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Radwan () is a Polish knights' clan (''ród'') and a Polish coat of arms used by the ''
szlachta The ''szlachta'' (Polish: endonym, Lithuanian: šlėkta) were the noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth who, as a class, had the dominating position in ...
'' (noble families within the clan).


Blazon

Gules In heraldry, gules () is the tincture with the colour red. It is one of the class of five dark tinctures called "colours", the others being azure (blue), sable (black), vert (green) and purpure (purple). In engraving, it is sometimes depi ...
: a Gonfanon or surmounted by a
Maltese Cross The Maltese cross is a cross symbol, consisting of four " V" or arrowhead shaped concave quadrilaterals converging at a central vertex at right angles, two tips pointing outward symmetrically. It is a heraldic cross variant which develop ...
of the last. Crest – on a crowned helmet – three ostrich feathers proper."The Polish Armorial Polonais"
by Auteurs Associes ( Château-Thierry, Aisne department, Hauts-de-France region, FRANCE: Bibliothèque Albi Corvi, 1988), page 69.
Arms Arms or ARMS may refer to: *Arm or arms, the upper limbs of the body Arm, Arms, or ARMS may also refer to: People * Ida A. T. Arms (1856–1931), American missionary-educator, temperance leader Coat of arms or weapons *Armaments or weapons **Fi ...
: gules, a gonfannon ensigned of a cross in chief, and fringed in base, all or. Issuant of a helmet ducally crowned; for a crest, three ostrich plumes proper.


History

Radwan is among the most ancient coats of arms. Its origin traces to Polish and German nobility. The most ancient seal dates from 1443 and the first record from 1409. This coat of arms was widespread mainly in the regions of
Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 159 ...
, Płock,
Sandomierz Sandomierz (pronounced: ; la, Sandomiria) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017), situated on the Vistula River in the Sandomierz Basin. It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Provi ...
,
Sieradz Sieradz ( la, Siradia, yi, שעראַדז, שערעדז, שעריץ, german: 1941-45 Schieratz) is a city on the Warta river in central Poland with 40,891 inhabitants (2021). It is the seat of the Sieradz County, situated in the Łódź Voivod ...
, and also in Podlasie,
Rawa The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) ( Persian:جمعیت انقلابی زنان افغانستان, ''Jamiʿat-e Enqelābi-ye Zanān-e Afghānestān'', Pashto:د افغانستان د ښڅو انقلابی جمعی ...
, Ruthenia, and Lithuania. It exists in eight variants. Families of magnate status ( możni/high nobility) bearing Radwan arms were the Babski's, and the Magnuszewski's and Uchański's (See: Jakub Uchański), parts of the Mazovian feudal elite; however, many branches of the Radwans never transcended the status of middle and lesser nobility.
"In Poland, the Radwanice were noted relatively early (1274) as the descendants of Radwan, a knight ore properly a "rycerz" (German "ritter")">ritter.html" ;"title="ore properly a "rycerz" (German "ritter">ore properly a "rycerz" (German "ritter")active a few decades earlier. ..."Janusz Bieniak, "Knight Clans in Medieval Poland", in Antoni Gąsiorowski (ed.)
The Polish Nobility in the Middle Ages: Anthologies
Ossolineum">Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Ossoliński National Institute ( pl, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, ZNiO), or the Ossolineum is a Polish cultural foundation, publishing house, archival institute and a research centre of national significance founded in 1817 in Lwów (now ...
– Wydawnictwo; Wrocław, POLSKA; 1984, page 154. Kasper Niesiecki Society of Jesus, S.J. (1682–1744) in hi
"Herbarz Polski"
(with increased legal proofs and additions by
Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz Jan Nepomucen (de) Bobrowicz (12 May 1805 – 2 November 1881) was a Polish virtuoso guitarist, composer, music editor, and publisher. Franz Liszt called him "the Chopin of guitar". Life Bobrowicz was born in Kraków. He studied the guitar in Vi ...
805–1881 8 (eight) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9. In mathematics 8 is: * a composite number, its proper divisors being , , and . It is twice 4 or four times 2. * a power of two, being 2 (two cubed), and is the first number ...
in the
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
editions, 1839–1846) writes:
"It
adwan coat of arms Adwan (also spelled Edwan, ar, عدوان) may refer to: People *Banu 'Adwan, a division of the Banu 'Amr tribe, which is a branch of the Zahran tribe. * Atef Adwan (born 1952), Palestinian politician * Georges Adwan (born 1947), Lebanese politici ...
was awarded during the reign of King Bolesław Smialy (1058–1079) on the occasion of a battle with Ruthenia; a captain named Radwan had been sent out on a foray with part of the army. He happened upon the enemy camp in such close quarters that they could neither protect themselves from a skirmish with the Ruthenians, nor fight with them, inasmuch as their numbers were so much smaller. But they all agreed it was better to fall dead on the spot than to encourage the enemy by fleeing. So with all their heart they sprang toward the Ruthenians, whose knights were daunted by this attack; but when they saw the small numbers against them, the Ruthenians grew bold, and not only took away their banner, but dispersed them as well. Captain Radwan, wishing to encourage his men to fight once more, rushed to a nearby church, where he seized the church's banner; he then gathered his men and courageously attacked the enemy. The Ruthenians took this to mean a new army with fresh troops had joined the battle, and began to retreat and flee. So Radwan's banner carried the day, and for this he received that church's banner for his shield, as well as other gifts.Leonard Joseph: Sulima-Suligowski, "Polish Heraldry" (WHITE EAGLE: Journal of the Polish Nobility Association Foundation: Villa Anneslie, 529 Dunkirk Road, Anneslie, Towson, Baltimore, Baltimore county, MARYLAND, U.S.A.
The Polish Nobility Association Foundation
1999), Spring/Summer 1999, page 9, prepared from the classic heraldic reference "Herbarz Polski" (by Kasper Niesiecki, S. J.,
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
edition, 1839 – 1846) by Leonard J. Suligowski.

Paprocki, however, gives this as occurring during the rule of
Bolesław Chrobry Boleslav or Bolesław may refer to: In people: * Boleslaw (given name) In geography: *Bolesław, Dąbrowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland *Bolesław, Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland *Bolesław, Silesian Voivodeship Bo ...
92–1025 9 (nine) is the natural number following and preceding . Evolution of the Arabic digit In the beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and ...
in 1021. He writes that Radwan was a royal chancellor, which information he is supposed to have taken from ancient royal grants. I conclude from this that either this clan sign is more ancient than the time of Bolesław Śmiały 058–1079and originated in the time of Bolesław Krzywousty 102–1138 to whom some authors ascribe its conferment on that aforementioned Radwan; or else that before the time of Bolesław Śmiały 058–1079the Radwans used some other arms in their seal: for instance, that Radwan whom Paprocki gives as Bishop of Poznań in 1138.
Długosz Długosz is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Jan Długosz (1415–1480), Polish bishop and chronicler * Jan Długosz (1929–1962), Polish mountaineer * Leszek Długosz (born 1941), Polish actor * Louis F. Dlugosz (1 ...
, in 'Vitae Episcop. Posnan.
ives of the Bishops of Poznań Ives is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include: Surname: * Alice Emma Ives (1876–1930), American dramatist, journalist * Burl Ives (1909–1995), American singer, author and actor * Charles Ives (1874–1954), Ame ...
does not include him under Radwan arms, but Sreniawa; there I, too, will speak of him."
From Little Poland, the Śreniawa family/gens was insignificant and financially modest; however, King Kazimierz the Great (1310–1370) supported them in Little Poland. Radwan, Bishop of Poznań, assisted with the establishment of the first Commandery of the
Knights of Saint John The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headq ...
in Poznań circa 1187 or possibly May 6, 1170. The donation was made by Mieszko III Stary (1121? – 1202), High Duke of all Poland.


Ancient Origins and Reason for Many Surnames

''See: Szlachta: Origins of szlachta surnames''. The Polish state paralleled the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Medite ...
in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the nobility/
szlachta The ''szlachta'' (Polish: endonym, Lithuanian: šlėkta) were the noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth who, as a class, had the dominating position in ...
. The Polish nobility/szlachta in
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is divided into Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 mill ...
, where Latin was written and spoken far and wide, used the Roman naming convention of the tria nomina (praenomen, nomen, and cognomen) to distinguish Polish citizens/nobles/szlachta from the peasantry and foreigners, hence why so many surnames are associated with the Radwan
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in it ...
. Nomen (nomen gentile—name of the
gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (plural: ''stirpes''). The ''gen ...
/ ród or clan): Radwan
Cognomen A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became her ...
(name of the family
sept A sept is a division of a family, especially of a Scottish or Irish family. The term is used in both Scotland and Ireland, where it may be translated as ''sliocht'', meaning "progeny" or "seed", which may indicate the descendants of a person ( ...
within the gens): For example—Braniecki, Dąbrowski, Czcikowski, Dostojewski, Górski, Nicki, Zebrzydowski, etc.


Notable bearers

Notable bearers of this
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in it ...
have included: *
Dąbrowski Manor in Michałowice Dąbrowski (; feminine Dąbrowska, plural Dąbrowscy) or Dabrowski is the 11th most common surname in Poland (87,304 people in 2009);Citation: Zawadzki, 2002 this is down from an apparent rank of 4th in 1990.Citation: Futrega, 2006 ''Dąbrowski ...
* Jarosław Dąbrowski *
Stefan Tytus Dąbrowski Stefan Tytus Zygmunt Dąbrowski (1877–1947) of Radwan coat of arms – Physician, physiologist, biochemist, and Polish politician. Rector (academia), Rector: Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Adam Mickiewicz University - Poznań, Poland ...
* Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Polish spelling "Dostojewski") *
Samuel Osiński Samuel Osiński (died 1649) of Radwan coat of arms was a high-ranking noble ( szlachcic) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Biography Osiński was born to the courtier Pawła, a devout Calvinist Calvinism (also called the Reform ...
* Jakub Uchański * House of Zebrzydowski ** Andrzej Zebrzydowski ** Mikołaj Zebrzydowski File:Żądło-Dąbrowski z Dąbrówki Herbu (Coat of Arms) Radwan Family Manor in Michałowice Village, POLAND.jpg,
Dąbrowski Manor in Michałowice Dąbrowski (; feminine Dąbrowska, plural Dąbrowscy) or Dabrowski is the 11th most common surname in Poland (87,304 people in 2009);Citation: Zawadzki, 2002 this is down from an apparent rank of 4th in 1990.Citation: Futrega, 2006 ''Dąbrowski ...
(1897–Present) File:JAROSŁAW_ŻĄDŁO_DĄBROWSKI_herbu_(coat_of_arms)_RADWAN.jpg, Jarosław Dąbrowski, herbu Radwan (1836–1871) File:Dabrowski--stefan-tytus-zygmunt--poznan-university--1935.jpg, Stefan Tytus Dąbrowski, herbu Radwan (1877–1947) File:Vasily_Perov_-_Портрет_Ф.М.Достоевского_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg, Fyodor Dostoyevsky herbu Radwan (1821–1881) File:Jakub Uchański.JPG, Jakub Uchański, herbu Radwan (1502–1581) File:Andrzej Zebrzydowski - biskup krakowski.JPG, Andrzej Zebrzydowski, herbu Radwan (1496-1560) File:Mikołaj Zebrzydowski.jpg, Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, herbu Radwan (1553–1620)


Friedrich Nietzsche as Polish Nobleman Controversy: His Ring Bearing Radwan Coat of Arms

Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his c ...
wore a
signet ring A seal is a device for making an impression in wax, clay, paper, or some other medium, including an embossment on paper, and is also the impression thus made. The original purpose was to authenticate a document, or to prevent interference with ...
bearing the Radwan coat of arms. He often claimed his ancestors were Polish noblemen called either "Niëtzky" or "Niëzky," which was equated to the surname of the Polish family "Nicki" bearing the Radwan coat of arms. Gotard Nietzsche, a member of the Nicki family, left Poland for
Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...
. His descendants later settled in the
Electorate of Saxony The Electorate of Saxony, also known as Electoral Saxony (German: or ), was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806. It was centered around the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz. In the Golden Bull of 1356, Emperor Charl ...
circa the year 1700. All Saints' Church, in
Wittenberg Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon: ''Wittenbarg''; meaning ''White Mountain''; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (''Luther City Wittenberg'')), is the fourth largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Wittenberg is situated on the River Elbe, north of ...
, Saxony, is where
Martin Luther Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Luther ...
posted his
Ninety-five Theses The ''Ninety-five Theses'' or ''Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences''-The title comes from the 1517 Basel pamphlet printing. The first printings of the ''Theses'' use an incipit rather than a title which summarizes the content ...
in 1517, according to
Philip Melanchthon Philip Melanchthon. (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran Protestant Reformers, reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellect ...
, which began the
Protestant Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
. Nietzsche's statements: *"meine Vorfahren waren polnische Edelleute, noch die Mutter meines Großvaters war Polin" *transl.: "my ancestors were Polish noblemen, even my grandfather's mother was Polish" – letter to Heinrich von Stein, c. beginning of December 1882 *"Man hat mich gelehrt, die Herkunft meines Blutes und Namens auf polnische Edelleute zurückzuführen, welche Niëtzky hießen und etwa vor hundert Jahren ihre Heimat und ihren Adel aufgaben, unerträglichen religiösen Bedrückungen endlich weichend: es waren nämlich Protestanten." *transl.: "I was taught to ascribe the origin of my blood and name to Polish noblemen who were called Niëtzky and left their home and nobleness about a hundred years ago, finally yielding to unbearable suppression: they were Protestants." – Nachlass, Sommer 1882 21 *"Meine Vorfahren waren polnische Edelleute (Niëzky); es scheint, dass der Typus gut erhalten ist, trotz dreier deutschen "Mütter"." *transl.: "My ancestors were Polish noblemen (Niëzky); it seems that the type is well preserved in spite of three German "mothers"" – letter to Georg Brandes, April 10, 1888 *"Und doch waren meine Vorfahren polnische Edelleute: ich habe von daher viel Rassen-Instinkte im Leibe, wer weiss? zuletzt gar noch das liberum veto. Denke ich daran, wie oft ich unterwegs als Pole angeredet werde und von Polen selbst, wie selten man mich für einen Deutschen nimmt, so könnte es scheinen, dass ich nur zu den angesprenkelten Deutschen gehörte." *transl.: "And yet my ancestors were Polish noblemen: it is owing to them that I have so much race instinct in my blood, who knows? perhaps even the liberum veto. When I think of how often I have been accosted as a Pole when traveling, even by Poles themselves, and how seldom I have been taken for a German, it seems to me as if I belonged to those who have but a sprinkling of German in them. – '' Ecce Homo'', Warum ich so weise bin (Why I am so wise) No. 3 (earlier version) In her 1895 biography ''Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's'', his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche discussed this, quoted the second statement above and told a longer version of the story, giving her aunts as a source. Also she says that not their great-grandfather (as Friedrich had claimed), but their great-great-grandfather had travelled from Poland to Saxony; that this travel had lasted three years, and that their great-grandfather was born in this time. Also she recalled a lost document called "''La famille seigneuriale de Niëtzky''" in which it was stated that a member of the family had to flee from Poland in 1716. In her 1895 retelling of the story, Förster-Nietzsche did not state clearly whether she thought it to be true or a family myth. Many Nietzsche biographies until today have used Förster-Nietzsche's book as a source. In 1898, Hans von Müller did some research concerning the Nietzsches' origins. He found that Nietzsche's great-grandfather was born on February 26, 1714 (8 o'clock in the morning) in the town of Bibra and was given the name Gotthelf Engelbert some days later. His father, Nietzsche's great-great-grandfather, was named Christoph and had lived in Bibra since at least 1709. At that time, Müller could not find earlier evidence or the family birth name of Christoph Nietzsche's wife, but nevertheless published his results. In a private talk with Elisabeth, he jokingly said that if the lost document had put the events in 1706, not 1716, there would at least have been a possibility of it being true. He was quite surprised when Elisabeth published a harsh rejection of his essay and there stated that she "just sees from an old notebook" that the lost document had really put the events in 1706, not 1716. Although she accepted Müller's evidence, she found it mysterious why the family name of Christoph Nietzsche's wife was "concealed" in the old church books. lisabeth's appearing and disappearing "old notebooks" have often been a very practical source for her statements In 1905, a Polish writer named Bernhard Scharlitt began to take interest in Nietzsche's family history and wrote letters to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. In the book ''Herbarz polski'', he found a small note about a family "Nicki" belonging to the Radwan coat of arms, and conjectured that some Gotard Nietzsche had migrated from Poland to Prussia c. 1632, and that his descendant Christoph Nietzsche in 1706 had merely changed Prussia with Saxony. He wrote this to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who quickly dismissed all her earlier conjectures, even the religious suppression so important to her brother, and also found "after thorough research" that in fact her brother had always written (two-syllable) "Nicki" and never the three-syllable form "Niëzky".
n obvious lie, see the above quotations by Nietzsche N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ...
Scharlitt was full of joy and published his conjectures and Elisabeth's letters in a Polish-patriotic article. However, in her new 1912 biography ''Der junge Nietzsche'', Elisabeth did not repeat her enthusiastic support for Scharlitt's conjectures – perhaps they had become inopportune in rising German nationalism. She now wrote "Nicki" but nevertheless claimed that phonetically it would be "Niëzky" with three syllables; she changed (that is, forged) her brother's 1882 fragment (second quotation on top) from "etwa vor hundert Jahren" (about hundred years ago) to "vor mehr als hundert Jahren" (more than hundred years ago), but in the end said that she does not know anything for sure because "papers have been lost". What Scharlitt and Förster-Nietzsche did not know was that Hans von Müller after her strong rejection had abstained from an open debate, but had quietly pursued his research in old churchbooks, and that he was successful. His results are: *Nietzsche's great-great-great-great-grandfather: *Mattheß Nitzsche, lived in Burkau *Nietzsche's great-great-great-grandfather: *Christoph Nitzsche . baptized May 15, 1662, Burkau; married to Anna Grüner, daughter of Hanß Grüner *Nietzsche's great-great-grandfather: *Christoph Nitzsche I. first marriage in 1707 in Eckartsberga, living in Bibra at least since 1709, died January 5, 1739, lower tax official in Bibra **First marriage with Johanna Christiana Büttner, daughter of Johann Dietrich Büttner from Eckartsberga **Second marriage with Margaretha Elisabetha Schönermarckin he one whose family name Elisabeth rumoured to be "mysteriously concealed" daughter of Ludwig Heinrich Schönermarck in
Sondershausen Sondershausen is a town in Thuringia, central Germany, capital of the Kyffhäuserkreis district, situated about 50 km north of Erfurt. On 1 December 2007, the former municipality Schernberg was incorporated by Sondershausen. Until 1918 i ...
) *Nietzsche's great-grandfather: *Gotthelf (or Gotthilf) Engelbert Nitzsche, born February 26, 1714, in Bibra, died September 21, 1804, in Bibra, succeeded his father as lower tax official); is from Christoph's I.first marriage, not from the second one as Müller had conjectured in 1898. **(First) marriage with Johanne Amalie Herold, born November 10, 1717, in Reinsdorf, died September 17, 1770, in Bibra, married July 19, 1740) Their seventh child was *Nietzsche's grandfather: *Friedrich August Ludwig Nitzsche (or Nietzsche), born January 29, 1756, in Bibra, died March 16, 1826, in Eilenburg, a Lutheran pastor **First marriage with Johanne Friederike Richter, married July 6, 1784, in Bibra) **Second marriage with Erdmuthe Dorothee Krause (born December 11, 1778, in
Reichenbach Reichenbach may refer to: Places Austria * Reichenbach (Litschau), a part of Litschau * Reichenbach (Rappottenstein), a part of Rappottenstein Germany * Reichenbach (Oberlausitz), in Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis district, Saxony * Rei ...
, died Naumburg April 3, 1865 – Nietzsche knew her – married October 9, 1809, in Naumburg) Nietzsche's father Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, from the second marriage and also a Lutheran pastor, born October 10, 1813, is well known. Hans von Müller wrote down the story of the legend and his results in a private manuscript between 1935 and 1937. The manuscript was published for the first time in 2002 Max Oehler also published an article about this in 1937/1938 (see article on Oehler). Whereas one should remain sceptical about Oehler, who was a devote Nazi, Hans von Müller's text is clearly not written in favour of some Nazi ideology. But Oehler's and Müller's results are essentially identical, Oehler only gives three more ancestors: Mattheß' father Hans Nitzsche, born c. 1620–1630; Hans' father Elias Nitzsche, born c. 1600; and Elias' father, name unknown, born c. 1570, all in Burkau. Both Oehler and Müller did not exclude a Slavic origin of the family; however, Müller suggests Sorbian rather than Polish origin. As a possible source for the family myth Nietzsche's aunts believed in, Müller suggests Adam Nietzki (1714–1780), professor of medicine in
Halle Halle may refer to: Places Germany * Halle (Saale), also called Halle an der Saale, a city in Saxony-Anhalt ** Halle (region), a former administrative region in Saxony-Anhalt ** Bezirk Halle, a former administrative division of East Germany ** Hall ...
and of Polish (but not noble) origin, and Christoph Niczky, of Hungarian nobility, both of whom were not further related to the family Nietzsche. Modern Nietzsche scholarship does not believe in the legend of noble Polish ancestry. For example, in the Colli-Montinari edition of Nietzsche's letters, the commentary on the above quoted letter to Brandes shortly notes:KGB III 7.3/1 p. 193 *"diese von N gepflegte Legende entbehrt jeder Grundlage" *transl.: "this legend maintained by N lacks any basis"


Footnotes


External links

* Stockholms Auktionsverk -
Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his c ...
: Hi
Ring Representing the Radwan Coat of Arms
Which Ended Up in Sweden * Radwan Coat of Arms, variants & bearers


See also

* Polish heraldry *
Heraldry Heraldry is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank and pedigree. Armory, the best-known bran ...
*
Coat of Arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in it ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Radwan Coat Of Arms Clan of Radwan Cultural history of Poland Polish coats of arms Polish heraldry