Rakatāura, also known as Hape,
is a legendary
Polynesian navigator and a progenitor of many
Māori
Māori or Maori can refer to:
Relating to the Māori people
* Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group
* Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand
* Māori culture
* Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the Co ...
iwi. Born in
Hawaiki
In Polynesian mythology, (also rendered as in Cook Islands Māori, in Samoan, in Tahitian, in Hawaiian) is the original home of the Polynesians, before dispersal across Polynesia. It also features as the underworld in many Māori stories. ...
, Rakatāura was the senior
tohunga
In the culture of the Māori of New Zealand, a tohunga (tōhuka in Southern Māori dialect) is an expert practitioner of any skill or art, either religious or otherwise. Tohunga include expert priests, healers, navigators, carvers, builders, teache ...
(priest/navigator) who led the
''Tainui'' migratory canoe to New Zealand. Rakatāura is associated with stories involving the
Manukau Harbour
The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, and opens out into the Tasman Sea.
Geography
The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burne ...
, the
Te Tō Waka (the Ōtāhuhu Portage) and the
Waikato
Waikato () is a local government region of the upper North Island of New Zealand. It covers the Waikato District, Waipa District, Matamata-Piako District, South Waikato District and Hamilton City, as well as Hauraki, Coromandel Peninsul ...
. Many place names in
Tāmaki Makaurau (modern-day
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The most populous urban area in the country and the fifth largest city in Oceania, Auckland has an urban population of about I ...
) and the Waikato region reference Rakatāura, or are described in oral traditions as being named by Rakatāura.
Oral history
Rakatāura was born in Hawaiki, and was the eldest member of the senior line of his
hapū
In Māori and New Zealand English, a ' ("subtribe", or "clan") functions as "the basic political unit within Māori society". A Māori person can belong to or have links to many hapū. Historically, each hapū had its own chief and normally opera ...
.
He received the name Hape, due to his
inward-turning feet.
Rakatāura was the senior tohunga (priest/navigator) of the
''Tainui'' migratory waka, and in some traditions, is identified as the shipbuilder of the vessel.
In
Waiohua
Te Waiohua or Te Wai-o-Hua is a Māori iwi (tribe) confederation that thrived in the early 18th century. The iwi's rohe (tribal area) was primarily the central Tāmaki Makaurau area (the Auckland isthmus) and the Māngere peninsula, until the 1 ...
oral tradition, Rakatāura / Hape travels supernaturally to New Zealand, ahead of the ''Tainui'' crew. In this version, Rakatāura was chosen to represent his hapū on the ''Tainui'' canoe, however this was not popular due to his disability, and only the young and those with sound bodies and minds could travel. Rakatāura prayed to
Tangaroa
Tangaroa (Takaroa in the South Island) is the great of the sea, lakes, rivers, and creatures that live within them, especially fish, in Māori mythology. As Tangaroa-whakamau-tai he exercises control over the tides. He is sometimes depicted a ...
for his feet to be restored, however instead of healing his body, Tangaroa sent Kawea Kawea Ki te Whenua a Kupe, a
taniwha
In Māori mythology, taniwha () are large supernatural beings that live in deep pools in rivers, dark caves, or in the sea, especially in places with dangerous currents or deceptive breakers (giant waves).
They may be considered highly respected ...
(supernatural being) in the shape of a stingray to transport him. Rakatāura arrived at the
Manukau Harbour
The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, and opens out into the Tasman Sea.
Geography
The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burne ...
, waiting at
Ihumātao
Ihumātao is an archeological site of historic importance in the suburb of Māngere, Auckland. Once a pā site, it stands on the Ihumātao Peninsula, at the base of Ōtuataua, part of the Auckland volcanic field. Its scoria cone reaches above ...
for the ''Tainui'' crew to arrive. Days later, the crew arrived, not from the mouth of the harbour, instead from the east (having crossed the
Te Tō Waka at Ōtāhuhu over the
Auckland isthmus
The Auckland isthmus, also known as the Tāmaki isthmus, is a narrow stretch of land on the North Island of New Zealand in the Auckland Region, and the location of the central suburbs of the city of Auckland, including the CBD. The isthmus i ...
). Rakatāura called out from the hill, hence the name
Karangahape ("The Call of Hape").
Another supernatural tradition involves Rakatāura beating the ''Tainui'' crew to reach the
Kawhia Harbour
Kawhia Harbour (Maori: ''Kāwhia'') is one of three large natural inlets in the Tasman Sea coast of the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located to the south of Raglan Harbour, Ruapuke and Aotea Harbour, 40 kilometres sout ...
by leaping underground between the
Māhia Peninsula
Māhia Peninsula (Maori: or ) is located on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island, in the Hawke's Bay region, between the towns of Wairoa and Gisborne.
Rocket Lab has set up its Launch Complex 1 close to Ahuriri Point at the south ...
and Kawhia.
In
Te Kawerau ā Maki
Te Kawerau ā Maki, Te Kawerau a Maki, or Te Kawerau-a-Maki is a Māori '' iwi'' (tribe) of the Auckland Region of New Zealand. It had 251 registered adult members as of June 2017. Auckland Council gave it land for a marae at Te Henga (Bethells ...
oral tradition, Rakatāura travelled to the
Waitākere Ranges
The Waitākere Ranges is a mountain range in New Zealand. Located in West Auckland between metropolitan Auckland and the Tasman Sea, the ranges and its foothills and coasts comprise some of public and private land. The area, traditionally kno ...
, bestowing names to the locations he visited.
Some of these names include Hikurangi, the name he gave to a location near
Piha which referenced a location in his homeland and became one of the traditional names for
West Auckland and the Waitākere Ranges,
and One Rangatira, the traditional name for
Muriwai Beach, a name which commemorated his visit.
Other traditions link Rakatāura to the Ōtāhuhu Portage between the
Tāmaki River and the
Manukau Harbour
The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, and opens out into the Tasman Sea.
Geography
The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burne ...
. In some traditions, he is the tohunga who creates the portage,
while in others he attempts to block the ''Tainui'' crew from using it and settling to the west. In these traditions, Rakatāura quarrels with
Hoturoa, captain of the ''Tainui'', because he refused to let Rakatāura marry his daughter
Kahukeke. Instead of crossing the portage, Hoturoa and the crew of the ''Tainui'' sail around the entire
Northland Peninsula to the
Manukau Harbour
The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, and opens out into the Tasman Sea.
Geography
The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burne ...
. Rakatāura and his sister Hiaroa lit fires and sung incantations to prevent the main ''Tainui'' crew from settling around the harbour or the
Waikato
Waikato () is a local government region of the upper North Island of New Zealand. It covers the Waikato District, Waipa District, Matamata-Piako District, South Waikato District and Hamilton City, as well as Hauraki, Coromandel Peninsul ...
area.
Rakatāura travelled south to the Whāingaroa Harbour (
Raglan Harbour), establishing a ''tūāhupapa'' (sacred altar) on the mountain
Karioi
Karioi or Mount Karioi is a 2.4 million year old extinct stratovolcano SW of Raglan in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It was the earliest of the line of 6 calcalkalic volcanoes, the largest of which is Mount Pirongia (the oth ...
, and continued to sing incantations to dissuade the ''Tainui'' crew from discovering the areas he found.
Rakatāura travelled further south to the
Kawhia Harbour
Kawhia Harbour (Maori: ''Kāwhia'') is one of three large natural inlets in the Tasman Sea coast of the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located to the south of Raglan Harbour, Ruapuke and Aotea Harbour, 40 kilometres sout ...
, where he met the ''Tainui'' crew, reconciled (either here or further south at Whareorino),
and married Kahukeke (the daughter of Hoturoa), later returning to settle at Karioi.
Rakatāura is credited with exploring the forested interior of the Waikato region with his wife, naming places after the members of the ''Tainui'' crew, in order to establish land rights.
He placed
mauri
Mauri (from which derives the English term "Moors") was the Latin designation for the Berber population of Mauretania, located in the part of North Africa west of Numidia, in present-day northern Morocco and northwestern Algeria.
Name
''Mauri' ...
stones from Hawaiki along the journey, as a way to entice birds to the areas he visited.
During their travels, Kahukeke fell ill at Wharepūhunga, where Rakatāura built a house for her to rest in and recover.
Kahukeke fell ill a second time at
Pureora, however did not survive.
After she dies, Rakatāura names
Kakepuku
Kakepuku (Kakipuku-o-kahurere) is a volcanic cone which rises from the plain between the Waipā and Puniu rivers, about NW of Te Kawa and SW of Te Awamutu in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island.
Geology
The 'Geology of the Wa ...
after the shape of his wife when she was pregnant, and the area where he eventually settled,
Te Aroha
Te Aroha ( mi, Te Aroha-a-uta) is a rural town in the Waikato region of New Zealand with a population of 3,906 people in the 2013 census, an increase of 138 people since 2006. It is northeast of Hamilton and south of Thames. It sits at the f ...
, after the love he felt for his wife.
There, he married again, to a woman named Hinemarino.
Some traditions describe Rakatāura as settling at
Rarotonga / Mount Smart in Tāmaki Makaurau with his wife, before travelling to the Waikato later in life.
Legacy
Rakatāura / Hape is the namesake of
Karangahape Peninsula and
Karangahape Road
Karangahape Road (commonly known as K' Road) is one of the main streets in the central business district (CBD) of Auckland, New Zealand. The massive expansion of motorways through the nearby inner city area – and subsequent flight of resident ...
in Auckland,
and some of the
Māori language
Māori (), or ('the Māori language'), also known as ('the language'), is an Eastern Polynesian language spoken by the Māori people, the indigenous population of mainland New Zealand. Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and ...
names for
Ōwairaka / Mount Albert
Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, also known as Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura, is a volcanic peak and Tūpuna Maunga (ancestral mountain) which dominates the landscape of the Owairaka and Mount Albert suburbs of Auckland.
Etymology
The main Māori name o ...
, Te
Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura ("The Continuous Fires of Rakataura") and Te Wai o Raka ("The Waters of Raka").
Te Motu a Hiaroa (
Puketutu Island
Puketutu Island, also known as Te Motu a Hiaroa, is a volcanic island in the Manukau Harbour, New Zealand, and is part of the Auckland volcanic field. European settlers called it Weekes' Island, but this was eventually abandoned in favour of the ...
), one of the first permanent settlements of the
Tainui
Tainui is a tribal waka confederation of New Zealand Māori iwi. The Tainui confederation comprises four principal related Māori iwi of the central North Island of New Zealand: Hauraki, Ngāti Maniapoto, Ngāti Raukawa and Waikato.
There are oth ...
people, is named after Rakatāura's sister Hiaroa. Rakatāura is cited in oral traditions as the figure who named many areas of the Waikato, including the
Whāingaroa Harbour),
Karioi
Karioi or Mount Karioi is a 2.4 million year old extinct stratovolcano SW of Raglan in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It was the earliest of the line of 6 calcalkalic volcanoes, the largest of which is Mount Pirongia (the oth ...
,
Maungatautari
Maungatautari is a mountain, rural community, and ecological area near Cambridge in the Waikato region in New Zealand's central North Island.
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "mountain of the upright ...
,
Whakamaru
Whakamaru is a town in the central region of the North Island of New Zealand. The Maori words 'whaka' and 'maru' literally mean to give shelter to, or safeguard.
History
The Whakamaru supervolcano eruption (dated to 320–340,000 years ago) ...
,
Pureora and
Te Aroha
Te Aroha ( mi, Te Aroha-a-uta) is a rural town in the Waikato region of New Zealand with a population of 3,906 people in the 2013 census, an increase of 138 people since 2006. It is northeast of Hamilton and south of Thames. It sits at the f ...
.
The officially designated name for
Mount Maunganui
Mount Maunganui (, ) is a major residential, commercial and industrial suburb of the Tauranga metropolitan area, located on a peninsula to the north-east of Tauranga's city centre. It was an independent town from Tauranga until the completio ...
in the early
20th century
The 20th (twentieth) century began on
January 1, 1901 ( MCMI), and ended on December 31, 2000 ( MM). The 20th century was dominated by significant events that defined the modern era: Spanish flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear ...
was Rakataura, named after the tohunga by
Bay of Plenty
The Bay of Plenty ( mi, Te Moana-a-Toi) is a region of New Zealand, situated around a bight of the same name in the northern coast of the North Island. The bight stretches 260 km from the Coromandel Peninsula in the west to Cape Runawa ...
settler J. C. Adams, however this name never came into popular use.
Rakatāura is considered one of the ancestors of
Tainui
Tainui is a tribal waka confederation of New Zealand Māori iwi. The Tainui confederation comprises four principal related Māori iwi of the central North Island of New Zealand: Hauraki, Ngāti Maniapoto, Ngāti Raukawa and Waikato.
There are oth ...
(including
Ngāti Maniapoto
Ngāti Maniapoto is an iwi (tribe) based in the Waikato-Waitomo region of New Zealand's North Island. It is part of the Tainui confederation, the members of which trace their whakapapa (genealogy) back to people who arrived in New Zealand on the ...
and
Ngāti Raukawa
Ngāti Raukawa is a Māori iwi with traditional bases in the Waikato, Taupo and Manawatu/Horowhenua regions of New Zealand. In 2006, 29,418 Māori registered their affiliation with Ngāti Raukawa.
History
Early history
Ngāti Raukawa reco ...
),
historical Auckland iwi
Ngā Oho
Ngā Oho, also known as Ngā Ohomatakamokamo-o-Ohomairangi, is the name of a historical iwi (tribe) of Māori who settled in the Auckland Region. In the 17th century, Ngā Oho and two other tribes of shared heritage, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi, form ...
,
Te Kawerau ā Maki
Te Kawerau ā Maki, Te Kawerau a Maki, or Te Kawerau-a-Maki is a Māori '' iwi'' (tribe) of the Auckland Region of New Zealand. It had 251 registered adult members as of June 2017. Auckland Council gave it land for a marae at Te Henga (Bethells ...
,
and
Waiohua
Te Waiohua or Te Wai-o-Hua is a Māori iwi (tribe) confederation that thrived in the early 18th century. The iwi's rohe (tribal area) was primarily the central Tāmaki Makaurau area (the Auckland isthmus) and the Māngere peninsula, until the 1 ...
tribes.
See also
*
''Tainui'' (canoe)
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakataura
Legendary Polynesian people
Legendary progenitors
New Zealand people with disabilities
Tohunga
Tainui people
Te Kawerau ā Maki people
Te Waiohua people
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain