Ramón Altarriba Y Villanueva
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Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva, 1st Count of Altarriba, 24th Baron of Sangarrén (1841–1906), was a Spanish
Carlist Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, ...
politician, landowner, publisher, and soldier. During the
Third Carlist War The Third Carlist War (), which occurred from 1872 to 1876, was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier Second Carlist War, "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relative ...
he commanded
battalion A battalion is a military unit, typically consisting of up to one thousand soldiers. A battalion is commanded by a lieutenant colonel and subdivided into several Company (military unit), companies, each typically commanded by a Major (rank), ...
-size legitimist units. He represented the party in the lower chamber of the Cortes during 2 terms of 1879-1881 and 1886-1890. In the 1890s and early 1900s he served as the party leader in the region of
Old Castile Old Castile ( ) is a historic region of Spain, which had different definitions across the centuries. Its extension was formally defined in the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: Santander (now Cantabria ...
, though as one of the largest landholders in
Gipuzkoa Gipuzkoa ( , ; ; ) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Donostia-San Sebastián. Gipuzkoa shares borders with the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiqu ...
he exerted also enormous influence in the province.


Family and youth

Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva was born into a distinguished aristocratic
Aragon Aragon ( , ; Spanish and ; ) is an autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces of Spain, ...
ese family of Altarriba. Possibly from the old distinguished Catalan noble family of Altarriba in
Catalonia Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationalities and regions of Spain, nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006, Statute of Autonomy. Most of its territory (except the Val d'Aran) is situate ...
, part of the
Crown of Aragon The Crown of Aragon (, ) ;, ; ; . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Sp ...
at the time, it held
baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often Hereditary title, hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than ...
ia de Sangarrén since the 14th century and condado de Robres since the 18th century; its representatives were many times noted in the history of Aragón and
Zaragoza Zaragoza (), traditionally known in English as Saragossa ( ), is the capital city of the province of Zaragoza and of the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It lies by the Ebro river and its tributaries, the ...
. His paternal grandmother, María Bernarda Colón Serra, was a descendant of
Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (; between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italians, Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed Voyages of Christopher Columbus, four Spanish-based voyages across the At ...
. Ramón's father, José de Altarriba y Colón de Larreátegui (1804-1870), 11th conde de Robres and 22nd barón de Sangarrén, was a Carlist highly esteemed by Carlos VI; no details of his involvement in the movement are available. Ramón's mother, also from Aragón, María Pilar Villanueva y Altarriba (1820-1895), was daughter of conde de Atarés and second cousin of his father José. None of the sources consulted clarifies why the family lived in the French
Bayonne Bayonne () is a city in southwestern France near the France–Spain border, Spanish border. It is a communes of France, commune and one of two subprefectures in France, subprefectures in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques departments of France, departm ...
, a usual location for Carlist exiles and refugees fleeing Spain in the aftermath of defeat suffered during the
First Carlist War The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Monarchy of Spain, Spanish monarchy: the conservative a ...
. Ramón was one of 8 siblings and the second oldest son. His older brother,
José María José María (abbreviated José Mª) is a Spanish language male given name, usually considered a single given name rather than two names, and is a combination of the Spanish names of Saint Joseph, Joseph and Mary (mother of Jesus), Mary, the paren ...
, upon return to Aragón followed the family path and also engaged in Carlist activities, which did not prevent him from becoming comisario regio for Zaragoza in 1869; he inherited all family titles in 1870. Ramón as a youngster moved from France to Spain and entered Real Seminario Científico Industrial, a state-ran and highly esteemed
Gipuzkoa Gipuzkoa ( , ; ; ) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Donostia-San Sebastián. Gipuzkoa shares borders with the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiqu ...
n educational establishment in
Bergara Bergara (; ) is a town and municipality located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the north of Spain. An Enlightened center of education operated by the '' Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del P ...
. He is reported as enrolled in 1854, though it is not clear when he completed the curriculum; the standard cycle lasted 5 years. Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva married Rosa Guerra y Serbi; nothing is known of this marriage, apart that his wife died in 1875 and the couple had no issue. He then espoused María de la Blanca Porcel y Guirior (1859-1940), heir to aristocratic family originating from Gipuzkoa and
Andalusia Andalusia ( , ; , ) is the southernmost autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomou ...
. Since her father died in 1873 with no male descendants, having been the oldest daughter she arranged to inherit his titles as 7th marquesa de Villa Alegre and San Millán; Altarriba became marqués consorte. The couple had two sons, Ramón and Jaime Altarriba y Porcel. Nothing is known about the former; the latter (1884–1936) joined artillery and pursued a military career. He became comandante de Artilleria, maestrante de la Real Maestranza de la Caballeria de Zaragoza and an entrepreneur. Also an active Carlist, in 1934 he headed finance section of Comunión Tradicionalista. The 1936 coup surprised him in the Gipuzkoan spa of Zestoa, where he was detained by the republican militia and died.


War and war

Upon the outbreak of Primera Guerra de Marruecos in 1859 the young Altarriba volunteered to the army; accepted, he was assigned to the Aragon infantry unit of Regimento de Zamora and landed in
Ceuta Ceuta (, , ; ) is an Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities, autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta is one of th ...
in December 1859. Details of his service are unclear, though he certainly entered many combat actions against the Moroccan troops. Serving under the command of Antonio Ros de Olano in January 1860 he might have taken part in the
battle of Castillejos The Battle of Castillejos was fought on New Year's Day, 1860, between the Spanish Army of Africa under Leopoldo O'Donnell and the Moroccan Army under Mawlay Abbas in Fnideq (Castillejos) as the Spanish army attempted to capture the cities of Tét ...
; bypassing Monte Negrón in a dare Spanish maneuver, he then participated in the battle of Cabo Negro. For meritorious service Altarriba was awarded Cruz de San Fernando and got promoted to teniente. Late 1860 the unit returned to the Zaragoza barracks. Apparently enjoying adventurous life and vivacious company, he demonstrated some gift for rhyming couplets; at that time he befriended Nicolas Estevanez Murphy. During the next few years Altarriba continued his military career, though no details are known. Following the Revolution of 1868 Altarriba requested and was granted release from military service, though he returned to the army in 1871. Once the
Republic A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representat ...
was declared he approached the conspiring Carlists and at the outbreak of the
Third Carlist War The Third Carlist War (), which occurred from 1872 to 1876, was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier Second Carlist War, "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relative ...
he was already incorporated in their army. He was assigned to the Northern Front and took command of an insurgent volunteer
Biscay Biscay ( ; ; ), is a province of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Autonomous Community, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the Bay of Biscay, eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilb ...
battalion, which conquered and cleared the
Durango Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the 31 states which make up the Political divisions of Mexico, 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650 ...
district in 1873. Promoted to coronel, he then commanded primera brigada de Vizcaya and joined the siege of
Bilbao Bilbao is a city in northern Spain, the largest city in the Provinces of Spain, province of Biscay and in the Basque Country (greater region), Basque Country as a whole. It is also the largest city proper in northern Spain. Bilbao is the List o ...
in early 1874; he led the unit routing the Republican forces during the battle of Somorrostro and advancing later to
Portugalete Portugalete is a town lying to the west of Bilbao in the province of Biscay in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, northern Spain. The town has 45,294 inhabitants as of 2021 and is part of Bilbao's metropolitan area. It is located ...
, where Altarriba was given the privilege of accepting surrender of the famous battalón de Segorbe. Participated in a number of skirmishes at the outskirts of Bilbao, assaulting the forts of Delmas and Volantín. Nominated Comandante General del Alto Aragón, Altarriba was the organizer, sponsor and commander of Battalón de Almogávares de la Virgen del Pilar, leading it early 1875 during the defense of the so-called línea de Carrascal and in the
Navarre Navarre ( ; ; ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and New Aquitaine in France. ...
se battles of Lumbier and Etxauri. In final phase of the war and in unclear circumstances there was an investigative proceeding launched against Altarriba; eventually cleared of all charges, he was promoted to
brigadier Brigadier ( ) is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general or commodore (rank), commodore, typically commanding a brigade of several t ...
. Located in mid-range command chain, he did not make it amongst top Carlist commanders and did not supervise operations above the tactical level. Nominated adjutant to Carlos VII, in reward for his service Altarriba was conceded the title of conde de Altarriba.


Early ''Restauración''

A widower with no close family, it is not clear where Altarriba settled after the war; in 1877 he was linked to the Catalan town of Aviá. In 1878 he was already married and assumed administration of his wife's property in Gipuzkoa. The estates slightly exceeding 1,000 ha rendered the couple the 4th largest terratenientes in the province and one of the richest people in Gipuzkoa. His wife held land also in
Álava Álava () or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a Provinces of Spain, province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country, heir of the ancient Basque señoríos#Lords of Álava, Lordship ...
and Andalusia; for some time Altarriba managed the Pinos Puente estate in
Granada Granada ( ; ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada (Spain), Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence ...
, which she possessed jointly with her two unmarried sisters, though with a rather mediocre result. In 1878 José María Altarriba, unmarried and with no issue, renounced baronia in favor of his younger brother, making Ramón the 24th barón de Sangarrén. Altarriba seemed pessimistic as to the future of Carlism, considered orphaned, with no political direction and managed by ineffective Junta Militar. In 1878 he wrote to Carlos VII urging him to appoint a strong political leader. As in early 1879 the military rule was terminated and civic rights restored in Gipuzkoa, Altarriba – already admitted to a meeting of leading Carlists – spoke in favor of taking part in the
elections An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated ...
. The claimant allowed only individual unofficial contenders and authorized Sangarrén. Fielding his candidature in the
Azpeitia Azpeitia (meaning 'down the rock' in Basque language, Basque) is a town and Municipalities of Spain, municipality within the Provinces of Spain, province of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country, Spain, located on ...
district, Altarriba was considered one of the 4 "transigentes" running; he emerged as the only one victorious. Elected, he settled permanently in
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
. He attempted re-election in 1881 but lost both in Tolosa and Azpeitia. The 1880s are marked by growing rivalry within Carlism, divided between the immovilistas and the aperturistas. The former, led by Candido Nocedal, opted for intransigence. The latter, Altarriba included, dismissed either war or total abstention, preferring conditional alignment with the new political system. The dispute grew into a full-scale conflict, waged also by means of guerra periodistica; to fight the Nocedalista titles, Sangarrén founded a Madrid satirical weekly, '' El Cabecilla''. During the 1884 election campaign Altarriba sought Carlos VII's exemption from "despotism" of Nocedal, who ordered abstention, but this time the claimant did not agree and Sangarrén loyally withdrew from the race 3 weeks prior to election date. Two years later, already a recognized Carlist leader, he obtained the permission and was re-elected from Azpeitia. Focused on by the press as a single Carlist in the
Cortes Cortes, Cortés, Cortês, Corts, or Cortès may refer to: People * Cortes (surname), including a list of people with the name ** Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), a Spanish conquistador Places * Cortes, Navarre, a village in the South border of ...
, when sworn Altarriba declared in the house that he considered Carlos VII the king of Spain. As the Nocedalista crisis entered its terminal phase, in 1887 Altarriba engaged in a related conflict with Francisco Cavero y Alvarez de Toledo, the jefe of Aragón, with Carlos VII intervening and ordering truce; some authors claim that Cavero was dismissed. Though assaulted by the Nocedalista press for his defense of Manifesto de Morentin, in the unfolding press war Altarriba defended the vacillating '' La Fe'' and did not side unconditionally with the claimant; Carlos VII's entourage counted him among "malos Carlistas". Somewhat accidentally triggering the final breakup in Vascongadas, at the decisive moment he stayed loyal to his king.


Personal political climax

Following secession of the Integristas Altarriba, the only party MP and one of its few aristocrats, found himself in the top strata of Carlism and became one if its most distinguished politicians. His relations with other party leaders were uneasy, even after the departure of the allegedly hated Nocedal. The undisputed Traditionalist leader in Vascongadas marqués de Valde-Espina, the claimant's personal secretary conde de Melgar and the aspiring political leader, marqués de Cerralbo found it difficult to work with Sangarrén and did not spare him harsh words; in the intrigue-ridden world of Carlism of the late 19th century he was accused of envy towards legitimate party leaders and turning Gipuzkoa into his personal fiefdom. When in late 1888 he was appointed vice-president of the newly established Junta Directiva del Circulo Tradicionalista de Madrid, he refused the post claiming – probably sarcastically – that he did not merit such an honor. In 1889 Carlos VII started to build formal nationwide party structures, initially disguised as an organization to stage celebrations of Conversión de Recaredo centenary; within its Junta Central, soon turned into a permanent collegial executive, Sangarrén was nominated to represent
Castilla la Vieja Old Castile ( ) is a historic region of Spain, which had different definitions across the centuries. Its extension was formally defined in the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: Santander (now Cantabria) ...
. Like 10 years earlier, he called for a new jefe which would impose the party discipline, though it is not clear whether he himself hoped for the job. In the fall of that year, the liberal press speculated about a directorate leading the movement and mentioned him as one of its 4 members. Altarriba's position was confirmed when he was invited to Frohsdorf for the wedding of Carlos VII's daughter. Though in early 1890 ''El Cabecilla'' mocked marqués de Cerralbo, when later that year the latter was finally appointed the new Jefe Delegado Sangarrén rushed with congratulations, directed to "mi querido amigo". Ahead of the 1891 elections for the first time during Restoration the Carlists decided to take part officially and set up a co-ordinating committee. Details of its work are not known; the outcome was that in Azpeitia, which turned into a prestigious battlefield against the rebellious Ramón Nocedal, Sangarrén had to give way to the aspiring Gipuzkoan leader, Tírso de Olazábal. Himself he ran in two districts,
Aranda de Duero Aranda de Duero is a city and municipality, capital of the Ribera del Duero comarca, in the south of the province of Burgos, in Castile and León, Spain. It has a population of roughly 33,000 people and lies on the River Duero. Description T ...
(
Burgos Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populous municipality of the province of Burgos. Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of th ...
) and
Santo Domingo de la Calzada Santo Domingo de la Calzada is a municipality in La Rioja La Rioja () is an autonomous communities in Spain, autonomous community and provinces of Spain, province in Spain, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño. Other ...
(
Logroño Logroño ( , , ) is the capital of the autonomous community of La Rioja (Spain), La Rioja, Spain. Located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, primarily in the right (South) bank of the Ebro River, Logroño has historically been a place of pa ...
), losing in both. Following this defeat, he did not renew his electoral bid in any of the successive electoral campaigns.


Mid-''Restauración''

Having lost the parliamentary ticket Sangarrén could dedicate more time to his private business, geographically scattered from Vascongadas across Castille and on to Andalusia. Apart from managing family estates in Gipuzkoa, he invested in the mining and metalworking industry. He co-owned exploration rights to a copper mine in the
Sierra de Guadarrama The Sierra de Guadarrama (Guadarrama Mountains) is a mountain range forming the main eastern section of the Sistema Central, the system of mountain ranges along the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. It is in Spain, between the systems Sierra de ...
location of Colmenarejo, North of Madrid. In 1893 he took control over the "La Fe" mineral springs in the nearby Moralzarzal, renaming the site " Mudarra" and exploiting it until 1900, when he renounced the concession. He held stakes in paper mill business in Pyrenaic parts of the Lérida province and was vice-president of Derecha del Rio Genil, a Granada-based company engaged in irrigation works. As the Carlist fuerista principles envisaged that a politician should only represent the region where he lives, within the party command structures Altarriba formally headed Castilla la Vieja. Though due to his terrateniente status he exercised the largest influence in Gipuzkoa, Vascongadas was first headed by Valde-Espina, then by Salvador Elío y Ezpeleta and later by Tirso de Olazábal. Altarriba's contribution to Gipuzkoan Carlism, however, remained crucial; local landowners were key to mobilising rural support and maintaining – if not straightforwardly financing – provincial party structures. Partially as a result of his contribution, in the 1880s and 1890s Gipuzkoa emerged as a Carlist stronghold; in provincial and general elections the party was striving for dominance. In the early 1890s fellow Traditionalists approached Altarriba cautiously as one of "fractious Carlists". Some sources report him as championing a militant "de armas tomar" group, consisting mostly of the Navarros and the Gipuzkoanos. Other episodes seem to counter this thesis indicating that he worked closely with the non-belligerent de Cerralbo, together travelling across Spain during innovative political tours and delivering harangues, also jointly with Carlist pundits like Vazquez de Mella; residing in Madrid he customarily appeared in events staged in the capital. As the colonial crisis of 1897 unfolded, he initially seemed leaning towards a bold action; he welcomed general
Weyler Captain general of the Army, Captain General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí, 1st Marquess of Tenerife (17September 183820October 1930) was a Spanish Army officer and colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of th ...
, dismissed from
Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
, amongst the crowd shouting "Viva Cuba Española", but also a somewhat more ambiguous "a caballo mi general". However, during the
Spanish–American War The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...
Sangarrén was busy denouncing widely circulating rumors about another Carlist insurgency forthcoming as "a fable", though it is not clear whether it was a pre-agreed propaganda smokescreen or a genuine effort. During La Octubrada, the series of minor Carlist revolts of October 1900, he was in
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, which did not spare him detention by
Guardia Civil The Civil Guard (; ) is one of the two national law enforcement agencies of Spain. As a national gendarmerie, it is military in nature and is responsible for civil policing under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior and the Minis ...
the following month in Bilbao. Also during persistent rumors of mid-1902 Altarriba spoke publicly against a Carlist military action. The press reported him as an agreed Carlist candidate in the 1903 elections, but he was not mentioned as running later on. None of the sources consulted mentions him politically active after that date; obituaries claimed he had been suffering from an unidentified longtime "enfermedad crónica"; his funeral was attended by the then Carlist political leader, Matías Barrio y Mier.''El Globo'' 03.04.06, availabl
here
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See also

*
Carlism Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, ...
* Electoral Carlism (Restoration) *
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) {{Spanish-Moroccan conflicts Spanish-Moroccan conflicts (since 1492): *Conquest of Melilla (1497) *Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1543), Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1543) *Capture of La Mámora (1614) *Siege of Mamora (1681), Siege of Mamora (16 ...
*
Third Carlist War The Third Carlist War (), which occurred from 1872 to 1876, was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier Second Carlist War, "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relative ...
* Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa * Matías Barrio y Mier


Footnotes


Further reading

* Jordi Canal i Morell, ''Carlins i integristes a la Restauració: l’escissió de 1888'', n:''Revista de Girona'' 147 (1991), pp. 59–68 * Agustín Fernández Escudero, ''El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica'' hD thesis Madrid 2012 * Francisco de Paula Oller, ''Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus Biografias'', volume II, Barcelona 1888 * Javier Real Cuesta, ''El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900'', Madrid 1985, , 978843230510 * Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francesco Feo Parrondo, ''Propiedad rustica en Guipuzcoa segun el registro de la propiedad expropiable (1933)'', n:''Lurralde. Investigación y espacio'' 18 (1995), pp. 113–135


External links


Altarriba at official Cortes service

Altarriba at ''Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia''

''El Cabecilla'' at Hemeroteca Digital

a hotel in former Sangarren palace, Gipuzkoa

''Por Dios y por España'', contemporary Carlist propaganda
{{DEFAULTSORT:Altarriba y Villanueva, Ramon 1841 births 1906 deaths People from Bayonne 19th-century Spanish nobility Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish military personnel of the Third Carlist War (Legitimist faction) Carlists Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Spanish Restoration Spanish army officers Spanish businesspeople Ramon Spanish landowners 19th-century landowners 20th-century landowners