Agusan is a
Manobo language
The Manobo languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. Their speakers are primarily located around Northern Mindanao, Central Mindanao (presently called ) and Caraga regions where they are natively spoken. Some outlying groups ...
of northeastern
Mindanao
Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...
in the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
.
Distribution and dialects
Agusan Manobo (consisting of the Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, and Omayamnon dialects) is spoken in the following areas.
*
Agusan del Sur Province: western area, southeast of
Lake Buluan
*inland areas of
Surigao del Sur Province
*southwest of
Lanuza Peninsula to
Lianga Bay in
Surigao del Sur Province
*western
Agusan del Norte Province
*
Compostela Valley and
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte ( ceb, Amihanang Dabaw; tl, Hilagang Davao), officially the Province of Davao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes ...
provinces: continuous strip along northern borders
*
Surigao del Norte
Surigao del Norte ( Surigaonon: ''Probinsya nan Surigao del Norte''; ceb, Amihanang Surigao; Tagalog: ''Hilagang Surigao''), officially the Province of Surigao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao. ...
Province: southern tip, inland
*scattered small border areas of
Bukidnon and
Davao Oriental provinces
Dibabawon Manobo is spoken in the following areas.
*northern
Compostela Valley Province: upper
Agusan River area
*
Davao Oriental Province:
Boston and
Cateel
Cateel (), officially the Municipality of Cateel ( ceb, Lungsod sa Cateel; tl, Bayan ng Cateel), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Davao Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 44,207 people.
Cate ...
municipalities
*
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte ( ceb, Amihanang Dabaw; tl, Hilagang Davao), officially the Province of Davao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes ...
Province:
Asuncion municipality (in Manguagan)
Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo is spoken in the following areas.
Ethnologue
''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensiv ...
*northern border of
Davao Oriental Province
*southeast corner of
Agusan del Sur Province
*southern
Surigao del Sur Province:
Lingig (in Rajah Cabungsuan)
The Omayamnon, Dibabawon, and Rajah Kabunsuwan dialects are divergent.
Phonology
Consonants
In Agusan, the stops have unreleased variants when occurring before another consonant, silence, and in syllable-final position.
The glottal stop occurs in all consonant positions.
Of the continuants, all occur in syllable-initial position and all except in word-final position. The consonants and are used interchangeably.
Vowels
Agusan has only five vowels, , , , , and . Vowels may appear alone, after a consonant, or between consonants in a syllable. All vowels, with the exception of , may occur "in a sequence of identical vowels separated by a glottal stop". The vowel never occurs next to the consonant .
References
Manobo languages
Languages of Agusan del Norte
Languages of Agusan del Sur
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