Ralph Eugene Reed Jr. (born June 24, 1961) is an American
political consultant and
lobbyist, best known as the first executive director of the
Christian Coalition during the early 1990s. He sought the
Republican nomination for the office of
Lieutenant Governor of Georgia but lost the
primary election
Primary elections, or direct primary are a voting process by which voters can indicate their preference for their party's candidate, or a candidate in general, in an upcoming general election, local election, or by-election. Depending on the ...
on July 18, 2006, to state Senator
Casey Cagle
Lowell Stacy "Casey" Cagle (born January 12, 1966) is an American politician and businessman, who served as the 11th lieutenant governor of Georgia from 2007 to 2019.
He was previously a Republican Party member of the Georgia General Assembly f ...
. Reed started the
Faith and Freedom Coalition in June 2009. Reed and his wife JoAnne Young were married in 1987 and have four children. He is a member of the
Council for National Policy.
Early life and education
Born in
Portsmouth, Virginia
Portsmouth is an independent city in southeast Virginia and across the Elizabeth River from Norfolk. As of the 2020 census, the population was 97,915. It is part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area.
The Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Naval M ...
, to
Navy ophthalmologist
Ophthalmology ( ) is a surgery, surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders.
An ophthalmologist is a physician who undergoes subspecialty training in medical and surgical eye care. Followin ...
Ralph Reed and mother Marcy Reed, young Ralph moved often as a child, but spent the majority of his childhood in
Miami, Florida. He moved with his family to
Toccoa, Georgia
Toccoa is a city in far Northeast Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia near the border with South Carolina. It is the county seat of Stephens County, Georgia, Stephens County, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, located about from Athens, Geo ...
, in 1976, earning
Eagle Scout
Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process. The Eagle Sc ...
at BSA Troop 77 and graduating from
Stephens County High School in 1979. He attended the
University of Georgia where he earned an
AB in history in 1985. Reed served as a columnist and editor of the college newspaper, ''
The Red & Black''. In 1983, Reed, then a senior at the University of Georgia, wrote a column for ''The Red & Black'' with the headline "Gandhi: Ninny of the Twentieth Century." Shortly after Reed's article ran, another student wrote in and made a compelling case that "every assertion, every quote, and several seemingly original Reed phrases may be found directly or in slightly modified form" in a commentary article by Richard Grenier. Reed was then discharged from his role on the college newspaper for
plagiarism
Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.From the 1995 '' Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary'': use or close imitation of the language and thought ...
. Reed was a member of the
Demosthenian Literary Society, the Jasper Dorsey Intercollegiate
Debate Society, and
College Republicans
College Republicans are college and university students who support the Republican Party of the United States. Many members belong to the organization College Republican National Committee (CRNC), College Republicans United (CRU), or various in ...
. He is also an alumnus of the
Leadership Institute
The Leadership Institute is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization located in Arlington, Virginia that teaches "political technology."
The institute was founded in 1979 by conservative activist Morton Blackwell. Its mission is to "increase the num ...
in Arlington, Virginia, an organization that teaches conservative Americans how to influence public policy through activism and leadership. Reed obtained his
PhD PHD or PhD may refer to:
* Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), an academic qualification
Entertainment
* '' PhD: Phantasy Degree'', a Korean comic series
* ''Piled Higher and Deeper'', a web comic
* Ph.D. (band), a 1980s British group
** Ph.D. (Ph.D. albu ...
in American history from
Emory University in 1991.
Career
Reed spent much of his college career as a political activist, taking six years to earn his undergraduate degree. He started with the
University of Georgia College Republicans
College Republicans are college and university students who support the Republican Party of the United States. Many members belong to the organization College Republican National Committee (CRNC), College Republicans United (CRU), or various in ...
, steadily rising to state and then national leadership. He was later profiled in ''Gang of Five'' by
Nina Easton, along with
Grover Norquist and other young activists who got their start in that 1980s era.
The triumvirate
In 1981, Reed moved to
Washington, D.C., to intern at the
College Republican National Committee (CRNC). At the CRNC,
Jack Abramoff, Norquist and Reed formed what was known as the "Abramoff-Norquist-Reed
triumvirate." Abramoff promoted Reed in 1983, appointing him to succeed Norquist as Executive Director of the CRNC. Norquist would later serve as President of
Americans for Tax Reform, in Washington, D.C.
Religious experience
Reed has said that, in September 1983, he had a religious experience while at
Bullfeathers
Bullfeathers of Capitol Hill is a restaurant and bar on 410 First Street SE in Washington, D.C., in the Capitol Hill neighborhood. Its name comes from President Theodore Roosevelt's favorite euphemism for "bullshit." The logo of the restaurant is ...
, an
upscale pub in
Capitol Hill
Capitol Hill, in addition to being a metonym for the United States Congress, is the largest historic residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C., stretching easterly in front of the United States Capitol along wide avenues. It is one of the ...
that was popular with staffers (and, to a lesser extent, members) of the
House of Representatives. Regarding the experience, Reed said "the
Holy Spirit
In Judaism, the Holy Spirit is the divine force, quality, and influence of God over the Universe or over his creatures. In Nicene Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts as ...
simply demanded me to come to
Jesus". He walked outside the pub to a
phone booth, thumbed through the
yellow pages under "Churches," and found the Evangelical
Assembly of God Church in
Camp Springs,
Maryland. He visited the next morning and became a
born-again Christian
Born again, or to experience the new birth, is a phrase, particularly in evangelicalism, that refers to a "spiritual rebirth", or a regeneration of the human spirit. In contrast to one's physical birth, being "born again" is distinctly and sepa ...
.
Students for America
After receiving his AB he moved to
Raleigh, North Carolina to help start and lead
Students for America (SFA), a conservative activist group supported by U.S. Senator
Jesse Helms
Jesse Alexander Helms Jr. (October 18, 1921 – July 4, 2008) was an American politician. A leader in the conservative movement, he served as a senator from North Carolina from 1973 to 2003. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ...
. SFA became largely dominated by members of
Maranatha Campus Ministries
Maranatha Campus Ministries was a Charismatic/Pentecostal-oriented Christian ministry founded by Bob Weiner which existed from 1971 to 1990. Its primary outreach was to college and university campuses.
Beginnings
Maranatha began in 1971 in Padu ...
, and this brought Reed into contact with
Ed Buckham and Jim Backlin, the current Legislative Director of the
Christian Coalition. Reed's links to
Tom DeLay were forged through his association with Buckham and Backlin.
SFA established chapters on college campuses up and down the East Coast and held conferences. Among other issues, SFA supported Helms' bid for re-election and organized
abortion clinic protests. Reed was temporarily arrested during an abortion protest at the Fleming Center Abortion Clinic in Raleigh but was not charged with any crime. After Reed left SFA for a bigger job at the
Christian Coalition, SFA faded out of existence by the early 1990s.
Role in the Christian Coalition
Reed was hired by religious broadcaster and Presidential candidate
Pat Robertson as executive director of the
Christian Coalition in
Virginia Beach, Virginia. Robertson, his son,
Gordon P. Robertson
Gordon Perry Robertson (born June 4, 1958) is an American televangelist who is the CEO of the Christian Broadcasting Network. He is the main host of ''The 700 Club'', the show founded by his father, Pat Robertson.
Biography
Robertson graduated ...
, Dick Weinold, a Robertson activist from
Texas, and
Billy McCormack, a pastor from
Shreveport
Shreveport ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the third most populous city in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, respectively. The Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area, with a population o ...
,
Louisiana, were the original four directors of the organization. McCormack also held the title of "vice president" and had been his state
director of "Americans for Robertson" in 1988.
Reed led the organization from 1989 to 1997. After Republicans lost in the 1996 elections many thought Reed would not be long for the Coalition, and would soon depart seeking new challenges. Some alleged that another factor in Reed's decision was an investigation by Federal prosecutors due to charges made by the Christian Coalition's former
chief financial officer
The chief financial officer (CFO) is an officer of a company or organization that is assigned the primary responsibility for managing the company's finances, including financial planning, management of financial risks, record-keeping, and financ ...
, Judy Liebert, Reed resigned from his post, and moved to
Georgia. The Coalition's finances were collapsing, and the
Internal Revenue Service
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service for the United States federal government, which is responsible for collecting U.S. federal taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, the main body of the federal statutory ta ...
and
Federal Election Commission were investigating.
The Coalition organized former Robertson supporters and other religious conservatives to oppose
political liberalism. Eschewing confrontational tactics of street protest learned in college, Reed attempted to project a "softer" public face for Christian conservatism, self-described as "
guerrilla", putting "enemies" in "
body bags" before they even realized he had struck.
In the 1990s, Reed and the coalition protested against the
Clinton administration
Bill Clinton's tenure as the 42nd president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1993, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat from Arkansas, took office following a decisive election victory over Re ...
's policies. They were credited with mobilizing Christian conservatives in support of Republican candidates in the
1994 Congressional elections.
Reed appeared on the cover of ''
Time'' on May 15, 1995, under the title "The Right Hand of God: Ralph Reed of the Christian Coalition."
In 1996, the
Federal Election Commission (FEC) brought an enforcement action in United States District Court, alleging Reed and the coalition "violated federal
campaign finance laws during congressional elections in 1990, 1992 and 1994, and the presidential election in 1992." After a three-year investigation and lawsuit, a federal court ordered the Coalition to pay a small fine for two minor infractions, a significantly lower amount than what the FEC had called for.
On resigning as executive director of the Christian Coalition, Reed moved to the
Atlanta, Georgia, suburb of
Duluth to begin a career as a political consultant and lobbyist.
1998 Georgia gubernatorial election
In late 1997, Reed joined the campaign of Fulton County Commission Chairman
Mitch Skandalakis
Demetrios John "Mitch" Skandalakis is an American lawyer and former Republican Party politician from Georgia who rose quickly to national prominence in the early-1990s. He upset Martin Luther King III to become chairman of the Fulton County Bo ...
for
lieutenant governor of Georgia, becoming its general consultant. In addition to planning campaign strategy, Reed himself appeared in advertisements, identifying himself as the former head of the Christian Coalition and vouching for Skandalakis' conservative credentials and personal integrity.
In the primary, Skandalakis placed first among the five Republican candidates, but did not receive a majority of the vote and was forced into a
run-off with second-place finisher State Senator Clint Day. Reed planned a series of advertisements which included charges that Day had "desecrated Indian graves" on a plot of land owned by a Day family foundation. The Skandalakis campaign held a conference at which tribal leaders, wearing headdress and other ceremonial clothing, attacked Day as a "vandal" and "
grave robber."
Reed's strategy initially met with success, as Skandalakis narrowly defeated Day in the Republican primary run-off. However, Skandalakis went on to lose the general election.
Century Strategies
While running the Skandalakis campaign in 1997, Reed co-founded Century Strategies with political strategist
Tim Phillips.
Century Strategies is a political consulting firm which describes itself as "one of the nation’s leading public affairs and
public relations firms." While initially engaged primarily in campaign consulting for Republican candidates its mission evolved into advocacy and lobbying.
Reed helped
Alabama Governor
Fob James win renomination in a bitterly contested Republican primary, only to become the first Republican in over a decade to lose the Alabama governor's election. Immediately after the 1998 election, Reed shifted gears to corporate work. In 1999, Abramoff helped Reed get hired as a consultant subcontractor for
Preston Gates & Ellis.
Reed is credited with attacks on Senator
John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician and United States Navy officer who served as a United States senator from Arizona from 1987 until his death in 2018. He previously served two terms ...
in the 2000
South Carolina presidential primary, together with Roberta Combs, then head of the South Carolina Christian Coalition, who later took over the national Christian Coalition. Bush's defeat of McCain in that primary came at a key moment and ended McCain's early momentum from an
upset victory in the
New Hampshire primary.
Reed's $20,000 per month contract with Microsoft proved a minor embarrassment to the Bush campaign in the summer of 2000 when it was revealed that the software giant, which was being prosecuted for
antitrust
Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. It is also known as antitrust l ...
violations, had hired a number of Bush aides as consultants and lobbyists. Reed apologized for the "appearance of conflict" but continued to accept the money until early 2005, when Microsoft terminated Reed in the midst of the Indian gaming scandal.
Some conservatives have criticized Reed's choice of clients and suggested that he has inappropriately profited from his credentials as a conservative Christian leader. A conservative Alabama group called Obligation, Inc. is a fierce critic of Reed's client
Channel One News, arguing that the company pumps classrooms full of "commercials for junk food and sleazy movies."
In 1999, Reed's firm "sent out a mailer to Alabama conservative Christians asking them to call then-Rep.
Bob Riley (R-Ala.) and tell him to vote against legislation that would have made the U.S. commonwealth of
the Northern Mariana Islands subject to federal wage and worker safety laws." Abramoff represented the commonwealth as a partner of
Greenberg Traurig and received $4.04 million from 1998 to 2002. Greenberg Traurig, in turn, hired Reed's firm to print the mailing.
Georgia Republican Party chairman
In 2001, Reed mounted a campaign for State Chairman of the
Georgia Republican Party
The Georgia Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Georgia and one of the two major political parties in the state and is currently chaired by David Shafer.
Current structure
David Shafer is the current ...
, a volunteer job. His candidacy attracted national media attention, and challenges from three opponents.
Reed's principal opponent was
David Shafer, a former executive director of the Georgia Republican Party recruited to the race by Congressman
John Linder. Shafer campaigned on Republican gains made when he served as state executive director in the early 1990s, but was hampered by his subsequent association with the failed campaigns of
Mack Mattingly
Mack Francis Mattingly (born January 7, 1931) is an American diplomat and politician who served one term as a United States senator from Georgia, the first Republican to have served in the U.S. Senate from that state since Reconstruction.
Early ...
,
Guy Millner
Guy W. Millner (born February 16, 1936) is an American multi-millionaire businessman who ran as a Republican for Governor of Georgia in 1994, United States Senator from Georgia in 1996 and Governor of Georgia in 1998, losing all three races.
M ...
and
Clint Day in the later half of the decade.
The state convention, held at the Cobb Galleria in May 2001, was the most heavily attended and longest running in the history of the party. Reed won on the first ballot, capturing almost 60 percent of the delegate vote against Shafer, who won 40 percent, and a third candidate, lobbyist Maria Rose Strollo, who won one percent.
Reed was endorsed by the "Confederate Republican Caucus," a block of almost 500 "heritage" activists who had participated in the state convention as a protest against the removal of the
Confederate battle emblem from the
State Flag. The organization would later claim that they were "double-crossed" by Reed.
Documents released by federal investigators in June 2005 show that Reed's 2001 campaign for State Chairman was partially financed with contributions from the
Choctaws
The Choctaw (in the Choctaw language, Chahta) are a Native American people originally based in the Southeastern Woodlands, in what is now Alabama and Mississippi. Their Choctaw language is a Western Muskogean language. Today, Choctaw people are ...
, an Indian gaming tribe represented by Abramoff.
The party experienced success in the 2002 elections under Reed's leadership.
Saxby Chambliss was elected as U.S. Senator, and
Sonny Perdue was elected as Governor. Reed, however, was asked to relinquish his job as State Chairman by Perdue, whose long-shot candidacy was largely ignored by Reed in favor of Chambliss.
Reed supported the candidacy of Congressman
Bob Barr, who had moved into the neighboring district of Congressman
John Linder and challenged his renomination. Linder decisively defeated Barr.
Campaign for lieutenant governor
Speculation about a Reed candidacy for Lieutenant Governor began building shortly after the
2004 general election. Republican party leaders were unenthusiastic about the candidacy of Insurance Commissioner
John Oxendine
John W. Oxendine (born April 30, 1962) is an American politician who served four terms as Insurance Commissioner of the U.S. state of Georgia. A member of the Republican party, he was first elected commissioner in 1994 and was reelected in 19 ...
, who had been "exploring" a race for Lieutenant Governor for over a year. Aides to Governor
Sonny Perdue tried to recruit House Republican Leader Jerry Keen as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor, while State Senators Casey Cagle and Bill Stephens jockeyed for support among Senate Republicans.
Reed claimed support of the White House, access to the Bush fundraising apparatus and command of a large grass roots organization. His official declaration of candidacy on February 17, 2005 largely cleared the field of opposition; Keen, Stephens and Oxendine all left the race. Keen, a former state chairman of the Christian Coalition, was the first to drop, followed quickly by Stephens. Although insisting at the time of Reed's entry into the race that he would "never" withdraw, Oxendine ended his candidacy two weeks later. Only Cagle, a relatively unknown lawmaker, remained in the race to challenge Reed.
A poll conducted for Oxendine was the first indication of trouble for Reed. Released shortly before Oxendine's exit from the race, the poll showed Oxendine defeating Reed among likely Republican voters by a large margin. It also showed Reed losing the general election to the only announced Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor, former State Senator
Greg Hecht
Greg Hecht is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party, and a former member of the Georgia General Assembly in the U.S. state of Georgia. Hecht unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor of Georgia in ...
. Little attention was paid to the poll because Oxendine folded his own candidacy shortly after it was released. Reed himself dismissed the poll as a face-saving gesture by an embarrassed Oxendine.
Reed's campaign experienced a loss of momentum with revelations about his role in the
Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal The Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal was a United States political scandal exposed in 2005; it related to fraud perpetrated by political lobbyists Jack Abramoff, Ralph E. Reed Jr., Grover Norquist and Michael Scanlon on Native American trib ...
. Email documents released in the investigation revealed details about Reed's financial relationships with Abramoff.
Reed's early lead in fund-raising evaporated by December 31, 2005, when disclosure reports showed Cagle raising almost twice as much money as Reed in the last six months of the year.
Bob Irvin
Bob Irvin (born September 9, 1948) was an early leader of the modern Republican Party in Georgia in the United States. He was a member of the Long Range Planning Committee in the 1970s, along with Mack Mattingly, Paul Coverdell, Newt Gingrich, a ...
, a former
U.S. House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...
Republican leader, was the first prominent Republican to publicly call on Reed to withdraw from the race. 21 state senators signed a letter in February 2006 calling on Reed to withdraw from the race, "declaring that his ties to Washington lobbyist Jack Abramoff could jeopardize the re-election of Gov. Sonny Perdue and the rest of the GOP ticket.” Reed rejected the petition as a useless stunt, and expressed confidence that his record and ideas would prevail.
Aides to Speaker of the House Glenn Richardson, ostensibly neutral in the race, released a poll that showed Reed's mounting negatives could hurt Perdue and the Republican ticket. On March 21, 2006, political consultant Matt Towery of Insider Advantage released a poll showing Reed represented an eight-point drag on the Perdue ticket.
Insurance Commissioner
John Oxendine
John W. Oxendine (born April 30, 1962) is an American politician who served four terms as Insurance Commissioner of the U.S. state of Georgia. A member of the Republican party, he was first elected commissioner in 1994 and was reelected in 19 ...
, whose own ambitions had been upended by Reed's candidacy, endorsed Cagle in June 2006, saying that Reed's nomination threatened the success of the Republican ticket.
Two dozen members of the Reed steering committee, including a Reed State Co-Chairman, resigned their affiliation with the Reed campaign and endorsed Cagle, but Reed continued his pursuit of the nomination.
New York Mayor
Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (, ; born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 198 ...
traveled to Georgia to campaign for Reed. A Democrat, conservative former United States Senator
Zell Miller, also endorsed Reed.
On July 18, 2006, Reed was defeated in the Republican primary, losing the nomination to State Senator Casey Cagle. Final returns show Reed losing by twelve percentage points, collecting 44 percent of the vote to Cagle's 56 percent. According to Politics1.com, Reed indicated he would not likely seek elective office ever again.
Indian gambling scandals
Reed was named in the scandal arising from lobbying work performed by
Jack Abramoff on behalf of Indian gambling tribes. E-mails released by federal investigators in June 2005 revealed that Reed secretly accepted payments from Abramoff to lobby against Indian casino gambling and oppose an Alabama education lottery.
Additional e-mails released in November 2005 show that Reed also worked for another Abramoff client seeking to block a congressional ban on Internet gambling. These cases are being investigated by multiple federal and state grand juries and by the
U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Abramoff pleaded guilty to three
felony counts in federal court, raising the prospects of Abramoff testifying against others.
Those e-mails and other evidence revealed the participation of the
Christian Coalition in the alleged fraud, particularly the Alabama chapter of the Christian Coalition, which received large amounts of donations from the casino money. It is alleged that Abramoff engaged Reed to set up an anti-gambling campaign to include the
U.S. Family Network U.S. Family Network, Inc. (USFN) was founded in 1996 by Ed Buckham, who also served as the organization's consultant. USFN was a tax-exempt 501(c)(4) corporation founded in Virginia, with its principal offices located in the District of Columbia in ...
, the Christian Coalition, and
Focus on the Family
Focus on the Family (FOTF or FotF) is a fundamentalist Protestant organization founded in 1977 in Southern California by James Dobson, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The group is one of a number of evangelical parachurch organizations ...
in order to frighten the tribes into spending as much as $82 million for Abramoff to lobby on their behalf. To represent him in connection with the scandal, Reed retained defense attorney
W. Neil Eggleston
Warren Neil Eggleston (born July 5, 1953) is an American lawyer who served as the White House Counsel under President Barack Obama. Eggleston was the fourth person to hold this post during the Obama administration.
Early life and education
A n ...
, then of Debevoise & Plimpton LLP. Eggleston served as White House associate counsel during the administration of President
Bill Clinton.
In 2004, Reed confirmed that he had been paid more than $1 million in fees by lobbyists working on behalf of American Indian casinos.
In December 2005, three
Texas public interest groups filed a complaint with
Travis County
Travis County is located in south central Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,290,188. It is the fifth-most populous county in Texas. Its county seat is Austin, the capital of Texas. The county was established in 1840 and is na ...
Attorney
David Escamilla on December 1, 2005, alleging that Reed failed to register as a lobbyist in 2001 or 2002 when he was working for Abramoff. Escamilla said on March 27, 2006, "his office had concluded its investigation – but that a two-year statute of limitations on misdemeanors from 2001 and 2002 had expired."
On June 22, 2006, the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs released its final report on the scandal. The report said that Reed had used his contacts to conservative Christian groups to prevent the opening or expansion of casinos competing with the casinos operated by Abramoff's clients from 1998 to 2002 and that he had been paid a total of $5.3 million through Abramoff's law firm and from organizations controlled by Abramoff's partner Michael Scanlon
Michael Scanlon (also known as Sean Scanlon) is a former communications director for Rep. Tom DeLay, lobbyist, and public relations executive who has pleaded guilty to corruption charges related to the Jack Abramoff lobbying scandal. He is curre ...
. The report did not accuse Reed of having known about Abramoff's illegal activities.
The report further states that under the guidance of the Mississippi Choctaw
The Choctaw (in the Choctaw language, Chahta) are a Native American people originally based in the Southeastern Woodlands, in what is now Alabama and Mississippi. Their Choctaw language is a Western Muskogean language. Today, Choctaw people are ...
tribe's planner, Nell Rogers, the tribe agreed to launder money because "Ralph Reed did not want to be paid directly by a tribe with gaming interests." It also states that Reed used non-profits, like Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform, as pass-throughs to disguise the origin of the funds, and that "the structure was recommended by Jack Abramoff to accommodate Mr. Reed’s political concerns."
Reed was never charged with any wrongdoing concerning the Indian gambling scandals.
Publications
Reed has written seven books; four non-fiction and three fictional political thrillers
Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies ...
.
*''After the Revolution'' (1996, )
*''Politically Incorrect: The Emerging Faith Factor in American Politics'' (1996, )
*''Active Faith: How Christians Are Changing the Face of American Politics'' (1996, )
*''Dark Horse: A Political Thriller'' (2010, )
*''The Confirmation'' (2010, )
*''Ballots and Blood'' (2011, )
*''Awakening: How America Can Turn From Moral and Economic Destruction Back to Greatness'' (2014, )
*''For God and Country: The Christian Case For Trump'' (2020, )
He has also written several articles.
*
*
*
*
*
See also
* '' Life of the Party: A Political Press Tart Bares All''
References
External links
Profile
at Century Strategies
Ralph Eugene Reed Jr. (born June 24, 1961) is an American political consultant
Political consulting is a form of consulting that consists primarily of advising and assisting political campaigns. Although the most important role of politic ...
Profile
at Faith and Freedom Coalition
*
*
*
*
*
U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Investigative Exhibits
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reed, Ralph
1961 births
Living people
People from Toccoa, Georgia
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century Christians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century Christians
American evangelicals
American political activists
American political commentators
American political writers
American anti-abortion activists
Christians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Christians from Virginia
College Republicans
Emory University alumni
Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations
University of Georgia alumni
Washington, D.C., Republicans
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
21st-century American male writers