf vegetables often used in Chinese cuisine: the Pekinensis Group (napa cabbage) and the Chinensis Group (bok choy). These ...

plantations in

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...

Aquaria

Red-rimmed melanias are quite commonly found in freshwater aquaria, but opinion in the hobby is divided between those who see them as a pest species, and those who value their usefulness as algae-eaters and substrate-cleaners.Riehl R. & Baensch H. (1996). ''Aquarium Atlas'' (vol. 1) p. 899, Voyageur Press, .

Synonyms

* ''Malanoides tuberculata'' ic misspelling * ''Melania (Melanoides) tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) · alternate representation * ''Melania (Stenomelania) rustica'' Mousson, 1857 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania (Striatella) tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) · alternate representation * ''Melania (Striatella) tuberculata var. flavida'' G. Nevill, 1885 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania (Striatella) tuberculata var. luteomarginata'' G. Nevill, 1885 junior subjective synonym * † ''Melania (Striatella) woodwardi'' K. Martin, 1905 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania baldwini'' Ancey, 1899 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania beryllina'' Brot, 1860 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania cancellata'' Say, 1829 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania commersoni'' Morelet, 1860 junior subjective synonym * † ''Melania distinguenda'' Brot, 1876 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania dominula'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania exusta'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania flammigera'' Dunker, 1844 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania floricoma'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania flyensis'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania gracilina'' A. Gould, 1859 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania inhambanica'' E. von Martens, 1860 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania javanica'' Brot, 1877 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania judaica'' J. R. Roth, 1855 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania layardi'' Dohrn, 1858 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania lentiginosa var. nymphula'' Westerlund, 1883 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania malayana'' Brot, 1877 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania mauriciae'' Lesson, 1831 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania moesta'' Hinds, 1844junior subjective synonym * ''Melania nicobarica'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania ornata'' von dem Busch, 1842 junior homonym (invalid, not Michaud, 1828) * ''Melania pellicens'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania punctulata'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania pyramis'' Benson, 1836 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania rivularis'' Philippi, 1847 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania rodericensis'' E. A. Smith, 1876 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania rothiana'' Mousson, 1861 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania rubropunctata'' Tristram, 1865 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania scalariformis'' Tenison Woods, 1879junior subjective synonym * ''Melania singularis'' Tapparone Canefri, 1877 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania suturalis'' Philippi, 1847 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania tamsii'' Dunker, 1845 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania terebra'' Lesson, 1831 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania tigrina'' T. Hutton, 1849 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania timorensis'' Reeve, 1859 junior subjective synonym (suspected synonym) * ''Melania trunculata'' Lamarck, 1822 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) superseded combination * ''Melania tuberculata var. angularis'' E. von Martens, 1897 junior subjective synonym (suspected synonym) * ''Melania tuberculata var. malayana'' Issel, 1874 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania tuberculata var. seminuda'' E. von Martens, 1897 junior subjective synonym (suspected synonym) * Melania tuberculata var. victoriae Dautzenberg, 1908 > junior homonym (invalid: preoccupied by ''Melania victoriae'' Dohrn, 1865) * ''Melania turriculus'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania virgula'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania virgulata'' Férussac, 1827 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania waigiensis'' Brot, 1874 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania wilkinsonii'' Tenison Woods, 1879 junior subjective synonym * ''Melania zengana'' Morelet, 1860 junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides (Melanoides) tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) · alternate representation * ''Melanoides fasciolata'' Olivier, 1804 junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides flavidus'' (G. Nevill, 1885) junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides pyramis'' (Benson, 1836) junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides pyramis var. flavida'' (G. Nevill, 1885) junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides pyramis var. leopardina'' Annandale & Prashad, 1919 junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides pyramis var. luteomarginata'' (G. Nevill, 1885) · > junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides pyramis var. puteicola'' Annandale & Prashad, 1919 junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides terebra'' (Lesson, 1831) junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides tigrina'' (T. Hutton, 1850) junior subjective synonym * ''Melanoides tuberculata var. dautzenbergi'' Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927 junior subjective synonym (replacement name for ''Melania tuberculata var. victoriae'' Dautzenberg, 1908) * ''Melanoides tuberculatus'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) incorrect grammatical agreement of specific epithet * ''Nerita tuberculata'' O. F. Müller, 1774 superseded combination * ''Striatella tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) superseded combination (Striatella is a junior synonym of...) * ''Thiara baldwini'' (Ancey, 1899) junior subjective synonym * ''Thiara rodericensis'' (E. A. Smith, 1876) junior subjective synonym * ''Thiara tuberculata'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) superseded combination * ''Turritella tuberculata'' Link, 1807 superseded combination * ''Turritella turricula'' Link, 1807 junior subjective synonym

References

This article incorporates public domain text from references"Species summary for Melanoides tuberculata"

AnimalBase AnimalBase is a project brought to life in 2004 and is maintained by the University of Göttingen, Germany. The goal of the AnimalBase project is to digitize early zoological literature, provide copyright-free open access to zoological works, and pr ...

, last modified 27 March 2011, accessed 19 April 2011.

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red-Rimmed Melania Thiaridae Fishkeeping Gastropods described in 1774 Gastropods of Asia Gastropods of Africa Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller