Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), also known as guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 (GNB2L1), is a 35 kDa

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

that in humans is encoded by the RACK1

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...

Function

RACK1 was originally isolated and identified as an intracellular protein receptor for

protein kinase C In cell biology, Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and t ...

, noting the significant homology to the beta subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Later studies established RACK1, and its yeast homolog Asc1, as a core ribosomal protein of the eukaryotic small (40S) ribosomal subunit. Much of the function of Asc1/RACK1 appears to result from its position on the 'head' of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Asc1/RACK1 participates in several aspects of

eukaryotic translation Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: gene translation, elongation, termination, and recapping. Initiation Translation initiation is the pr ...

and ribosome quality control, including IRES-mediated translation,

non-stop decay Non-stop decay (NSD) is a cellular mechanism of mRNA surveillance to detect mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon and prevent these mRNAs from translation. The non-stop decay pathway releases ribosomes that have reached the far 3' end of an mRNA and ...

, non-functional

18S ribosomal RNA 18S ribosomal RNA (abbreviated 18S rRNA) is a part of the ribosomal RNA. The S in 18S represents Svedberg units. 18S rRNA is an SSU rRNA, a component of the eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit (40S). 18S rRNA is the structural RNA for the small c ...

decay, and

frameshifting A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels ( insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature ...

Interactions

RACK1 is positioned at the solvent-exposed surface of the 40S ribosomal subunit, where it is held in place through contacts with both the

18S rRNA 18S may refer to: *18S ribosomal RNA *18S rRNA (adenine1779-N6/adenine1780-N6)-dimethyltransferase *18SEH The Family II is a straight-4 piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in the 1970s, debuting in 1979. Available in a wide ran ...

and other

ribosomal proteins A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. ''E. coli'', other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit an ...

, including uS3, uS9, and eS17. Additionally, RACK1 has been shown to

interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...

with: *

AGTRAP Type-1 angiotensin II receptor-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AGTRAP'' gene. This gene encodes a transmembrane protein localized to the plasma membrane and perinuclear vesicular structures. The gene product int ...

Androgen receptor The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in th ...

, *

CD18 In molecular biology, CD18 (Integrin beta chain-2) is an integrin beta chain protein that is encoded by the ''ITGB2'' gene in humans. Upon binding with one of a number of alpha chains, CD18 is capable of forming multiple heterodimers, which play ...

, * CD29 *

Cyclin A1 Cyclin-A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCNA1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance thro ...

EIF6 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (EIF6), also known as Integrin beta 4 binding protein (ITGB4BP), is a human gene. Hemidesmosomes are structures which link the basal lamina to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. An important functio ...

, *

FYN Funen ( da, Fyn, ), with an area of , is the third-largest island of Denmark, after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy. It is the 165th-largest island in the world. It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 469,947 as of ...

, * IFNAR2, * Janus kinase 1 *

OTUB1 Ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB1 also known as otubain-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''OTUB1'' gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Function Otubain-1 is a member of the OTU (ovarian tumor) superfami ...

, *

P73 p73 is a protein related to the p53 tumor protein. Because of its structural resemblance to p53, it has also been considered a tumor suppressor. It is involved in cell cycle regulation, and induction of apoptosis. Like p53, p73 is characterized ...

, *

PDE4D cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE4D'' gene. Function The PDE4D gene is complex and has at least 9 different isoforms that encode functional proteins. These proteins degrade the s ...

, *

PRKCB1 Protein kinase C beta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKCB'' gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and second messenger diacylglycerol. PK ...

, *

PRKCE Protein kinase C epsilon type (PKCε) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKCE'' gene. PKCε is an isoform of the large PKC family of protein kinases that play many roles in different tissues. In cardiac muscle cells, PKCε regulate ...

, * PTPRM, * RAS p21 protein activator 1, * ST7, * STAT1, * Src, and * Tyrosine kinase 2.

Function

Interactions

See also

References

Further reading