ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772)

ROKS ''Cheonan'' (PCC-772) was a of the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN), commissioned in 1989. On 26 March 2010, she broke in two and sank near the sea border with North Korea, killing 46 sailors. An investigation conducted by an international team of experts from South Korea, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Sweden concluded that ''Cheonan'' was sunk by a torpedo launched by a North Korean ''Yeono''-class miniature submarine.North Korea rebuffs South Korea's evidence on ''Cheonan'' attack
Christian Science Monitor, May 20, 2010.

History

Service history

''Cheonan'' was launched in November 1989 from Korea Tacoma Marine Ind., Ltd., Masan, South Korea. The ship's primary mission was coastal patrol, with an emphasis on anti-submarine operations. ''Cheonan'' was one of the ships involved in the First Battle of Yeonpyeong in 1999. It is also known that the ship suffered slight damage on the stern in the First Battle of Yeonpyeong. The ship had been scheduled for decommissioning in 2019.

Sinking, recovery and aftermath

Sinking

On 26 March 2010, an explosion occurred near the rear of ''Cheonan'', causing the ship to break in two. The cause of this explosion was not immediately determined.

The 1,200 tonne ship started sinking at 21:20 local time (12:20  UTC) about off the south-west coast of Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea. The island is located on the South Korean (ROK) side of the Northern Limit Line, the ''de facto'' boundary dividing South from North Korea (DPRK). The ship had a crew of 104 men at the time of sinking, and a total of 58 crew were rescued. Another 46 crew were unaccounted for. ''Cheonan''s captain, Commander Choi Won-il, said that the ship broke into two and the stern sank within five minutes after the explosion and while he was still assessing the situation. On 17 April 2010, North Korea denied any involvement in the sinking of ''Cheonan''.

Rescue efforts

Initially six South Korean navy and two South Korean coast guard ships assisted in the rescue as well as aircraft from the South Korean air force. It was reported on March 27 that hopes of finding the 46 missing crew alive were fading. Survival time in the water was estimated at around two hours and large waves were hampering rescue attempts. The ship sank in 45 meter deep waters with a small portion of the overturned hull still visible above water. It was expected that it would take up to 20 days to salvage the ship.

During the course of the search and rescue effort over 24 military vessels were involved, including at least three US Navy vessels, , , and .

On 30 March 2010 it was reported that one South Korean naval diver (ROKN UDT/SEAL CWO Han Ju-ho) had died after losing consciousness whilst searching for survivors and another had been hospitalised.

On 3 April 2010, South Korean officials said that a private fishing boat involved in the rescue operations had collided with a Cambodian freighter, sinking the fishing boat and killing at least two people, with seven reported missing. The same day, the Joint Chiefs of Staff of South Korea said that one body of the 46 missing sailors had been found.

Later on 3 April 2010 South Korea called off the rescue operation for the missing sailors, after families of the sailors asked for the operation to be suspended for fear of further casualties among the rescue divers. The military's focus then shifted towards salvage operations, which were predicted to take up to a month to complete.

Recovery

On 15 April 2010, the stern section of the ship was winched from the seabed by a large floating crane, drained of water and placed on a barge for transportation to the Pyongtaek navy base. The same crane raised the bow portion of ''Cheonan'' on 24 April 2010. The salvaged parts of the ship were taken to Pyongtaek navy base for an investigation into the cause of the sinking by both South Korean and foreign experts. The unsalvaged parts were left to break apart.'

Cause of sinking

On 25 April 2010, South Korea's defense minister, Kim Tae-Young, said that the most likely cause of the explosion that sank ''Cheonan'' was a torpedo; his statements were the first time that a South Korean official publicly cited such a cause. Kim said that "A bubble jet caused by a heavy torpedo is thought to be the most likely thing to be blamed, but various other possibilities are also under review." A bubble jet is caused by an underwater explosion which changes the pressure of water, and whose force can cause a ship to break apart. The bubble jet theory was supported by one of the investigators into the incident, who had said that there was no evidence that an explosion had occurred in contact with a ship, and that a non-contact explosion had most likely broken the ship in half.

On 20 May 2010, a South Korean-led international commission investigating the sinking of ''Cheonan'' presented its findings, stating that the ship was sunk by a North Korean torpedo attack.
The torpedo parts recovered at the site of the explosion by a dredging ship on 15 May, which include 5x5 bladed contra-rotating propellers, propulsion motor and a steering section, were claimed to perfectly match the schematics of the CHT-02D torpedo included in introductory brochures provided to foreign countries by North Korea for export purposes. The markings in Hangul, which read "1번" (or No. 1 in English), found inside the end of the propulsion section were said to have been consistent with markings on a previously obtained North Korean torpedo. However, some (''The Hankyoreh'') have pointed out without the proper reason that in the North, "호" (pronounced "ho") is most often used rather than "번"; and that a North Korean torpedo found seven years ago bears the marking "4호". Russian and Chinese torpedoes are marked in their respective languages. The CHT-02D torpedo manufactured by North Korea utilizes acoustic/wake homing and passive acoustic tracking methods. However, an expert at a South Korean missile manufacturer disagreed with the idea that the submarine alleged by ROK authorities to have shot the torpedo actually has the capability: "Sango class submarines are known to be used by North Korean commandos in infiltrating areas or laying mines, but they apparently do not have an advanced system to guide homing weapons. If a smaller class submarine was involved, there is a bigger question mark."

One member of the investigative team, Shin Sang-cheol, who would be summoned on charges of spreading unsubstantiated rumors, publicly expressed doubts by saying "The magnified photo of the evidence showed that the marking was written on the rusted surface. If it were the North who marked it, the marking should have been written on a smooth surface." The Ministry of Defense had earlier tried to remove Shin from the investigative team, saying that "He is not qualified to work as part of the investigation team, as he has been spreading malicious rumors, as well as lacks expertise and has been insincere in his participation in the probe."

On 13 September 2010, the final report was issued by JIG which concluded that, "The ''Cheonan'' was split and sunk due to a shockwave and bubble effect generated by the underwater explosion of a torpedo. The detonation location was three meters to port from the center of the gas turbine room and at a depth of 6-9 meters..."

North Korea denied that it was responsible for the sinking. China dismissed the official scenario presented by South Korea and the United States as not credible. An investigation by the Russian Navy also did not concur with the report. On 9 July 2010, the United Nations Security Council made a Presidential Statement condemning the attack but without identifying the attacker.

Museum ship

The ROKS ''Cheonan'' is now a museum ship at the Pyeongtaek Naval Base. It is stationed near the ROKS ''PKM 357'' patrol boat that was sunk in the Second Battle of Yeonpyeong.

File:US Navy 100913-N-4366B-501 Rear Adm. Hyun Sung Um, commander of Republic of Korea (ROK) Navy 2nd Fleet, and Rear Adm. Seung Joon Lee, deputy comman.jpg
File:US Navy 100826-N-7478G-231 Officers assigned to USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19) examine the damage to ROKS Cheonan (PCC 772).jpg
File:US Navy 100826-N-7478G-230 Officers assigned to USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19) approach ROKS Cheonan (PCC 772).jpg
File:U.S. Navy Capt. Rudy Lupton, the commanding officer of USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19), and Cmdr. Kirk Knox, the executive officer of Blue Ridge, lay a memorial wreath in front of ROKS Cheonan (PCC 772) in Pyeongtaek 100826-N-EF974-236.jpg
File:US Navy 100826-N-7478G-235 Capt. Rudy Lupton examines the bent propellor of ROKS Cheonan (PCC 772).jpg
File:US Navy 100826-N-7478G-234 Cmdr. Kirk Knox examines the damage to the propellor shaft of ROKS Cheonan (PCC 772).jpg
File:US Navy 110419-N-UH963-138 Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) the Honorable Ray Mabus examines damage to the Republic of Korea Navy corvette ROKS Cheo.jpg
File:From left, Cmdr. Kirk Knox, executive officer of U.S. 7th Fleet command ship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19), Cmdr. Tri Lac and Lt. j.g. Kyle Fitzpatrick look at a bent propeller on the Republic of Korea (ROK) corvette 100826-N-EF974-233.jpg
File:US Navy 100913-N-4366B-489 Rear Adm. Seung Joon Lee, deputy commander of Republic of Korea (ROK) Navy 2nd Fleet, briefs Adm. Patrick M. Walsh.jpg
File:US Navy 100913-N-4366B-475 Rear Adm. Seung Joon Lee, deputy commander of Republic of Korea (ROK) Navy 2nd Fleet, briefs Adm. Patrick M. Walsh,.jpg
File:US Navy 100722-N-0000X-002 Lt. Cmdr. Severn Stephens, assigned to Carrier Task Force (CTF) 70,.jpg
File:US Navy 100722-N-0000X-003 Capt. Atshushi Tanaka, chief of staff for Carrier Task Force (CTF) 70, embarked aboard the aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73),.jpg

Design

Armament

The ship's armament consisted of:
* Boeing RGM-84 Harpoon missiles
* Two Otobreda 76 mm/62 compact guns (OTO Melara)
* Two Bofors 40 mm/70 guns
* Six 12.75 in (324 mm) Mark 46 torpedoes
* Twelve Mark 9 depth charges

Propulsion

''Cheonan'' was powered by a pair of MTU engines, which produced a total of . These engines powered two propellers, which could move the ship at a top speed of .

References

External links

South Korean Navy page on ''Pohang''-class corvettes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheonan (Pcc-772)
1989 ships
Ships sunk by submarines
Maritime incidents in 2010
Pohang-class corvettes
Ships built by Hyundai Heavy Industries Group
2010 disasters in South Korea
Museum ships in South Korea

zh:天安号沉没事件#肇事艦艇