Reactive Scientific Research Institute (commonly known by the joint initialism RNII; russian: Реактивный научно-исследовательский институт, Reaktivnyy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy institut) was one of the first Soviet research and development institutions to focus on
rocket technology
Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It has two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. Avionics engineering is sim ...
. RNII developed the
Katyusha rocket launcher
The Katyusha ( rus, Катю́ша, p=kɐˈtʲuʂə, a=Ru-Катюша.ogg) is a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union in World War II. Multiple rocket launchers such as these deliver explosives to a target area ...
and its research and development were very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket and space programs.
History
The 'Reactive Scientific Research Institute' (RNII) was officially established on 21 September 1933 by combining the
Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
The Moscow-based Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (also 'Group for the Investigation of Reactive Engines and Reactive Flight' and 'Jet Propulsion Study Group') (russian: Группа изучения реактивного движения, ...
(GIRD) with the
Gas Dynamics Laboratory
Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) (russian: Газодинамическая лаборатория) was the first Soviet research and development laboratory to focus on rocket technology. Its activities were initially devoted to the development ...
(GDL). Personnel based in Leningrad were relocated to Moscow.
Background
Before 1931 there were two Soviet organizations devoted to researching rocket technology, the
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
-based GDL, and the mainly
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
-based GIRD. The benefits of combining the two groups were recognized, particularly by Marshal
Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky ( rus, Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский, Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevskiy, p=tʊxɐˈtɕefskʲɪj; – 12 June 1937) nicknamed the Red Napoleon by foreign newspapers, was a Sovie ...
, the deputy
People’s Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs (Narkomvoyenmor) and Deputy Chairman of the
Revolutionary Military Council (Revvoyensovet). Tukhachevskiy, as a leading Soviet military leader, understood the benefits of rocket technology to military affairs and the requirement that it be supported by research, development, and engineering support.
Timeline
* 21 September 1933 – creation of RNII from the merger of GDL and GIRD.
* 31 October 1933 – RNII transferred to the responsibility of the
People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry The People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry (Narkomtiazhprom; russian: Народный комиссариат тяжёлой промышленности СССР) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union in 1930s.
Brief overview
The People's ...
* January 1937 – RNII was renamed 'Scientific-Research Institute 3' (NII-3) and transferred to the responsibility of the
People’s Commissariat of the Defense Industry.
* 1939 – NII-3 was transferred to the responsibility of the People’s Commissariat of Ammunitions.
* 15 July 1942 – NII-3 was renamed 'State Institute of Reactive Technology' (GIRT) directly reporting to the
USSR Council of People’s Commissars.
* February 1944 – GIRT was transferred to the responsibility of the
People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry and renamed 'Scientific-Research Institute 1' (NII-1).
Organization
![RNII pamyatnaya doska](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/RNII_pamyatnaya_doska.jpg)
The first Director of RNII was
Ivan Kleymyonov
Ivan Terentyevich Kleymyonov (last name also spelled Kleymenov; russian: Иван Терентьевич Клеймёнов; Staraya Surava, Tambov Governorate; April 11, 1899 – January 10, 1938) was a Soviet Union, Soviet scientist and one of th ...
, (1931–1937) the former head of GDL.
Sergey Korolev
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (russian: Сергей Павлович Королёв, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov, sʲɪrˈɡʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ kərɐˈlʲɵf, Ru-Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.ogg; ukr, Сергій Павлович Корольов, ...
, the previous head of GIRD, was appointed as his deputy. However in 1934, following a disagreement over the direction of RNII, Korolev was demoted to section chief of winged missiles and was replaced by
Georgy Langemak
Georgy Erikhovich Langemak (russian: Георгий Эрихович Лангемак; – 11 January 1938) was a Soviet engineer in the Soviet space program, working on rocket design applications. He is chiefly remembered for being the c ...
. Langemak was also the chairman of the initial technical advisory board, which provided the sanctioned scientific direction of RNII. The initial advisory board was composed of Glushko, Korolev, Pobedonostsev, Tikhonravov, and Dudakov. Other leaders of RNII consisted of Director (30.10.1937 – 1941) and Director (1942–1944).
In the initial period, RNII had four departments:
* The first department was engaged in the development of solid fuel engines and rockets (Y. A. Pobedonostsev, K. K. Glukharev, L. E. Schwartz);
* The Second Division developed liquid fuel engines (
M. K. Tikhonravov, A. I. Stenyaev, A. G. Kostikov); Brigades of liquid-propellant engines –
V. P. Glushko and
L. S. Dushkin;
* The Third Division dealt with cruise missiles (P.P. Zuykov): cruise missiles — , jet launch — V. I. Dudakov;
* The fourth department investigated the properties of solid fuels (I. S. Alexandrov).
Total personnel at RNII ranged from 403 in 1935 to a peak of 836 in 1941.
Research and development
During RNII's existence the following were created:
* 1933 – various liquid propellent rocket engines;
* 1938 – military tests of the fundamentally new weapons begun in 1929 (at GDL) – RS-82 and RS-132 rockets were completed;
* 1939 — flight tests of the cruise missile 212 with engine
ORM-65;
* 1940 — pilot V. P. Fedorov flew the Rocket aircraft RP-318;
* 1941 – On June 21, orders were signed by
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
to begin production of the Katyusha missile launcher, which was 24 hours before
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
invaded
An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing con ...
;
* 1942 — test pilot G. Ya. Bakhchivanji makes a flight on the first aircraft in the USSR equipped with
ZHRD. The engine was designed by RNII;
* 1943–1944 – a number of experimental ballistic and cruise missiles and engines were developed;
* 1942–1944 – an attempt to create a interceptor missile aircraft 302, however it was never successfully flown and the project was cancelled in 1944.
RS-82 and RS-132 rockets
Design work on RS-82 and RS-132 rockets (RS for , 'rocket-projectile') began in the late 1920s at GDL.
In 1932 in-air test firings of RS-82 rocket from an
Tupolev I-4
The Tupolev I-4 was a Soviet sesquiplane single-seat fighter. It was conceived in 1927 by Pavel Sukhoi as his first aircraft design for the Tupolev design bureau, and was the first Soviet all-metal fighter.
Design and development
After the first ...
aircraft armed with six launchers successfully took place. After September 1933 development was continued by RNII, including designing several variations for ground-to-air, ground-to-ground, air-to-ground and air-to-air combat. The RS-82 rockets were carried by
Polikarpov I-15
The Polikarpov I-15 (russian: И-15) was a Soviet biplane fighter aircraft of the 1930s. Nicknamed ''Chaika'' (''russian: Чайка'', "Seagull") because of its gulled upper wings,Gunston 1995, p. 299.Green and Swanborough 1979, p. 10. it was o ...
,
I-16 and
I-153
The Polikarpov I-153 ''Chaika'' (Russian ''Чайка'', "Seagull") was a late 1930s Soviet biplane fighter. Developed as an advanced version of the I-15 with a retractable undercarriage, the I-153 fought in the Soviet-Japanese combats in Mong ...
fighter planes, the
Polikarpov R-5
The Polikarpov R-5 (russian: Р-5) was a Soviet reconnaissance bomber aircraft of the 1930s. It was the standard light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft of the Soviet Air Force for much of the 1930s, while also being used heavily as a civilian l ...
reconnaissance plane and the
Ilyushin Il-2
The Ilyushin Il-2 (Russian: Илью́шин Ил-2) is a ground-attack plane that was produced by the Soviet Union in large numbers during the Second World War. The word ''shturmovík'' (Cyrillic: штурмовик), the generic Russian term ...
close air support plane, while the heavier RS-132 rockets could be carried by bombers.
Many small ships of the
Soviet Navy were also fitted with the RS-82 rocket, including the
MO-class small guard ship
The MO (russian: Малый Охотник, ''Malyj Okhotnik''; en, Small Hunter, nickname ''Moshka'' (''Midge'') is a class of small ships produced before and during World War II for the Soviet Navy. Their primary function originally was anti-s ...
.
The earliest known use by the
Soviet Air Force
The Soviet Air Forces ( rus, Военно-воздушные силы, r=Voyenno-vozdushnyye sily, VVS; literally "Military Air Forces") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces ...
of aircraft-launched unguided
anti-aircraft rockets in combat against heavier-than-air aircraft took place in
August 1939, during the
Battle of Khalkhin Gol
The Battles of Khalkhin Gol (russian: Бои на Халхин-Голе; mn, Халхын голын байлдаан) were the decisive engagements of the undeclared Soviet–Japanese border conflicts involving the Soviet Union, Mongolia, ...
.
A group of
Polikarpov I-16
The Polikarpov I-16 (russian: Поликарпов И-16) is a Soviet single-engine single-seat fighter aircraft of revolutionary design; it was the world's first low-wing cantilever monoplane fighter with retractable landing gear to attain ...
fighters under command of Captain N. Zvonarev were using RS-82 rockets against Japanese aircraft, shooting down 16 fighters and 3 bombers in total. Six
Tupolev SB
The Tupolev ANT-40, also known by its service name Tupolev SB (russian: Скоростной бомбардировщик – ''Skorostnoi Bombardirovschik'' – high speed bomber) and development co-name TsAGI-40, was a high speed twin-engined ...
bombers also used RS-132 for ground attack during the
Winter War
The Winter War,, sv, Vinterkriget, rus, Зи́мняя война́, r=Zimnyaya voyna. The names Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940 (russian: link=no, Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940) and Soviet–Finland War 1 ...
.
Katyusha rockets
![BM-31-12 on ZIS-12 chassis at the Museum on Sapun Mountain Sevastopol 4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg)
In June 1938, RNII began developing a multiple rocket launcher based on the RS-132 rocket. Gvay led a team of designers and engineers to build multiple
prototype
A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process. It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics, design, electronics, and Software prototyping, software programming. A prototyp ...
launchers firing the modified 132 mm M-132 rockets over the sides of
ZIS-5
The 76 mm tank gun M1940 F-34 (''76-мм танковая пушка обр. 1940 г. Ф-34'') was a 76.2 mm Soviet tank gun used on the T-34/76 tank. A modified version of the gun, the 76 mm tank gun M1941 ZiS-5 (''76-мм т ...
trucks. The trucks proved to be unstable, as a solution to this V.N. Galkovskiy proposed mounting the launch rails across the top of the vehicles . In August 1939, the completed rocket was the BM-13 (BM stands for ''боевая машина'' (translit. ''boyevaya mashina''), 'combat vehicle' for M-13 rockets).
Towards the end of 1938 the first significant large scale testing of the rocket launchers took place, 233 rockets of various types were used. A salvo of rockets could completely straddle a target at a range of . Various rocket tests were conducted through 1940, and the BM-13-16 with launch rails for sixteen rockets was authorized for production. Only forty launchers were built before
Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.
By the end of the war 12 million rockets of the RS type were produced for the Soviet armed forces.
Liquid propellant rocket engines
Development of
Liquid propellant rocket
A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket utilizes a rocket engine that uses liquid propellants. Liquids are desirable because they have a reasonably high density and high specific impulse (''I''sp). This allows the volume of the propellant ta ...
engines had previously commenced at both GDL and GIRD. At GDL
Valentin Glushko
Valentin Petrovich Glushko (russian: Валенти́н Петро́вич Глушко́; uk, Валентин Петрович Глушко, Valentyn Petrovych Hlushko; born 2 September 1908 – 10 January 1989) was a Soviet engineer and the m ...
had designed and built a series of ORM (from "Experimental Rocket Motor" in Russian) engines to . This research was continued at RNII with engines ОРМ-53 to ОРМ-102 developed, with powering the RP-318 rocket-powered aircraft.
In 1938
Leonid Dushkin
Leonid Stepanovich Dushkin (Леонид Степанович Душкин) (August 15, 1910 in the Spirove settlement of the Tver region – April 4, 1990), was a major pioneer of Soviet rocket engine technology.
He graduated from Moscow ...
replaced Glushko and continued development of the ORM engines, including the engine for the rocket powered interceptor, the
Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
The Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 was a Soviet short-range rocket powered interceptor developed during the Second World War.
Early design
Soviet research and development of rocket-powered aircraft began with Sergey Korolev's GIRD-6 project in 1932. H ...
. At GIRD
Mikhail Tikhonravov
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (July 29, 1900 – March 3, 1974) was a Soviet engineer who was a pioneer of spacecraft design and rocketry.
Mikhail Tikhonravov was born in Vladimir, Russia. He attended the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy from 1922 ...
had built the GIRD-09 rocket, fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline, which launched on August 17, 1933. At RNII Tikhonravov worked on developing oxygen/alcohol liquid-propellant rocket engines. Ultimately liquid propellant rocket engines were given a low priority during the late 1930s at RNII, however the research was productive and very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket program.
RP-318 rocket-powered aircraft
The RP-318 was
USSR
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
's first
rocket-powered aircraft
A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket engine for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly sized jet aircraft, but typicall ...
(Rocketry Planer or
Raketoplan
A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket engine for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly sized jet aircraft, but typicall ...
) which "RP" stands for in Russian language. Built in 1936 by
Sergei Korolev
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (russian: Сергей Павлович Королёв, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov, sʲɪrˈɡʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ kərɐˈlʲɵf, Ru-Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.ogg; ukr, Сергій Павлович Корольов, ...
as an adaptation of his SK-9 glider, the RP-318 was originally designed as a flying laboratory to test rocket engines and
ORM-65 designed by
Valentin Glushko
Valentin Petrovich Glushko (russian: Валенти́н Петро́вич Глушко́; uk, Валентин Петрович Глушко, Valentyn Petrovych Hlushko; born 2 September 1908 – 10 January 1989) was a Soviet engineer and the m ...
was the one selected to be used. In 1938, when both Korolev and Glushko were arrested in suspicion of Anti-Soviet activity, development of the RP-318-1 was continued by Alexei Scherbakov (
Щербаков, Алексей Яковлевич) and Arvid Pallo (
Палло, Арвид Владимирович), culminating in the first powered flight on Feb. 28, 1940. Test pilot V. P. Fedorov (
Владимир Павлович Фёдоров) was towed to 2,600 m and cast off at 80 km/h before firing the rocket engine and accelerating the aircraft to 140 km/h and an altitude of 2,900 m. In all, the RP-318 flew nine times before
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
ended its development.
Great Purge
During the 1930s Soviet rocket technology was comparable to
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
's, however
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
's
Great Purge
The Great Purge or the Great Terror (russian: Большой террор), also known as the Year of '37 (russian: 37-й год, translit=Tridtsat sedmoi god, label=none) and the Yezhovshchina ('period of Nikolay Yezhov, Yezhov'), was General ...
severely damaged its progress. RNII was particularly affected with Director Kleymyonov and Chief Engineer Langemak arrested in November 1937, and later executed. Glushko was arrested in March 1938 and with many other leading engineers was imprisoned in the
Gulag
The Gulag, an acronym for , , "chief administration of the camps". The original name given to the system of camps controlled by the GPU was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps (, )., name=, group= was the government agency in ...
. Korolev was arrested in June 1938 and sent to a
forced labour camp in Kolyma in June 1939. However, due to the intervention by
Andrei Tupolev
Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev (russian: Андрей Николаевич Туполев; – 23 December 1972) was a Russian Empire, Russian and later Soviet Union, Soviet aeronautical engineer known for his pioneering aircraft designs as Di ...
, he was relocated to a
prison for scientist and engineers in September 1940. From 1937 to 1944 no serious work was carried out on long range rockets as weapons, or for space exploration.
Successors
In February 1944, the institute merged with Design Bureau OKB-293, lead by Soviet engineer
Viktor Bolkhovitinov
Viktor Fyodorovich Bolkhovitinov (Виктор Фёдорович Болховитинов) (4 February 1899 – 29 January 1970) was a Soviet engineer and team-leader of the developers of the Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 aircraft. He was also the le ...
, which had developed the short-range rocket powered interceptor called
Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
The Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 was a Soviet short-range rocket powered interceptor developed during the Second World War.
Early design
Soviet research and development of rocket-powered aircraft began with Sergey Korolev's GIRD-6 project in 1932. H ...
. The new organisation was named 'Scientific-Research Institute 1' (NII-1), and became the responsibility of the
People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry.
In 1965, NII-1 was re-named the 'Scientific-Research Institute for Thermal Processes' (NII TP) and became part of the newly created
Ministry of General Machine Building
The Ministry of General Machine-Building Industry of the USSR (MOM) ( Russian: ''Министерство общего машиностроения СССР'') was a government ministry of the Soviet Union.
The Ministry headquarters was located i ...
, which was responsible for all issues related to strategic ballistic missiles and
space technology
Space technology is technology for use in outer space, in travel (''astronautics'') or other activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observation. Space technology includes space vehicles ...
in the
USSR
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
.
In 1992, NII TP became part of
Rosaviakosmos
The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos" (russian: Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), commonly known simply as Roscosmos (russian: Роскосмос) ...
and in 1993 was renamed the
Keldysh Research Center.
Legacy
A number of writers have noted the importance of RNII to the future
Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (russian: Космическая программа СССР, Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) was the national space program of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissoluti ...
, including Siddiqi:
and Chertok:
Awards and rewards
*
Order of the Red Star
The Order of the Red Star (russian: Орден Красной Звезды, Orden Krasnoy Zvezdy) was a military decoration of the Soviet Union. It was established by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 6 April 193 ...
(1942) – for the development of new types of weapons. The developers were awarded the
Stalin prize Stalin Prize may refer to:
* The State Stalin Prize in science and engineering and in arts, awarded 1941 to 1954, later known as the USSR State Prize
The USSR State Prize (russian: links=no, Государственная премия СССР, ...
and the head of development A. G. Kostikov was made a
Hero of Socialist Labor
The Hero of Socialist Labour (russian: links=no, Герой Социалистического Труда, Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It repre ...
.
* Other participants in the creation of the famous rocket weapon of the Second World War, the
Katyusha rocket launcher
The Katyusha ( rus, Катю́ша, p=kɐˈtʲuʂə, a=Ru-Катюша.ogg) is a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union in World War II. Multiple rocket launchers such as these deliver explosives to a target area ...
, received official recognition only in 1991. By decree of the President of the USSR
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who served as the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country's dissolution in 1991. He served a ...
dated 21 June 1991,
I. T. Kleymenov,
G. E. Langemak, , , and
N. I. Tikhomirov were posthumously awarded title of
Heroes of Socialist Labor.
* In 1966 the following employees of RNII were assigned crater names on the far side of the moon for their contribution to rocketry;
Sergei Korolev
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (russian: Сергей Павлович Королёв, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov, sʲɪrˈɡʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ kərɐˈlʲɵf, Ru-Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.ogg; ukr, Сергій Павлович Корольов, ...
, Aleksandr Fedorov,
Georgy Langemak
Georgy Erikhovich Langemak (russian: Георгий Эрихович Лангемак; – 11 January 1938) was a Soviet engineer in the Soviet space program, working on rocket design applications. He is chiefly remembered for being the c ...
,
Vladimir Artemyev.
[Brief chronology of rocket engine building in the USSR](_blank)
/ref>
* In 1962 the names GDL, GIRD
The Moscow-based Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (also 'Group for the Investigation of Reactive Engines and Reactive Flight' and 'Jet Propulsion Study Group') (russian: Группа изучения реактивного движения, ...
and RNII were assigned to crater chains on the far side of the Moon.
See also
* Gas Dynamics Laboratory
Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) (russian: Газодинамическая лаборатория) was the first Soviet research and development laboratory to focus on rocket technology. Its activities were initially devoted to the development ...
* Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
The Moscow-based Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (also 'Group for the Investigation of Reactive Engines and Reactive Flight' and 'Jet Propulsion Study Group') (russian: Группа изучения реактивного движения, ...
* Keldysh Research Center
Explanatory notes
References
Sources cited
*
*
* {{cite book , last1=Chertok , first1=Boris , title=Rockets and People Volumes 1–4 , date=2005 , publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration , url=https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/rockets_people_vol1_detail.html , access-date=20 June 2022
Further reading
RNII (REACTIVE INSTITUTE), 1933–1938 . Chapters from the book "Father" by Natalia Koroleva
Early rocketry
Rocket propulsion
Research institutes in the Soviet Union