Ciid or
'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern
Bookh Boh (Somali: ''Bookh''), popularly known as '' 'Iid'', is one of the woredas in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Werder Zone, Boh is located in the easternmost part of the country, at the point of the angle jutting into Somalia; on its ot ...
district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the former three colonial powers
Abyssinia
The Ethiopian Empire (), also formerly known by the exonym Abyssinia, or just simply known as Ethiopia (; Amharic and Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Afar: ''Itiyoophiyaa''), was an empire that historica ...
,
Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
and
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
, thus situating
Mudug
Mudug ( so, Mudug; it, Mudugh) is an administrative region ('' gobol'') in north-central Somalia. The population of Mudug is 131,455 as of 2005.
Overview
Physiographically, Mudug is bordered to the west by Ethiopia,Országismertető - Szomália ...
immediately southeast of Ciid, the
Nugaal Valley
The Nugaal Valley ( so, Dooxada Nugaal, ar, وادي نوجال), also called the Nogal Valley, is a long and broad valley located in northern Somalia and Somaliland. The Nugaal Valley is bounded to the north by the '' Sorl'', or '' Nugal Platea ...
immediately north of Ciid, and
Haud
The Haud (also Hawd) (, ), formerly known as the Hawd Reserve Area is a plateau situated in the Horn of Africa consisting of thorn-bush and grasslands. The region includes the southern part of Somaliland as well as the northern and eastern parts ...
to the west of Ciid. One historian referred to it as the syrup-colored land and it is today embodied by Ciid towns such as Xamxam,
Magacley Magacley is a town in the Bookh region of the Somali region in Ethiopia. However sometimes, federal regions such as Puntland may classify it as under Burtinle district.
Passage
There is an adjoining passage to Magacley which links localities to the ...
,
Qoriley
Qoriley is a town in the Sool region of Somaliland.
History
In 1997, the Baharsame clan in Qoriley and the Omar Mahmud clan in Magaley were at odds over the construction of a concrete reservoir on suitable grazing land between the two towns, ...
,
Biriqodey,
Beerdhiga Magacley is a town in the Bookh region of the Somali region in Ethiopia. However sometimes, federal regions such as Puntland may classify it as under Burtinle district.
Passage
There is an adjoining passage to Magacley which links localities to the ...
and
Gumburka Cagaare.
Ciid constitutes the northernmost parts of the disputed Somali-Ethiopian territory outlined in the 16 May 1908 Italo-Ethiopian border agreement also called the 1908 Convention. A 2001 Journal from
Indiana University
Indiana University (IU) is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana.
Campuses
Indiana University has two core campuses, five regional campuses, and two regional centers under the administration of IUPUI.
*Indiana Universit ...
describes Ciid as partially overlapping with
Boocame District
Boocame District is a district in the eastern Sool region of Somaliland. Its capital lies at Boocame
Bo'ame () is an ancient town in the eastern Sool region. Somaliland has effective control there since 2022, but Puntland also has a territorial ...
by referring to Ciid as ''north of the Mudug region and the west of the Garowe region''.
Anthropology
Someone who comes from Ciid is sometimes called ''reer Ciideed''. The long conventional name of Ciid is ''Arlo Ciideed'' or ''Carro Ciideed''. The
United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system. It was established by Maurice Strong, its first director, after the United Nations Conference on th ...
refers to the landform as ''Dhulka Ciid'', and anglicizes it as ''
'Iid''. Physiographically, ''
'Iid'' or ''
'iid'' is bounded to the west by Haud, to the southwest by Himan, to the south by Danla, to the north by Nugaal, to the east by Rohr, and to the southeast by Mudug. On Occasion, British colonial administrators used the term ''Awan'' to describe parts of the ''
'iid'' region.
According to Said S Samatar, Ciid or 'Iid, was during the onset of colonialism primarily inhabited by the
Bah Ali Gheri
The Farah Garad or the Garad Farah ( so, Faarax Garaad, ar, محمد جراد, Full Name:'' ’Farah Shirshore Habarwa Abdullah Muse Said Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti'' ) is a Somali clan which is part of the Dhulbahant ...
clan. Ciid was one of the land-staking claims during poetic comminations of the chain of Guba poems. According to a Qamaan Bulxaan poem, you can immediately access Dannood from 'iid (Ciid) thereby making 'iid (Ciid) and Dannood neighbours.
Other archaic terms
Huwan
Huwan is the pre-colonial era name of the people and the land-mass of the
Somali Region
The Somali Region ( so, Deegaanka Soomaalida, am, ሱማሌ ክልል, Sumalē Kilil, ar, المنطقة الصومالية), also known as Soomaali Galbeed (''Western Somalia'') and officially the Somali Regional State, is a regional state ...
which is immediately to the southwest of 'iid. Colonial administrator Douglas Jardine described Huwan as a no-man's land:
“This region has always been accursed, a no-man's land populated by fanatical Ogaden tribes, and a refuge for outlaws and malcontents from the surrounding territories.
At the onset of the colonial era, the term Huwan came to denote a local and colloquial name for the Somalis and the region under the direct or nominal rule of
Menelik II
, spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"''
, alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.)
Menelik II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ; horse name Abba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው ''abba daññäw''); 17 A ...
. On the other hand, the local and colloquial name for the land and people north of Huwan who were ruled by the British was ''
Rayid
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
'', those to the east of Huwan who were under Italian rule were natively referred to as ''
Dhabayaco
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
'', whilst in their midst, the people of the Ciid and Nugaal Valley regions were called ''Darawiish''. In Darawiish poetry, the Huwan,
Rayid
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
and
Dhabayaco
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
are collectively referred to as by the epithet ''aqdaamo ferenji''.
The Huwan region was briefly ruled by the Sayid, head of the Darawiish, from the start of 1900 until the Gurdumi incident in the summer of 1900. The Sayids prestige was very high in the aftermath of the military victory over the Abyssinians at Jigjiga in March 1900. However, some Ogaden tribesmen felt the Sayid was growing too much in power and as such plotted to assassinate him in an incident called Gurdumi. Although the Sayid managed to evade the assassination attempt, his closest confident, Aw Abbas died at the spears of the conspirators. In revenge, the Sayid killed all delegates of a peace delegation and party whom was sent to pay blood money for Aw Abbas. The Ogaden subsequently paired with Menelik II to drive the Sayid and the Darawiish away from the Huwan and back into Ciid and Nugaal regions. This incident is collectively referred to as Gurdumi. The people of Huwan would subsequently come to be under the rule of Menelik II either nominally or directly via taxation or other obligations, via an Abyssinian representative based at Harar.
[Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 , PAGE 176]
The governor of the Huwan at the turn of the 20th century was Xuseen Dalal Iljeex, an ally of emperor Menelik II and opponent of the Sayid.
According to Ahmed Farah Ali Idaajaa, the main centers of the Somali Region of Ethiopia then known as Huwan, had always been enemies of the Darawiish:
Dhabayaco
Immediately to the east of 'Iid, Dhabayaco was a native
endonym
An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, ...
and
ethnotoponym to describe the Somali inhabitants of
Italian Somaliland
Italian Somalia ( it, Somalia Italiana; ar, الصومال الإيطالي, Al-Sumal Al-Italiy; so, Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaalida), was a protectorate and later colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day Somalia. Ruled in the 19th centur ...
to the north of the capital
Mogadishu
Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...
, . Whilst the Somalis north of the capital Mogadishu were called Dhabayaco, those immediate surroundings of the capital were intermittently called ''Filonardi Company'' or ''Benadiri''. Those Somalis to the west of the Dhabayaco in the
Somali Region
The Somali Region ( so, Deegaanka Soomaalida, am, ሱማሌ ክልል, Sumalē Kilil, ar, المنطقة الصومالية), also known as Soomaali Galbeed (''Western Somalia'') and officially the Somali Regional State, is a regional state ...
under Abyssinian rule were referred to as
Huwan
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
, the places along and beyond the Jubaland border was natively called ''Waamo'', those in the uncolonized region in Ciid and Nugaal Valley were called Darawiish whilst those in the northwest of the peninsula under British rule were referred to as ''
Rayid
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
''.
Rayid is a native endonym to describe northern Somalis who signed colonial treaties with European colonial powers. In its narrower and most common sense, the term ''Rayid'' refers to those who signed colonial treaties with the British and were subject to British administrators stationed in Berbera. In its broader but more obscure and rare sense, the term ''rayid'' has also been used to describe any Somali who signed a colonial treaty with any European colonial power.
[Somaaliya: horey iyo hadda -Maxamed Cismaan Cumar · 2006 , PAGE 72] The Rayid Somalis were bordered by the ''
Huwan
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
'' (Somalis under Abyssinian rule) in the south, by the Darawiish in the east, and briefly during the Illig treaty, the Rayid Somalis also momentarily bordered the ''
Dhabayaco
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
'', a native endonym for Somalis who were under Italian rule.
One of the main differences between a rayid, one who acceded to colonial treaties, and a darawiish, one who shunned colonial treaties, is that the former adhered to the Qadiriya Sufi tariqa, whilst the latter adopted the Salihiya tariqah.
Since the British also used to administer British Jubaland, Jubaland's era as a province of British East Africa could also be regarded as ''Rayid''.
[Hill, Martin JD. Daawo La'aanta: Beelaha Iaga tirada Badan yahay Soomaaliya ee La Illaawey. Minority Rights Group International, 2010.]
Rayid
To the north of 'Iid, a Rayid was a native endonym to describe northern Somalis who signed colonial treaties with European colonial powers. In its narrower and most common sense, the term ''Rayid'' refers to those who signed colonial treaties with the British and were subject to British administrators stationed in Berbera. In its broader but more obscure and rare sense, the term ''rayid'' has also been used to describe any Somali who signed a colonial treaty with any European colonial power.
The Rayid Somalis were bordered by the ''
Huwan
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
'' (Somalis under Abyssinian rule) in the south, by the Darawiish in the east, and briefly during the Illig treaty, the Rayid Somalis also momentarily bordered the ''
Dhabayaco
Ciid or 'Iid ( so, Arlo Ciideed) is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the fo ...
'', a native endonym for Somalis who were under Italian rule.
One of the main differences between a rayid, one who acceded to colonial treaties, and a darawiish, one who shunned colonial treaties, is that the former adhered to the Qadiriya Sufi tariqa, whilst the latter adopted the Salihiya tariqah.
Since the British also used to administer British Jubaland, Jubaland's era as a province of British East Africa could also be regarded as ''Rayid''.
Colonial regiments which were composed out of rayids, include
Illaloes
Illaloes, nicknamed the Tally-hoes during its inception, were a Rayid military arm of the King's African Rifles and Somaliland Camel Corps during the Scramble for Africa period of colonial history. However, subsequent to this period, they were e ...
, the
Somaliland Scouts
The Somaliland Scouts was a Rayid military unit, a regiment, of the British Army. It was established after the liberation of British Somaliland from Italy in December 1941 and the dissolution of the Somaliland Camel Corps in 1942, which was form ...
and the
Somaliland Camel Corps
The Somaliland Camel Corps (SCC) was a Rayid unit of the British Army based in British Somaliland. It lasted from the early 20th century until 1944.
Beginnings and the Dervish rebellion
In 1888, after signing successive treaties with the then r ...
. There were some Rayids who were given positions of privilege above other rayid. These rayid leaders included
Mohamed Bullaleh Haji Mohamed Bullaleh ( so, Xaaji Maxamed Bullaale) commonly known as Haji Warabe was an early 20th century Akil (chief) of the Habr Yunis Rer Ainanshe.
Korahe raid (Hagoogane)
In the early 20th century during the Dervish wars, the British and ...
, known in Somali as Xaaji Bullaale; he is best known for leading the Hagoogane raid wherein 60,000 heads of cattle were looted from the Sayid; Musa Farah Egarreh, the highest ranked Somali in the camel corps, referred to by Douglas Jardine as "the most distinguished Somali on our side".
[Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Douglas Jardine · 2015 , 311]
Koufur
Koofuur or Koufur was the former name of the modern
South West State of Somalia
The South-West State of Somalia ( so, Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ee Soomaaliya, Maay Maay: ''Koofur Orsi''), is a Federal Member State in southwestern Somalia. It was founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud, leader of the Somalia RRA on 1 Ap ...
. Captain Abud, the British Consul at Aden, described it as follows:
“Koufur is a country formerly Hawiya and lies between Webbe Shabeli and the Juba and to the west of the Rahanwein (Jeberties); its ports are Merka, Haman (Hamar?) and Barawa. The country was formerly Hawiya but owing to an influx of other people the language has become assimilated to that of the Jeberties.
References
{{reflist
Ciid
20th century in Ethiopia