Rabbitfishes or spinefoots are
perciform fishes in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Siganidae. The 29
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
are in a single
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
, ''Siganus''. In some now obsolete classifications, the species having prominent face stripes—colloquially called foxfaces–are in the genus ''Lo''. Other species, such as the
masked spinefoot (''S. puellus''), show a reduced form of the stripe pattern. Rabbitfishes are native to shallow waters in the
Indo-Pacific
The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth.
In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...
, but ''
S. luridus'' and ''
S. rivulatus'' have become established in the eastern
Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...
via
Lessepsian migration. They are commercially important
food fish
Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingest ...
, and can be used in the preparation of dishes such as ''
bagoong
''Bagoóng'' (; ) is a Philippine condiment partially or completely made of either fermented fish (''bagoóng'') or krill or shrimp paste (''alamáng'') with salt. The fermentation process also produces fish sauce known as ''patís''.
The pre ...
''.
Taxonomy
The Siganidae was first formally described as a family in 1837 by the
Scottish
Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including:
*Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland
*Scottish English
*Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...
naval surgeon,
naturalist and
arctic
The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...
explorer Sir
John Richardson.
[ The genus ''Siganus'' was described in 1775 by the Danish ]zoologist
Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...
Johan Christian Fabricius
Johan Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is cons ...
with ''Siganus rivulatus'', a species also described by Fabricius in 1775, designated as he type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
. The description was based on notes taken by the naturalist Peter Forsskål when he was on the Danish Arabia expedition (1761–67)
Danish may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark
People
* A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark
* Culture of Denmark
* Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish ance ...
and was published in Carsten Niebuhr
Carsten Niebuhr, or Karsten Niebuhr (17 March 1733 Lüdingworth – 26 April 1815 Meldorf, Dithmarschen), was a German mathematician, cartographer, and explorer in the service of Denmark. He is renowned for his participation in the Royal Danish ...
's ''Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr''. Catalog of Fishes lists the authority as " Fabricius . C.(ex Forsskål) in Niebuhr 1775" and states that the genus is valid as "''Siganus'' Fabricius 1775".[
Carl Linnaeus originally described the genus ''Teuthis'', with the type species being ''Teuthis hepatus''. One of the type specimens he used looks like ''Siganus javus'', although the other is definitely not a rabbitfish, and the ]International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 26 commissioners from 20 countries.
Orga ...
has been asked to suppress the name ''Teuthis'' in favour of ''Siganus'' to reflect the prevailing usage.
The family Siganidae is classified as one of two families in the superfamily
SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
Siganoidea
Siganoidea is a Superfamily (biology), superfamily belonging to the suborder Percoidei which in turn is the largest suborder of the order Perciformes. It contains two families of largely Indo-Pacific distribution.
Taxonomy
Siganoidea is recognised ...
, within the suborder
Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...
Percoidei of the order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
Perciformes in the 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World
''Fishes of the World'' by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011) is a standard reference for fish systematics. Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of the diversity and classification of the ...
''. In other classifications it is classified as a family within the order Acunthuriformes,[ or as one of a group of families classified as '' incertae sedis'' within the series ]Eupercaria
Percomorpha () is a large clade of ray-finned fish that includes the Scombroidei, tuna, Syngnathiformes, seahorses, gobies, Cichlidae, cichlids, flatfish, Labridae, wrasse, Perciformes, perches, Lophiiformes, anglerfish, and Tetraodontiformes, pu ...
. The name ''Siganus'' is a latinisation of the local Arabic name for the marbled rabbitfish (''S. rivulatus'') in Yemen, ''Sidjan'' which can also be written as ''Sigian'', and means "rabbitfish".
In 2007 Kurriwa ''et al.'', outlined a way to split the genus—if the scientific community so desires:
* An ancient group containing e.g. ''S. woodlandi''
* Another fairly small group containing, e.g., the '' S. canaliculatus''/'' S. fuscescens'') complex
* The remainder of'' Siganus'', including the foxfaces
Other lineages might exist and make obsolete the somewhat weak distinction between the second and third groups. Also, it is not known where the type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
'' S. rivulatus'' would fall, hence names for these three subgenera
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
or genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
are not established at present.
Hybrid
Hybrid may refer to:
Science
* Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding
** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species
** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...
izaton has played a role in the evolution of the Siganidae, as evidenced by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome ''b'' and nDNA internal transcribed spacer
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript.
I ...
1 sequence
In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is calle ...
data. Evidence exists of interbreed
In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in ...
ing between '' S. guttatus'' and '' S. lineatus'', as well as between '' S. doliatus'' and '' S. virgatus''.
Also, either females of the last common ancestor of '' S. puellus'' and the '' S. punctatus'' interbred with females ancestral to the main non-foxface lineage, or males of the former hybridized with females of the last common ancestor of '' S. punctatissimus'' and the foxfaces, while males of the latter mated with females of the original foxface species.
An individual was found that looked like a slightly aberrant blue-spotted spinefoot ('' S. corallinus''). On investigation, it turned out to be an offspring of a hybrid between a female of that species and a male masked spinefoot, which had successfully backcross
Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, to achieve offspring with a genetic identity closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding, and product ...
ed with the blue-spotted spinefoot.
Species
As noted above, several presumed species are suspected to actively interbreed even today; these might warrant merging as a single species. This applies to the white-spotted spinefoot ('' S. canaliculatus'') and the mottled spinefoot ('' S. fuscescens''), and to the blotched foxface (''S. unimaculatus'') and the foxface rabbitfish
The foxface rabbitfish (''Siganus vulpinus''), also known as the foxface, black-face rabbitfish or common foxface, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the Family (biology), family Siganidae. It is found in the Indian ...
(''S. vulpinus''). Alternatively they might be very recently evolved species that have not yet undergone complete lineage sorting
Incomplete lineage sorting, also termed hemiplasy, deep coalescence, retention of ancestral polymorphism, or trans-species polymorphism, describes a phenomenon in population genetics when ancestral gene copies fail to coalesce (looking backwards i ...
, but their biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...
suggests that each group is just color morph
Morph may refer to:
Biology
* Morph (zoology), a visual or behavioral difference between organisms of distinct populations in a species
* Muller's morphs, a classification scheme for genetic mutations
* "-morph", a suffix commonly used in tax ...
s of a single species. On the other hand, the morphologically diverse blue-spotted spinefoot (''S. corallinus'') might represent more than one species; orange individuals are found at the north of its range, while yellow ones occur to the south, and these two may be completely parapatric.
There are currently 29 recognized species in this genus:
* '' Siganus argenteus'' ( Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Streamlined spinefoot)
* '' Siganus canaliculatus'' ( M. Park, 1797) (White-spotted spinefoot)
* '' Siganus corallinus'' (Valenciennes
Valenciennes (, also , , ; nl, label=also Dutch, Valencijn; pcd, Valincyinnes or ; la, Valentianae) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France.
It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced a s ...
, 1835) (Blue-spotted spinefoot)
* ''Siganus doliatus
''Siganus doliatus'', commonly known as the barred spinefoot, scribbled rabbitfish, pencil-streaked rabbitfish, barred Spanish mackerel, blue-lined rabbitfish or two-barred rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belongi ...
'' Guérin-Méneville, 1829 (Barred spinefoot)
* '' Siganus fuscescens'' ( Houttuyn, 1782) (Mottled spinefoot)
* ''Siganus guttatus
The orange-spotted spinefoot (''Siganus guttatus''), also known as the deepbody spinefoot, gold-saddle rabbitfish, golden rabbitfish, golden-spotted spinefoot, goldlined spinefoot or yellowblotch spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, ...
'' (Bloch Bloch is a surname of German origin. Notable people with this surname include:
A–F
* (1859-1914), French rabbi
*Adele Bloch-Bauer (1881-1925), Austrian entrepreneur
*Albert Bloch (1882–1961), American painter
* (born 1972), German motor journal ...
, 1787) (Goldlined spinefoot)
* '' Siganus insomnis'' Woodland
A woodland () is, in the broad sense, land covered with trees, or in a narrow sense, synonymous with wood (or in the U.S., the ''plurale tantum'' woods), a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade (see ...
& R. C. Anderson, 2014 (Bronze-lined rabbitfish)
* ''Siganus javus
The streaked spinefoot (''Siganus javus''), also known as the Java rabbitfish, blue-spotted spinefoot, blue-spotted trevally, Java spinefoot or white-spotted rabbit-fish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the famil ...
'' ( Linnaeus, 1766) (Streaked spinefoot)
* '' Siganus labyrinthodes'' (Bleeker Bleeker is a Dutch occupational surname. Bleeker is an old spelling of ''(linnen)bleker'' ("linen bleacher").Siganus lineatus
The golden-lined spinefoot (''Siganus lineatus''), also known as the goldlined rabbitfish or lined rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the tropical Western Pacific and ...
'' (Valenciennes, 1835) (Golden-lined spinefoot)
* '' Siganus luridus'' ( Rüppell, 1829) (Dusky spinefoot)
* '' Siganus magnificus'' ( G. H. Burgess, 1977) (Magnificent rabbitfish)
* '' Siganus niger'' Woodland, 1990 (Black foxface)
* '' Siganus puelloides'' Woodland & Randall Randall may refer to the following:
Places
United States
*Randall, California, former name of White Hall, California, an unincorporated community
* Randall, Indiana, a former town
*Randall, Iowa, a city
*Randall, Kansas, a city
*Randall, Minnesot ...
, 1979 (Blackeye rabbitfish)
* ''Siganus puellus
The masked spinefoot (''Siganus puellus''), also known as the masked rabbitfish, bluelined rabbitfish, blue-lined spinefoot, decorated rabbitfish or maiden spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Sig ...
'' ( Schlegel, 1852) (Masked spinefoot)
* '' Siganus punctatissimus'' Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1929 (Peppered spinefoot)
* '' Siganus punctatus'' (Schneider & Forster, 1801) (Goldspotted spinefoot)
* '' Siganus randalli'' Woodland, 1990 (Variegated spinefoot)
* '' Siganus rivulatus'' Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775 (Marbled spinefoot)
* ''Siganus spinus
''Siganus spinus'', the little spinefoot, scribbled rabbitfish, blunt-nosed spinefoot, spiny rabbitfish or spiny spinefoot, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific reg ...
'' (Linnaeus, 1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
) (Little spinefoot)
* '' Siganus stellatus'' (Forsskål, 1775) (Brown-spotted spinefoot)
* ''Siganus sutor
''Siganus sutor'', the shoemaker spinefoot rabbitfish ,whitespotted rabbitfish or African whitespotted rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It lives in Indo-Pacific coral reefs. It ...
'' (Valenciennes, 1835) (Shoemaker spinefoot)
* ''Siganus trispilos
''Siganus trispilos'', the threeblotched rabbitfish, threespot rabbitfish, threeblotch spinefoot or threespot spinefoot is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the Family (biology), family Siganidae. It is Endemism, endem ...
'' Woodland & G. R. Allen, 1977 (Threeblotched rabbitfish)
* '' Siganus unimaculatus'' ( Evermann & Seale, 1907) (Blotched foxface)
* '' Siganus uspi'' Gawel & Woodland, 1974 (Bicolored foxface)
* '' Siganus vermiculatus'' (Valenciennes, 1835) (Vermiculated spinefoot)
* ''Siganus virgatus
''Siganus virgatus'', the barhead spinefoot, doublebar rabbitfish or doublebar spinefoot is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Taxonomy
''Siganus virgatus' ...
'' (Valenciennes, 1835) (Barhead spinefoot)
* '' Siganus vulpinus'' (Schlegel & J. P. Müller, 1845) (Foxface)
* '' Siganus woodlandi'' Randall & Kulbicki, 2005
Characteristics
Rabbitfishes have laterally compressed, oval bodies which may be deep, or slender. A few species have a tubular snout. The mouth is very small and is with non protractile jaws which have one row of compressed, closely set, incisor-like teeth in each jaw. The teeth overlap slightly and create a beak like structure. The dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through conv ...
has 13 robust spines and 10 soft rays and the front spine is short, sharp and points forward, sometimes projecting from its "pocket" but it may enfolded. The anal fin
Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as se ...
has 7 robust spines and 9 soft rays. The pelvic fin
Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish. The paired pelvic fins are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods.
Structure and function Structure
In actinopterygians, the pelvic fin consists of two en ...
s have 2 spines and 3 soft rays inbetween them, this is a unique characteristic to the Siganidae. There is a membrane which extends from the inner pelvic fin spine to the bellywith the anus sitting between these membranes. The tiny scales are cycloid and may be absent from the head region, even if present on the head they are restricted to a small area of the cheek under the eye. The fin spines are equipped with well-developed venom
Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a sti ...
glands. The sting is very painful, but it is generally not considered medically significant in healthy adults. They range in maximum total length
Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology.
Overall length
* Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish ...
s of in the case of the blotched foxface (''S. unimaculatus'') to in the streaked spinefoot (''S. javus'').[
]
Distribution and habitat
Rabbitfishes are found in the Indo-Pacific
The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth.
In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...
from the Red Sea
The Red Sea ( ar, البحر الأحمر - بحر القلزم, translit=Modern: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval: Baḥr al-Qulzum; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; T ...
and the coast of eastern Africa through the Pacific Ocean as far as Pitcairn Island
Pitcairn Island is the only inhabited island of the Pitcairn Islands, of which many inhabitants are descendants of mutineers of HMS ''Bounty''.
Geography
The island is of volcanic origin, with a rugged cliff coastline. Unlike many other ...
.[ Two Red Sea species ''S. rivulatus'' and ''S. luridus'' have invaded the Mediterranean Sea through the ]Suez Canal
The Suez Canal ( arz, قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ, ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The long canal is a popular ...
, a process known as Lessepsian migration. These fishes are found in inshore tropical and subtropical waters where they occur in reefs, lagoons, mangroves and seagrass beds.
Biology
All rabbitfish are diurnal; some live in schools, while others live more solitary lives among the coral
Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically form compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. Coral species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and sec ...
s. Rabbitfish sleep in crevices in the reef matrix at night. While sleeping, the rabbitfish ''Siganus canaliculatus'' was observed being cleaned by the cleaner shrimp ''Urocaridella antonbruunii
''Urocaridella antonbruunii'', common names clear cleaner shrimp or red-white cleaner shrimp, is a species of shrimp belonging to the family Palaemonidae. It was described by A. J. Bruce in 1967. It is one of the species that are known as clean ...
''. They are herbivorous, feeding on benthic
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from ancient Greek, βένθος (bénthos), meaning "t ...
algae
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...
in the wild. However, ''Siganus rivulatus'' was recently observed feeding on jellyfish (Scyphozoa
The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish (or "true jellies").
The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word ''skyphos'' (), denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the ...
) and comb jellies ( Ctenophora) in the Red Sea
The Red Sea ( ar, البحر الأحمر - بحر القلزم, translit=Modern: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval: Baḥr al-Qulzum; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; T ...
. Also ''Siganus fuscescens'' have been observed eating prawns and other baits, suggesting that some species are opportunistic omnivorous feeders. The live passage of benthic organisms in the guts of invasive rabbitfish (ichthyochory) was shown to play a major role in the long distance dispersal
Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dis ...
and bioinvasion of foraminifera
Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular Ectoplasm (cell biology), ectoplasm for catching food and ot ...
. Rabbitfish lay adhesive eggs and some species live as monogamous pairs.[
]
Venom
Rabbitfish have venomous spines in the dorsal and pelvic fins. In at least one species the venom has been found to be similar to that found in stonefish
''Synanceia'' is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Synanceiinae, the stonefishes, which is classified within the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and relatives. Stonefishes are venomous, dangerous, and fatal to huma ...
.
Utilization
Rabbitfish can be important species for commercial fisheries, particularly the schooling species. The catch is largely sold fresh but juveniles may be dried or processed to make fish paste. Some species are used in aquaculture and some of the more colorful species are found in the aquarium trade.[
]
References
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q17148, from2=Q10667467
Venomous fish
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)