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Reciprocity may refer to:


Law and trade

* Reciprocity (Canadian politics), free trade with the United States of America ** Reciprocal trade agreement, entered into in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on items traded between the signatories * Interstate reciprocity, recognition of sibling federated states' laws: ** In the United States specifically: *** Full Faith and Credit Clause, which provides for it ** Occupational licensing, which in some jurisdictions provides for it * Traffic violations reciprocity where non-resident drivers are treated like residents *
Quid pro quo Quid pro quo ('what for what' in Latin) is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favor for a favor". Phrases with similar meanings include: "give and take", ...
, a legal concept of the exchange of good or services, each having value


Social sciences and humanities

* Norm of reciprocity, social norm of in-kind responses to the behavior of others * Reciprocity (cultural anthropology), way of defining people's informal exchange of goods and labour *
Reciprocity (evolution) Reciprocity in evolutionary biology refers to mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behaviour may be favoured by the probability of future mutual interactions. A corollary is how a desire for revenge can harm the collective ...
, mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation * Reciprocity (international relations), principle that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind * Reciprocity (social and political philosophy), concept of reciprocity as in-kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others * Reciprocity (social psychology), in-kind positively or negatively connoted responses of individuals towards the actions of others * Ethic of reciprocity (the Golden Rule), that one should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself *
Serial reciprocity Pay it forward is an expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others instead of to the original benefactor. The concept is old, but the particular phrase may have been coined by Lily Hardy Hammond in her 1 ...
, in which the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party


Physical sciences and engineering

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Reciprocity (engineering) Reciprocity in linear systems is the principle that a response Rab, measured at a location (and direction if applicable) a, when the system has an excitation signal applied at a location (and direction if applicable) b, is exactly equal to Rba whi ...
, used in the analysis of structures and to resolve complex load conditions * Reciprocity (electromagnetism), theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism *
Reciprocity (electrical networks) Reciprocity in electrical networks is a property of a circuit that relates voltages and currents at two points. The reciprocity theorem states that the current at one point in a circuit due to a voltage at a second point is the same as the current ...
, reciprocity theorem as it relates to current and voltage in electrical networks *
Reciprocity (network science) In network science, reciprocity is a measure of the likelihood of vertices in a directed network to be mutually linked. Like the clustering coefficient, scale-free degree distribution, or community structure, reciprocity is a quantitative mea ...
, measures the tendency of vertex pairs to form mutual connections between each other * Reciprocity (optoelectronic), a diode under illumination to the photon emission of the same diode under applied voltage * Reciprocity (photography), the relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure * Reciprocity of twist and wrench, in screw theory *
Reciprocity theorem (disambiguation) Reciprocity theorem may refer to: *Quadratic reciprocity, a theorem about modular arithmetic **Cubic reciprocity **Quartic reciprocity **Artin reciprocity ** Weil reciprocity for algebraic curves * Frobenius reciprocity theorem for group representat ...
, several unrelated results * Reciprocity of
antenna Antenna ( antennas or antennae) may refer to: Science and engineering * Antenna (radio), also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g., TV or radio) waves * Antennae Galaxies, the name of two collid ...
transmitting and receiving characteristics * Helmholtz reciprocity, linear propagation.


Mathematics

*
Reciprocity law In mathematics, a reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f(x) with integer coefficients. Recall that first reciprocity law, quadratic reciprocity, determines when an irr ...
(law of reciprocity) in mathematics, including ** Quadratic reciprocity, a fundamental result in number theory **
Cubic reciprocity Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence ''x''3 ≡ ''p'' (mod ''q'') is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of ...
, theorems that state conditions under which the congruence is solvable **
Quartic reciprocity Quartic or biquadratic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence ''x''4 ≡ ''p'' (mod ''q'') is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form o ...
, a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence is solvable ** Artin reciprocity law, a general theorem in number theory that provided a partial solution to Hilbert's ninth problem **
Reciprocity relation In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (''exact differential''), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential dQ for some differentiable function  ...
or ''exact differential'', a mathematical differential of the form ''dQ'', for some differentiable function ''Q'' *
Weil reciprocity law In mathematics, the Weil reciprocity law is a result of André Weil holding in the function field ''K''(''C'') of an algebraic curve ''C'' over an algebraically closed field ''K''. Given functions ''f'' and ''g'' in ''K''(''C''), i.e. rational fun ...
* Reciprocal polynomials, the coefficients of the remainder polynomial are the bits of the CRC * Reciprocal square root * Reciprocity (projective geometry), a collineation from a projective space onto its dual space, taking points to hyperplanes (and vice versa) and preserving incidence *
Frobenius reciprocity In mathematics, and in particular representation theory, Frobenius reciprocity is a theorem expressing a duality between the process of restricting and inducting. It can be used to leverage knowledge about representations of a subgroup to find ...
, from group representation theory * Reciprocity law for
Dedekind sums In mathematics, Dedekind sums are certain sums of products of a sawtooth function, and are given by a function ''D'' of three integer variables. Dedekind introduced them to express the functional equation of the Dedekind eta function. They have sub ...
* Stanley's reciprocity theorem, states that a certain functional equation is satisfied by the generating function of any rational cone and the generating function of the cone's interior * Hermite reciprocity for invariants of binary forms.


Other

* Reciprocity (''Fringe''), a 2011 episode of the television series ''Fringe'' *
Rural Municipality of Reciprocity No. 32 The Rural Municipality of Reciprocity No. 32 (Canada 2016 Census, 2016 population: ) is a List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan, rural municipality (RM) in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Saskatchewan within ...
, Saskatchewan, Canada


See also

* Reciprocal (disambiguation) * Reciprocation (disambiguation) * Reciprocity Treaty (disambiguation) * Reciprocal altruism between individuals of different species * Meeting of the minds in contract law, sometimes called reciprocity * Tit for tat {{Mathematical disambiguation