''Raphitoma'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

s, marine

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 39 ...

. The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''Pleurotoma histrix'' Jan.”

Distribution

This genus occurs in European waters, in the northern part of the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...

, and in the Atlantic Ocean off

Cape Verde , national_anthem = () , official_languages = Portuguese , national_languages = Cape Verdean Creole , capital = Praia , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , demonym ...

West Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Maurit ...

and

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

Taxonomy history

The genus ''Raphitoma'' was created in 1847 by

Luigi Bellardi Luigi Bellardi (18 May 1818 – 17 September 1889) was an Italian malacologist and entomologist who specialised in Diptera. Bellardi was born in Genoa and died in Turin. His collection is in the Turin Museum of Natural History In 1872, then a P ...

(1818-1889) in his "Monographie des Pleurotomes fossiles du Piémont" for species in different groups without operculum. ''Raphitoma'' now contains many species formerly assigned to ''Pleurotoma'' Lamarck, 1799, ''Clathurella'' (Carpenter, 1857) and ''Philbertia'' (Monterosato, 1884). ''Philbertia'' was synonymized with ''Raphitoma'' in 1990 because Dr.

Philippe Bouchet Philippe Bouchet (born 1953) is a French biologist whose primary scientific fields of study are malacology (the study of molluscs) and taxonomy. He works at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. He is also a Commissioner of the ...

did not consider valid the subdivision of species into different genera solely on the basis of differences during larval development. In describing ''Raphitoma'', the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialist ...

(WoRMS) relied on an unpublished database "Nomenclator of Molluscan Supraspecific Names" by Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010). In December 2011, the WoRMS database still showed 21 species retaining the genus name ''Philbertia''. In their publication "A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda)", Bouchet, Kantor et al. (2011) still recognize ''Philbertia'' as a valid genus in the Raphitomidae. As of the 2017 update to the 2005 restructuring of gastropod taxonomy, WoRMS recognizes ''Philbertia'' as a synonym of ''Raphitoma''.

Description

According to Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (2018), the shell of the species in this genus are characterized by: * shape: turreted to biconic-pupoidal with an impressed suture. * size: small to medium (5 mm to 25 mm) compared with the other genera in this family *

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...

: 3 to 4.5 whorls when multispiral (

planktotrophic Marine larval ecology is the study of the factors influencing dispersing larvae, which many marine invertebrates and fishes have. Marine animals with a larva typically release many larvae into the water column, where the larvae develop before met ...

development) - otherwise paucispiral (

lecithotrophic Oviparous animals are animals that lay their eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, most reptiles, and all pterosaurs, dinosaurs (including birds), and mo ...

development) - this

dichotomy A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets). In other words, this couple of parts must be * jointly exhaustive: everything must belong to one part or the other, and * mutually exclusive: nothing can belong simulta ...

of the larval development between sibling species can be used in distinguishing them). *

body whorl The body whorl is part of the morphology of the shell in those gastropod mollusks that possess a coiled shell. The term is also sometimes used in a similar way to describe the shell of a cephalopod mollusk. In gastropods In gastropods, the b ...

: frequently keeled. *

Sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...

: reticulate and diagonally squarely cancellated with the axial opisthocline ribs broader than the spiral riblets; sometimes growth lines visible between the ribs on the body whorl. * outer

lip The lips are the visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be ...

: thickened, showing inner denticles; crenulated externally. *

columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (; Arabic: , 4 – ) was a prominent writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His ' in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture, together with the wo ...

: simple; sometimes slightly sinuous anteriorly. *

siphonal canal The siphonal canal is an anatomical feature of the shells of certain groups of sea snails within the clade Neogastropoda. Some sea marine gastropods have a soft tubular anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon through which water is ...

: funnel-like; short to rather long; wide. Data about the soft parts are scarce and suggest a variation between the species.

Species

Species within the genus ''Raphitoma'' include: * † ''

Raphitoma alfurica ''Raphitoma alfurica'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.Fischer, P. J. "Beitrag zur kenntnis der Pliozän-fauna der Molukken-inseln Seran und Obi." Paläontologie von Timor 15.25 (1927) ...

'' P. J. Fischer, 1927 * † ''

Raphitoma alida ''Raphitoma alida'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Raphitoma alida Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2016. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...

'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2016 * ''

Raphitoma alleryana ''Raphitoma alleryana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Raphitoma alleryana (Sulliotti, 1889). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://w ...

'' (Sulliotti, 1889) * ''

Raphitoma alternans ''Raphitoma alternans'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell reaches a length of 10 mm. It has a paucispiral protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earlies ...

'' ( Monterosato, 1884) * '' Raphitoma andrehoaraui'' Pelorce & Horst, 2020 * '' Raphitoma antipolitana'' Pelorce & Horst, 2020 * † '' Raphitoma antonjanseni'' Marquet, 1998 * † ''

Raphitoma arenosa ''Raphitoma arenosa'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Raphitoma arenosa Lozouet, 2017 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' Lozouet, 2017 * ''

Raphitoma arnoldi ''Raphitoma arnoldi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell varies between 5 mm and 14 mm. The shell differs from '' Raphitoma papillosa'' (Pallary, 1904 ...

'' Pallary, 1904 * † '' Raphitoma asperata'' Lozouet, 2017 * '' Raphitoma atropurpurea'' (Locard & Caziot, 1900) * † ''

Raphitoma augustae ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''P ...

'' (Boettger, 1902) * '' Raphitoma azuari'' Pelorce & Horst, 2020 * '' Raphitoma bartolinorum'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 * † '' Raphitoma baudoni'' (G.P. Deshayes, 1865 ) * † '' Raphitoma belliana'' Finlay, 1927 * '' Raphitoma bernardoi'' Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & Fernandes, 1998 * '' Raphitoma bicolor'' ( Risso, 1826) * † '' Raphitoma birmanica'' Vredenburg, 1921 * † ''

Raphitoma boutillieri ''Raphitoma boutillieri'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Description Distribution Fossils of this extinct marine species were found in Eocene strata in France. Ref ...

'' Cossmann, 1889 * '' Raphitoma bourguignati'' (Locard, 1891) * '' Raphitoma bracteata'' (Pallary, 1904) * † '' Raphitoma breitenbergeri'' Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 * '' Raphitoma brunneofasciata'' Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 * '' Raphitoma caboverdensis'' Espinosa & Ortea, 2021 * '' Raphitoma christfriedi'' Rolan et al., 1998 * † '' Raphitoma columnae'' (Scacchi, 1835) * † '' Raphitoma consimilis'' F.W. Harmer, 1918 * '' Raphitoma contigua'' ( Monterosato, 1884) * '' Raphitoma corbis'' (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) * '' Raphitoma cordieri'' (Payraudeau, 1826) * † '' Raphitoma costellata'' (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1804) * ''

Raphitoma curta ''Raphitoma curta'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. This species is a nomen dubium. Description Distribution This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. References * Fen ...

'' Fenaux, 1942 (nomen dubium) * † '' Raphitoma daphnelloides'' Gougerot & Le Renard, 1981 * † ''

Raphitoma dellabellaorum ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''Pleurotoma histrix' ...

'' Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 * '' Raphitoma dempsta'' (A.A. Gould, 1860) * '' Raphitoma densa'' ( Monterosato, 1884) * † '' Raphitoma deshayesi'' Cossmann, 1902 * † '' Raphitoma desmoulinsi'' Bellardi, 1847 * † '' Raphitoma dictyella'' Cossmann, 1889 * ''

Raphitoma digiulioi ''Raphitoma digiulioi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & R ...

'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi Savelli, 2017 * † '' Raphitoma diozodes'' Cossmann, 1898 * † '' Raphitoma eberti'' Koenen, 1894 * ''

Raphitoma ebreorum ''Raphitoma ebreorum'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Raphitoma ebreorum Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018. Accessed through: World Register ...

'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 * '' Raphitoma echinata'' (Brocchi, 1814) * † '' Raphitoma echinus'' (Boettger, 1902) * '' Raphitoma enginaeformis'' Nevill & Nevill, 1875 * † '' Raphitoma erinaceus'' (Bellardi, 1877) * † '' Raphitoma exasperata'' Lozouet, 2017 * '' Raphitoma farolita'' F. Nordsieck, 1977 * † '' Raphitoma ferrierii'' (Brunetti, Della-Bella & Giano, 2006) * † '' Raphitoma ferroviae'' Cossmann, 1923 * † '' Raphitoma fischeri'' Cossmann, 1902 * '' Raphitoma formosa'' (Jeffreys, 1867) * † '' Raphitoma gabusogana'' Nomura & Zinbo, 1936 * † ''

Raphitoma ganensis ''Raphitoma ganensis'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell reaches 9 mm. Distribution Fossils of this extinct marine species wer ...

'' Cossmann, 1923 * † ''

Raphitoma garlandi ''Raphitoma garlandi'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Description Distribution Fossils of this extinct marine species were found in Pliocene strata in Suffolk, GB ...

'' Harmer, 1918 * † '' Raphitoma grimmertingenensis'' Marquet, Lenaerts & Laporte, 2016 * '' Raphitoma griseomaculata'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 * † ''

Raphitoma harpula ''Raphitoma harpula'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. It was named ''Raphitoma harpula'' by Luigi Bellardi, Bellardi in 1847 .Bellardi L. (1847). Monografia delle Pleu ...

'' (G.B. Brocchi, 1814 ) * † ''

Raphitoma herminae ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''Pleurotoma histrix' ...

'' (Boettger, 1902) * † ''

Raphitoma hildae ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''P ...

'' (Boettger, 1902) * '' Raphitoma hispidella'' Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2019 * † ''

Raphitoma histrix ''Raphitoma histrix'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. ''Raphitoma histrix'' was first described as a fossil from the Pliocene of north-western Italy, though the name had also been use ...

'' Bellardi, 1847 * † ''

Raphitoma hoernesi ''Raphitoma hoernesi'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell attains 14 mm, its diameter 7 mm. The oblong-clavate shell is thick and solid. The ...

'' (Mayer, 1869) * '' Raphitoma horrida'' ( Monterosato, 1884) * † '' Raphitoma hypotetica'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''

Raphitoma kharybdis ''Raphitoma kharybdis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Raphitoma kharybdis Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 * ''

Raphitoma laviae ''Raphitoma laviae'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell varies between 5 mm and 15 mm. The protoconch is multispiral. (Original description) The reddish-bro ...

'' (Philippi, 1844) * † '' Raphitoma lennieri'' Cossmann & Pissaro, 1900 * † '' Raphitoma leptocolpa'' Cossmann, 1889 * † '' Raphitoma lilliputiana'' Lozouet, 2017 * '' Raphitoma lineolata'' (Bucquoy, Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1883) * '' Raphitoma locardi'' Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 * '' Raphitoma maculosa'' Høisæter, 2016 (''

taxon inquirendum In biological classification, a ''species inquirenda'' is a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation. The use of the term in English-language biological literature dates back to at least the early nineteenth century. The term t ...

'') * † '' Raphitoma margaritata'' Janssen, 1978 * † '' Raphitoma mediodenticulata'' Lozouet, 2017 * ''

Raphitoma melitis ''Raphitoma melitis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Raphitoma melitis Kontadakis & Mbazios, 2019. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http:/ ...

'' Kontadakis & Mbazios, 2019 * † '' Raphitoma merignacensis'' (Peyrot, 1931) * † '' Raphitoma michaudi'' (Bellardi, 1877) * '' Raphitoma mirabilis'' (Pallary, 1904) * '' Raphitoma natalensis'' Barnard, 1958 * † ''

Raphitoma neerrepenensis ''Raphitoma neerrepenensis'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Description Distribution Fossils of this extinct marine species were found in Early Oligocene strata in ...

'' Marquet, Lenaerts & Laporte, 2016 * † '' Raphitoma neoscapulata'' Lozouet, 2017 * '' Raphitoma nivea'' (Monterosato, 1875) * '' Raphitoma oblonga'' (Jeffreys, 1867) * † '' Raphitoma palumbina'' Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 * ''

Raphitoma papillosa ''Raphitoma papillosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell varies between 5 mm and 10 mm. The elongated, fusiform shell has a pointed spire. The shell ...

'' (Pallary, 1904) * † '' Raphitoma parahystrix'' (Boettger, 1902) * '' Raphitoma perinsignis'' (E. A. Smith, 1884) * † '' Raphitoma perplexa'' (Deshayes, 1865) * † ''

Raphitoma perpulchra ''Raphitoma perpulchra'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell reaches 10 mm. (Original description) "''The small shell is turriculate and fusifo ...

'' (Wood, 1848) * '' Raphitoma petanii'' Prkić, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2020 * '' Raphitoma philberti'' (Michaud, 1829) * † '' Raphitoma pleurotomelloides'' Lozouet, 2017 * '' Raphitoma pruinosa'' (Pallary, 1906) * † '' Raphitoma pseudocordieri'' Peyrot, 1931 * '' Raphitoma pseudohystrix'' (Sykes, 1906) * † '' Raphitoma pulchra'' (Peyrot, 1931) * ''

Raphitoma pumila ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''P ...

'' (Monterosato, 1890) * '' Raphitoma pupoides'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''

Raphitoma purpurea ''Raphitoma purpurea'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. This species forms a complex with '' Raphitoma bourguignati'' (Locard, 1891), '' Raphitoma atropurpurea'' (Locard & Caziot, 1899), and '' ...

'' ( Montagu, 1803) * '' Raphitoma pusaterii'' Prkić & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2020 * † '' Raphitoma pycnum'' Lozouet, 1999 * '' Raphitoma radula'' (Monterosato, 1884) * † '' Raphitoma raynevali'' (Bellardi, 1877) * † '' Raphitoma ringens'' Bellardi, 1847 * † '' Raphitoma sapicurtensis'' Cossmann, 1902 * † '' Raphitoma scacchii'' Bellardi, 1847 * † '' Raphitoma scapulata'' Lozouet, 2017 * † '' Raphitoma semicostata'' Bellardi, 1847 * '' Raphitoma skylla'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 * '' Raphitoma smriglioi'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2013 * † '' Raphitoma soniusae'' Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 * '' Raphitoma sophiae'' Kontadakis & Polyzoulis, 2019 * '' Raphitoma spadiana'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2012 * † '' Raphitoma sparsa'' Boettger, 1902 * '' Raphitoma stanici'' Prkić, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2020 * † ''

Raphitoma striolaris ''Raphitoma striolaris'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell attains 11 mm. Spire scalariform; whorls separated by a deep, undulating suture; subs ...

'' (Deshayes, 1837) * '' Raphitoma strucki'' (Maltzan, 1883) * † '' Raphitoma subaequalis'' (Boettger, 1902) * † '' Raphitoma suberinacea'' Lozouet, 2017 * † '' Raphitoma subfragilis'' Lozouet, 2017 * † '' Raphitoma subpurpurea'' (Boettger, 1902) * † '' Raphitoma subvellicata'' Boettger, 1902 * † '' Raphitoma symmetrica'' (Reeve, 1846) * '' Raphitoma syrtensis'' F. Nordsieck, 1977 * '' Raphitoma tomentosa'' Nordsieck, 1968 (''

'') * † '' Raphitoma unica'' (Boettger, 1902) * † ''

Raphitoma venusta ''Raphitoma venusta'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae. Description Distribution Fossils of this extinct marine species were found in Eocene strata on Alabama (We dare defend our r ...

'' (Lea, 1833) * † '' Raphitoma vercingetorixi'' Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 * † '' Raphitoma vitiosa'' Lozouet, 1999 * † '' Raphitoma vogeli'' Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 * ''

Raphitoma volutella ''Raphitoma volutella'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Roc ...

'' (Kiener, 1840) * ''

Raphitoma zelotypa ''Raphitoma zelotypa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 9 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs off ...

'' Rolan et al., 1998 † = species is extinct

Synonyms

* ''Raphitoma aequalis'' (Jeffreys, 1867): synonym of ''

Cyrillia aequalis ''Cyrillia aequalis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Cyrillia aequalis (Jeffreys, 1867). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

'' (Jeffreys, 1867) * ''Raphitoma affine'' Locard, 1891: synonym of '' Bela nebula'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma amoena'' Sars G.O., 1878: synonym of ''

Nepotilla amoena ''Nepotilla amoena'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell attains 8 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs off Greenland; Baffin Island, Canada and from ...

'' (G.O. Sars, 1878) * ''Raphitoma angusta'' Bellardi, 1847 †: synonym of '' Agathotoma angusta'' (Bellardi, 1847) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma antonjanssei'' Marquet & Landau, 2006 †: synonym of '' Raphitoma antonjanseni'' Marquet, 1998 † (unjustified emendation) * ''Raphitoma asperrima'' (T. Brown, 1827): synonym of '' Trophonopsis muricata'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma barbierii'' Brusina, 1866: synonym of ''

Drilliola loprestiana ''Drilliola loprestiana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Taxonomy Figueira & Absalão (2010) used the name ''Drilliola pulchella'' (Verrill, 1880) for the species generally known as ''Drillio ...

'' (Calcara, 1841) ) * ''Raphitoma bedoyai'' Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998: synonym of ''

Daphnella bedoyai ''Daphnella bedoyai'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. References

Daphnella, bedoyai Gastropods described in 1998 {{Raphitomidae-stub ...

'' (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) * † ''Raphitoma bertrandiana'' (Millet, 1865): synonym of † '' Daphnella bertrandiana'' (Millet, 1865) * ''Raphitoma bofilliana'' (Sulliotti, 1889): synonym of ''

'' (Sulliotti, 1889) * ''Raphitoma boothii'' Smith, 1839: synonym of '' Raphitoma concinna'' (Scacchi, 1836) * ''Raphitoma brachystoma'' (Philippi, 1844): synonym of '' Sorgenfreispira brachystoma'' (Philippi, 1844) * ''Raphitoma brevis'' Réquien, 1848: synonym of '' Raphitoma pupoides'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''Raphitoma brevis'' F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Raphitoma brunneofasciata'' Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 (preoccupied name) * ''Raphitoma buchanensis'' Macgillivray, 1843: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma cappellinii'' Deshayes, 1865: synonym of ''Raphitoma costellata capellinii'' Deshayes, 1865 * ''Raphitoma caudicula'' Nardo, 1848: synonym of ''

Raphitoma leufroyi ''Leufroyia leufroyi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Leufroyia leufroyi (Michaud, 1828). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marine ...

'' (Michaud, 1828) * ''Raphitoma concinna'' (Scacchi, 1836): synonym of '' Leufroyia concinna'' (Scacchi, 1836) * ''Raphitoma confusa'' Locard, 1897: synonym of '' Sorgenfreispira brachystoma'' (Philippi, 1844) * ''Raphitoma confusum'' Locard, 1897: synonym of '' Sorgenfreispira brachystoma'' (Philippi, 1844) (dubious synonym; incorrect gender ending) * ''Raphitoma corbiformis'' Locard & Caziot, 1900: synonym of '' Raphitoma corbis'' (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) * ''Raphitoma cordieri'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of '' Raphitoma horrida'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''Raphitoma corimbensis'' Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998: synonym of '' Daphnella corimbensis'' (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma cranchiana'' Gray, 1852: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma cylindracea'' ic synonym of '' Raphitoma locardi'' Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 (misspelling of ''Clathurella cylindrica'' Locard & Caziot, 1900) * ''Raphitoma cyrilli'' Brusina, 1866: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma decorata'' Locard, 1892: synonym of '' Raphitoma cordieri'' (Payraudeau, 1826) * ''Raphitoma decussatum'' Locard, 1891: synonym of '' Bela decussata'' (Locard, 1891) (original combination) * † ''Raphitoma defrancei'' Tucker & Renard, 1993: synonym of † '' Amblyacrum dameriacense'' (Deshayes, 1865) * ''Raphitoma detexta'' Bellardi, 1877 †: synonym of '' Bela detexta'' (Bellardi, 1877) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma divae'' Carrozza, 1984: synonym of '' Raphitoma pseudohystrix'' (Sykes, 1906) * ''Raphitoma dollfusi'' Locard, 1886: synonym of '' Raphitoma cordieri'' (Payraudeau, 1826) * ''Raphitoma echinata'' Calcara, 1839: synonym of '' Raphitoma horrida'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''Raphitoma elegans'' Blainville, 1829: synonym of ''

'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma elegans'' (Donovan, 1804): synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma elegans'' Locard & Caziot, 1900: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma elegans'' Monterosato, 1875: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma ephesina'' Pusateri, Giannuzzi Savelli & Stahlschmidt, 2017: synonym of '' Cyrillia ephesina'' (Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Stahlschmidt, 2017) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma erronea'' (Monterosato, 1884): synonym of '' Leufroyia erronea'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Raphitoma euzonata'' Hervier, 1897: synonym of ''

Kermia episema ''Kermia episema'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Kermia episema (Melvill & Standen, 1896). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species ...

'' (Melvill & Standen, 1896) * ''Raphitoma exstriolata'' Cerulli-Irelli, 1910: synonym of '' Mangelia costulata'' Risso, 1826 * ''Raphitoma fallax'' Forbes, 1844: synonym of ''

'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma flavida'' F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Raphitoma densa'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''Raphitoma fulgurans'' (Krauss, 1848): synonym of '' Anachis kraussii'' (Sowerby I, 1844) * † ''Raphitoma georgesi'' Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018: synonym of † ''

Cyrillia georgesi ''Cyrillia georgesi'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Cyrillia georgesi (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) †. Accessed through: World Regis ...

'' (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma gougeroti'' J. K. Tucker & Le Renard, 1993 †: synonym of '' Amblyacrum gougeroti'' (J. K. Tucker & Le Renard, 1993) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma hispida'' Bellardi, 1877 †: synonym of '' Bela hispida'' (Bellardi, 1877) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma hispidula'' Bellardi, 1847 †: synonym of '' Bela hispidula'' (Bellardi, 1847) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma hypothetica'' Bellardi, 1848 †: synonym of ''

Atoma hypothetica Atoma may refer to: * ''Atoma'' (album), a 2016 album by Dark Tranquillity * Atoma, an enemy planet in the 1951 film '' Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere'' * Atoma, a private brand of Proxim pharmacies in Quebec * ''atoma'' (plural of Gre ...

'' (Bellardi, 1848) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma ida'' Thiele, 1925: synonym of ''

Tritonoturris capensis ''Tritonoturris capensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. often found along the coast of South Africa. Tritonoturris capensis is highly regarded for its beautiful shell and is sought after by ...

'' (Smith, 1882) * ''Raphitoma inflata'' De Cristofori, 1832: synonym of ''

Leufroyia leufroyi ''Leufroyia leufroyi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Leufroyia leufroyi (Michaud, 1828). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

'' (Michaud, 1828) * ''Raphitoma intermedia'' Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of ''

'' (Philippi, 1844) * ''Raphitoma kabuli'' Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998: synonym of '' Cyrillia kabuli'' (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) * † ''Raphitoma landreauensis'' Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018: synonym of † '' Leufroyia landreauensis'' (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma leufroyi'' (Michaud, 1828): synonym of ''

'' (Michaud, 1828) * ''Raphitoma lineare'' Réquien, 1848: synonym of '' Raphitoma cordieri'' (Payraudeau, 1826) * ''Raphitoma linearis'' (Montagu, 1803): synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma linearis'' Monterosato, 1875: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma lirifera'' Bellardi, 1877 †: synonym of '' Bela lirifera'' (Bellardi, 1877) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma mirabilis'' Locard, 1891: synonym of ''

'' (Michaud, 1828) * ''Raphitoma monterosatoi'' F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Raphitoma horrida'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''Raphitoma muricoidea'' Blainville, 1829: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma neapolitana'' F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Raphitoma pupoides'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''Raphitoma nebula'' (Montagu, 1803): synonym of '' Bela nebula'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma nuperrima'' (Tiberi, 1855): synonym of '' Bela nuperrima'' (Tiberi, 1855) * ''Raphitoma obesa'' Høisæter, 2016: synonym of '' Cyrillia obesa'' (Høisæter, 2016) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma oceanicum'' Locard, 1891: synonym of '' Bela oceanica'' (Locard, 1891) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma ornata'' Locard, 1891: synonym of ''

Bela ornata ''Mangelia costulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies. Description The shell is longitudinally ribbed continuing to the base of the body ...

'' (Locard, 1891): synonym of '' Mangelia costulata'' Risso, 1826 (original combination) * ''Raphitoma ornatus'' Strebel, 1904: synonym of ''

'' (Smith, 1882) * ''Raphitoma pallaryi'' Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Raphitoma mirabilis'' (Pallary, 1904) * ''Raphitoma payraudeauti'' Weinkauff, 1868: synonym of '' Mangelia attenuata'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma peregrinator'' Locard, 1897: synonym of ''Mangelia nuperrima'' (Tiberi, 1855): synonym of '' Bela nuperrima'' (Tiberi, 1855) * † ''Raphitoma plicata'' (Lamarck, 1803): synonym of † '' Elaeocyma plicata'' (Lamarck, 1804) * ''Raphitoma plicatella'' Bellardi, 1847 †: synonym of ''

Bela plicatella ''Bela plicatella'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bela plicatella (Bellardi, 1847) †. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' (Bellardi, 1847) † (original combination) * ''Raphitoma powisiana'' Dautzenberg, 1887: synonym of '' Bela powisiana'' (Dautzenberg, 1887) (original combination) * † ''Raphitoma pseudoconcinna'' Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018: synonym of † ''

Daphnella pseudoconcinna ''Leufroyia pseudoconcinna'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Leufroyia pseudoconcinna (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) †. Accessed thr ...

'' (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma pulchella'' Adams & Angas, 1863: synonym of ''

Daphnella harrisoni ''Parviterebra brazieri'' is a species of sea snail in the family Columbellidae. This marine species is endemic to marine waters around Australia, where it occurs off Victoria. Description The length of the shell attains 14 mm, its diamete ...

'' (Tenison-Woods, 1878) * ''Raphitoma pumila'' (Monterosato, 1890): synonym of ''Raphitoma echinata pumila'' Monterosato, 1890 * ''Raphitoma punctatus'' Brown, 1827: synonym of ''

'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma pungens'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Raphitoma horrida'' (Monterosato, 1884) * ''Raphitoma radula'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Raphitoma cordieri'' (Payraudeau, 1826) * ''Raphitoma reconditum'' Locard, 1891: synonym of '' Bela nuperrima'' (Tiberi, 1855) * ''Raphitoma reticulata'' Brocchi, 1814: synonym of '' Raphitoma echinata'' (Brocchi, 1814) * ''Raphitoma reticulata'' Renier, 1804: synonym of '' Raphitoma echinata'' (Brocchi, 1814) * ''Raphitoma rissoi'' Locard, 1886: synonym of '' Mangelia costulata'' Risso, 1826 * ''Raphitoma rosea'' Brusina, 1866: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''Raphitoma sandrii'' Brusina, 1865: synonym of ''Mangiliella sandrii'' (Brusina, 1865): synonym of '' Mangelia sandrii'' (Brusina, 1865) (original combination) * † ''Raphitoma scacchii'' Hörn., 1848: synonym of '' Raphitoma philberti'' (Michaud, 1829) * ''Raphitoma scacchii'' De Casa & Hallgass, 1979: synonym of '' Leufroyia concinna'' (Scacchi, 1836) * ''Raphitoma septentrionalis'' Locard, 1892: synonym of '' Raphitoma echinata'' (Brocchi, 1814) * ''Raphitoma septenvillei'' Dautzenberg & Durouchoux, 1913: synonym of ''Bela septenvillei'' (Dautzenberg & Durouchoux, 1913): synonym of '' Bela nebula'' (Montagu, 1803) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma servaini'' (Locard, 1891): synonym of '' Raphitoma oblonga'' (Jeffreys, 1867) * ''Raphitoma strictum'' Locard, 1891: synonym of ''Mangelia smithii'' (Forbes, 1840): synonym of '' Mangelia costulata'' Risso, 1826 * ''Raphitoma substriolata'' Harmer, 1918: synonym of '' Mangelia costulata'' Risso, 1826 (dubious synonym) * ''Raphitoma syracusanum'' Blainville, 1829: synonym of '' Raphitoma cordieri'' (Payraudeau, 1826) * † ''Raphitoma textilis'' (Brocchi, 1814): synonym of † '' Rimosodaphnella textilis'' (Brocchi, 1814) * ''Raphitoma tricolor'' Risso, 1826: synonym of '' Cyrillia linearis'' (Montagu, 1803 * † ''Raphitoma turtaudierei'' Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018: synonym of † '' Leufroyia turtaudierei'' (Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma variegatum'' Philippi, 1836: synonym of '' Raphitoma philberti'' (Michaud, 1829) * ''Raphitoma versicolor'' Scacchi, 1836: synonym of '' Raphitoma philberti'' (Michaud, 1829) * ''Raphitoma villaria'' Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2008: synonym of '' Leufroyia villaria'' (Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2008) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma zamponorum'' Horro, Rolán & Gori, 2019: synonym of ''

Cyrillia zamponorum ''Cyrillia zamponorum'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & R ...

'' (Horro, Gori & Rolán, 2019) (original combination) * ''Raphitoma zonalis'' Delle Chiaje, 1830: synonym of ''

'' (Michaud, 1828) * ''Raphitoma zonatum'' Locard, 1891: synonym of '' Bela zonata'' (Locard, 1891) (original combination)

References

* Howson, C.M.; Picton, B.E. (Ed.) (1997). ''The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas''. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. . vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) * Filmer R.M. (2001). ''A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 - 1998''. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp. * Terlizzi, A.; Scuderi, D.; Fraschetti, S.; Anderson, M.J. (2005). ''Quantifying effects of pollution on biodiversity: a case study of highly diverse molluscan assemblages in the Mediterranean''. Mar. Biol. 148(2): 293-305 * Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, Revisione delle Raphitomidae mediterranee 1: su Raphitoma contigua (Monterosato, 1884) e Raphitoma spadiana n. sp., speciesorelle (Gastropoda, Conoidea); Sociedad Espanola de Malacologia - Iberus, 30 (1): 41-52, 2012

External links

Riccardo Giannuzzi-Savelli, Francesco Pusateri, Stefano Bartolini; A revision of the Mediterranean Raphitomidae, 8: on two poorly known species of Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847: R. pumila (Monterosato, 1890) and R. hispidella nomen novum (Gastropoda Conoidea); Biodiversity Journal, 2019

Fassio, Giulia, et al. "An assessment of Raphitoma and allied genera (Neogastropoda: Raphitomidae)." Journal of Molluscan Studies (2019)
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{{Taxonbar , from=Q3168177 Gastropod genera