''Regina v. Cunningham'' (1957) is an English

Court of Appeal A court of appeals, also called a court of appeal, appellate court, appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In much of t ...

ruling that clarified that indirect, not reasonably foreseeable consequences to a totally distinct, reprehensible, even "wicked" activity would not be considered "malicious" where that is set out as the

mens rea In criminal law, (; Law Latin for "guilty mind") is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime; or knowledge that one's action (or lack of action) would cause a crime to be committed. It is considered a necessary element ...

for a particular offence. The level of mens rea, by statute, specifically needed to accompany "administration", which it was common ground that negligent release would amount to, of noxious gases. The precedent value of the case has been applied to broadly analogous situations and rules where an enhanced ''mens rea'' is required for a particular class of offence to be proven.

Facts

The defendant removed a gas meter to steal the money inside. This was the unlawful, reprehensible activity for which a distinct charge and conviction applied. Gas then thus gradually leaked and partially asphyxiated a neighbour. He was charged with violating section 23 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 that criminalized the unlawful and malicious administration of a noxious substance to another person.

Trial judge understanding of law

The trial judge explained the word "maliciously" to mean general wickedness, and because of that as to stealing the money from the gas meter the ''

'' for the crime was present.

Objective foreseeability implied by maliciously

The appellate judges quashed the conviction because "maliciously" was to be read to mean that the result was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant's actions. The panel gave vague, generic advice to judges as to the correct jury instructions to set down such as the proper standard (test) of probabilities (if any). Other cases give greater insight as to relevance of oblique, sufficiently proven, intentions and examples of motives which would be considered malicious for particular crimes having that specified ''mens rea''.Bonnie, p. 181 Among these is ''

R v Faulkner ''R v. Faulkner'' (1877) is a key reported appeal the Court for Crown Cases Reserved: holding that the ''mens rea'' for committing one criminal act does not necessarily transfer to all possible, potentially in other ways criminal, consequences ...

'' (1877) by which the ''mens rea'' for larceny must not be conflated with that for arson.

References

{{reflist C 1957 in case law 1957 in British law