Reciprocity may refer to:

Law and trade

Reciprocity (Canadian politics) Reciprocity may refer to: Law and trade * Reciprocity (Canadian politics), free trade with the United States of America ** Reciprocal trade agreement, entered into in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on ...

, free trade with the United States of America ** Reciprocal trade agreement, entered into in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on items traded between the signatories * Interstate reciprocity, recognition of sibling federated states' laws: ** In the United States specifically: ***

Full Faith and Credit Clause Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, the Full Faith and Credit Clause, addresses the duty that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state". Accor ...

, which provides for it *** Concealed carry reciprocity ** Occupational licensing, which in some jurisdictions provides for it * Traffic violations reciprocity where non-resident drivers are treated like residents *

Quid pro quo ''Quid pro quo'' (Latin: "something for something") is a Latin phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favor for a favor". Phrases with similar meanings include: " ...

, a legal concept of the exchange of good or services, each having value

Social sciences and humanities

Norm of reciprocity The norm of reciprocity requires that people repay in kind what others have done for them. It can be understood as the expectation that people will respond to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and with either indifference or hostility ...

, social norm of in-kind responses to the behavior of others *

Reciprocity (cultural anthropology) In cultural anthropology, reciprocity refers to the non-market exchange of goods or labour ranging from direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually expected (delayed exchange) as in the exchange of b ...

, way of defining people's informal exchange of goods and labour *

Reciprocity (evolution) Reciprocity in evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes such as natural selection, common descent, and speciation that produced the diversity of life on Earth. In the 1930 ...

, mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation *

Reciprocity (international relations) In international relations and treaties, the principle of reciprocity states that favors, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind. For example, reciprocity ha ...

, principle that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind *

Reciprocity (social and political philosophy) The social norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways—responding to gifts and kindnesses from others with similar benevolence of their own, and responding to harmful, hurtful acts from others w ...

, concept of reciprocity as in-kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others *

Reciprocity (social psychology) In social psychology, reciprocity is a social norm of responding to an action executed by another person with a similar or equivalent action. This typically results in rewarding positive actions and punishing negative ones. As a social construct, ...

, in-kind positively or negatively connoted responses of individuals towards the actions of others * Ethic of reciprocity (the

Golden Rule The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as one would want to be treated by them. It is sometimes called an ethics of reciprocity, meaning that one should reciprocate to others how one would like them to treat the person (not neces ...

), that one should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself * Serial reciprocity, in which the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party

Physical sciences and engineering

* Reciprocity (engineering), used in the analysis of structures and to resolve complex load conditions *

Reciprocity (electromagnetism) In classical electromagnetism, reciprocity refers to a variety of related theorems involving the interchange of time-harmonic electric current densities (sources) and the resulting electromagnetic fields in Maxwell's equations for time-invarian ...

, theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism *

Reciprocity (electrical networks) Reciprocity in electrical networks is a property of a circuit that relates voltages and currents at two points. The reciprocity theorem states that the current at one point in a circuit due to a voltage at a second point is the same as the current ...

, reciprocity theorem as it relates to current and voltage in electrical networks * Reciprocity (network science), measures the tendency of vertex pairs to form mutual connections between each other *

Reciprocity (optoelectronic) Optoelectronic reciprocity relations relate properties of a diode under illumination to the photon emission of the same diode under applied voltage. The relations are useful for interpretation of luminescence based measurements of solar cells and m ...

, a diode under illumination to the photon emission of the same diode under applied voltage *

Reciprocity (photography) In photography, reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material. Within a normal exposure range for film stock, for example, the reciprocity law states ...

, the relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure * Reciprocity of twist and wrench, in screw theory *

Reciprocity theorem (disambiguation) Reciprocity theorem may refer to: *Quadratic reciprocity, a theorem about modular arithmetic **Cubic reciprocity **Quartic reciprocity **Artin reciprocity ** Weil reciprocity for algebraic curves * Frobenius reciprocity theorem for group representat ...

, several unrelated results * Reciprocity of antenna transmitting and receiving characteristics *

Helmholtz reciprocity The Helmholtz reciprocity principle describes how a ray of light and its reverse ray encounter matched optical adventures, such as reflections, refractions, and absorptions in a passive medium, or at an interface. It does not apply to moving, no ...

, linear propagation.

Mathematics

Reciprocity law In mathematics, a reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f(x) with integer coefficients. Recall that first reciprocity law, quadratic reciprocity, determines when an ir ...

(law of reciprocity) in mathematics, including **

Quadratic reciprocity In number theory, the law of quadratic reciprocity is a theorem about modular arithmetic that gives conditions for the solvability of quadratic equations modulo prime numbers. Due to its subtlety, it has many formulations, but the most standard st ...

, a fundamental result in number theory **

Cubic reciprocity Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence ''x''3 ≡ ''p'' (mod ''q'') is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of ...

, theorems that state conditions under which the congruence is solvable **

Quartic reciprocity Quartic or biquadratic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence ''x''4 ≡ ''p'' (mod ''q'') is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form ...

, a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence is solvable **

Artin reciprocity law The Artin reciprocity law, which was established by Emil Artin in a series of papers (1924; 1927; 1930), is a general theorem in number theory that forms a central part of global class field theory In mathematics, class field theory (CFT) is the f ...

, a general theorem in number theory that provided a partial solution to Hilbert's ninth problem **

Reciprocity relation In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (''exact differential''), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential dQ for some differentiable function&nb ...

or ''exact differential'', a mathematical differential of the form ''dQ'', for some differentiable function ''Q'' * Weil reciprocity law * Reciprocal polynomials, the coefficients of the remainder polynomial are the bits of the CRC * Reciprocal square root * Reciprocity (projective geometry), a collineation from a projective space onto its dual space, taking points to hyperplanes (and vice versa) and preserving incidence * Frobenius reciprocity, from group representation theory * Reciprocity law for Dedekind sums * Stanley's reciprocity theorem, states that a certain functional equation is satisfied by the generating function of any rational cone and the generating function of the cone's interior * Hermite reciprocity for invariants of binary forms.

Other

* Reciprocity (''Fringe''), a 2011 episode of the television series ''Fringe'' * Rural Municipality of Reciprocity No. 32, Saskatchewan, Canada * "Reciprocity", a song by Loudon Wainwright III from his 1976 album '' T Shirt''

Law and trade

Social sciences and humanities

Physical sciences and engineering

Mathematics

Other

See also