Rectors and rectorates in politics and administration included:

Roman

''Rector provinciae'' was a Latin generic term for

Roman governor A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many Roman province, provinces constituting the Roman Empire. The generic term in Roman legal language was ''Re ...

, the governor of a

Roman province The Roman provinces (Latin: ''provincia'', pl. ''provinciae'') were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was rule ...

, known after the time of Suetonius, and specifically a legal term (as used in the Codices of the Emperors

Theodosius I Theodosius I ( grc-gre, Θεοδόσιος ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two ...

and

Justinian I Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renova ...

) after Emperor Diocletian's

Tetrarchy The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the ''augusti'', and their juniors colleagues and designated successors, the '' caesares'' ...

(when they came under the administrative authority of the

Vicarius ''Vicarius'' is a Latin word, meaning ''substitute'' or ''deputy''. It is the root of the English word "vicar". History Originally, in ancient Rome, this office was equivalent to the later English " vice-" (as in "deputy"), used as part of th ...

of a diocese and these under a Pretorian prefect), regardless of what their specific titles (of different rank, such as

Consularis ''Consularis'' is a Latin adjective indicating something pertaining to the position or rank of consul. In Ancient Rome it was also used as a noun (plural ''consulares'') to designate those senators who had held the office of consul or attained co ...

, Corrector provinciae,

Praeses ''Praeses'' (Latin ''praesides'') is a Latin word meaning "placed before" or "at the head". In antiquity, notably under the Roman Dominate, it was used to refer to Roman governors; it continues to see some use for various modern positions. ...

and

Proconsul A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military command, or ...

) may have been.

Ragusa

A similar gubernatorial use or as Chief magistrate existed in the

Republic of Ragusa hr, Sloboda se ne prodaje za sve zlato svijeta it, La libertà non si vende nemmeno per tutto l'oro del mondo"Liberty is not sold for all the gold in the world" , population_estimate = 90 000 in the XVI Century , currency = ...

(presently Dubrovnik, Croatia), which was governed by a Rector (also used in the Italian form ''Rettore'' and the Slavonic equivalent Knez): * 1358–1808, during the independence of the Ragusan Republic and two years after it was occupied by Napoleonic France in 1806. * one more Rector, from 18–29 January 1814, was Count Sabo Đurđević (Savino de Giorgi), the last previous incumbent, during the short-lived liberation of the Republic, before the occupation by Austrian troops. The seat of the rector was the

Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik The Rector's Palace ( hr, Knežev dvor; it, Palazzo dei Rettori) is a palace in the city of Dubrovnik that used to serve as the seat of the Rector of the Republic of Ragusa between the 14th century and 1808. It was also the seat of the Minor Co ...

Fiume

''Primo Rettore'', from 8 September 1920 to 29 December 1920, was the title of Gabriele D'Annunzio when he created the

Italian Regency of Carnaro The Italian Regency of Carnaro ( it, Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro), also known in Italian as (), was a self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) led by Gabriele d'Annunzio between 1919 and 1920. ''Impresa di Fiume'' ...

Other

*For the use of the style ''duke and rector of Burgundy'' by the Zähringer dynasty claimants to viceregal powers as Regent in the

Kingdom of Burgundy Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various states located in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. The historical Burgundy correlates with the border area of France, Italy and Switzerland and includes the major modern cities of Geneva and ...

''within'' the Holy Roman Empire, see King of Burgundy#Rectorate of Burgundy *Contemporary charters in Latin used a number of additional styles for the Danish king Cnut (Canute the Great, with Norway as his third realm; 23 April 1016 - 12 November 1035 in Britain) having ''rex Anglorum'' in the core plus various other titles, including ''rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector'' i.e., 'king of the Angli and of all Britain governor and rector' (the last two in the generic sense 'ruler') * In an early 12th-century

oath Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to g ...

to Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, this ruler is referred to as ''rector catalanicus'' (as well as ''catalanicus heroes'' and ''dux catalanensis''). *The

Comtat Venaissin The Comtat Venaissin (; Provençal: , Mistralian norm: , classical norm: ; 'County of Venaissin'), often called the for short, was a part of the Papal States (1274‒1791) in what is now the region of France. The entire region was an enclav ...

in southern France was administered by a rector since it became a papal possession until 1790 (on 24 May its States-General (representative assembly) proclaimed a constitution, but remained loyal to the pope).

References

* Harris, Robin: ''Dubrovnik: A History'', London, 2003. * Powell, J. G. F. (1994) "The ''rector rei publicae'' of Cicero's ''De Republica''". ''Scripta Classica Israelica'' 13: 19—29. {{Reflist

External links

WorldStatesmen: Croatia-Ragusa

Gubernatorial titles Heads of state