Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham by John Crealock

Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham (24 May 1852 – 20 March 1936) was a Scottish politician, writer, journalist and adventurer. He was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP); the first ever socialist member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom; a founder, and the first president, of the

Scottish Labour Party Scottish Labour ( gd, Pàrtaidh Làbarach na h-Alba, sco, Scots Labour Pairty; officially the Scottish Labour Party) is a social democratic political party in Scotland. It is an autonomous section of the UK Labour Party. From their peak o ...

; a founder of the National Party of Scotland in 1928; and the first president of the

Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party (SNP; sco, Scots National Pairty, gd, Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba ) is a Scottish nationalist and social democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from ...

in 1934.

Youth

Cunninghame Graham was the eldest son of Major William Bontine of the Renfrew Militia and formerly a

Cornet The cornet (, ) is a brass instrument similar to the trumpet but distinguished from it by its conical bore, more compact shape, and mellower tone quality. The most common cornet is a transposing instrument in B, though there is also a sopr ...

in the

Scots Greys The Royal Scots Greys was a Cavalry regiments of the British Army, cavalry regiment of the British Army from 1707 until 1971, when they amalgamated with the 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards) to form the Royal Scots Dragoon Guard ...

with whom he served in Ireland. His mother was the Hon. Anne Elizabeth Elphinstone-Fleeming, daughter of

Admiral Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, ...

Charles Elphinstone-Fleeming Admiral Hon. Charles Elphinstone Fleeming (18 June 1774 – 30 October 1840) was a British officer of the Royal Navy who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He commanded a succession of smaller vessels during the ear ...

of Cumbernauld and a Spanish noblewoman, Doña Catalina Paulina Alessandro de Jiménez, who reputedly, along with her second husband, Admiral James Katon, heavily influenced Cunninghame Graham's upbringing. Thus the first language Cunninghame Graham learned was his mother's maternal tongue, Spanish. He spent most of his childhood on the family

estate Estate or The Estate may refer to: Law * Estate (law), a term in common law for a person's property, entitlements and obligations * Estates of the realm, a broad social category in the histories of certain countries. ** The Estates, representat ...

Finlaystone Finlaystone House is a mansion and estate in the Inverclyde council area and historic county of Renfrewshire. It lies near the southern bank of the Firth of Clyde, beside the village of Langbank, in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. Finla ...

in Renfrewshire and Ardoch in Dunbartonshire, Scotland, with his younger brothers Charles and Malise. After being educated at

Harrow Harrow may refer to: Places * Harrow, Victoria, Australia * Harrow, Ontario, Canada * The Harrow, County Wexford, a village in Ireland * London Borough of Harrow, England ** Harrow, London, a town in London ** Harrow (UK Parliament constituency) ...

public school Public school may refer to: * State school (known as a public school in many countries), a no-fee school, publicly funded and operated by the government * Public school (United Kingdom), certain elite fee-charging independent schools in England an ...

in England, Robert finished his education in Brussels, Belgium, before moving to Argentina to make his fortune

cattle ranch A ranch (from es, rancho/Mexican Spanish) is an area of land, including various structures, given primarily to ranching, the practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep. It is a subtype of a farm. These terms are most often ...

ing. He became known as a great adventurer and gaucho there, and was affectionately known as Don Roberto. He also travelled in Morocco disguised as a

Turkish Turkish may refer to: *a Turkic language spoken by the Turks * of or about Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities and mi ...

sheikh Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...

to find the "forbidden" city of Taroudant but was captured by a Caid (Si Taieb ben Si Ahmed El Hassan El Kintafi), prospected for gold in Spain, befriended

Buffalo Bill William Frederick Cody (February 26, 1846January 10, 1917), known as "Buffalo Bill", was an American soldier, Bison hunting, bison hunter, and showman. He was born in Le Claire, Iowa, Le Claire, Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), but ...

in Texas, and taught fencing in Mexico City, having travelled there by wagon train from San Antonio de Bexar with his young bride ''sic'' "Gabrielle Marie de la Balmondiere" a supposed half-French, half- Chilean poet.

Convert to socialism

After the death of his father in 1883 he reverted to the Cunninghame Graham surname. He returned to the UK and became interested in politics. He attended socialist meetings where he heard and met William Morris, George Bernard Shaw,

H. M. Hyndman Henry Mayers Hyndman (; 7 March 1842 – 20 November 1921) was an English writer, politician and socialist. Originally a conservative, he was converted to socialism by Karl Marx's '' Communist Manifesto'' and launched Britain's first left-wing ...

, Keir Hardie and John Burns. Despite his wealthy origins, Graham was converted to socialism and he began to speak at public meetings. He was an impressive orator and was especially good at dealing with hecklers.

Liberal Party MP

Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham Vanity Fair 25 August 1888

Although a socialist, in the 1886 general election he stood as a Liberal Party candidate at North West Lanarkshire. His election programme was extremely radical and called for: *the abolition of the House of Lords * universal suffrage *the

nationalisation Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to pri ...

of land, mines and other industries *free school meals *

disestablishment The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular stat ...

of the Church of England *Scottish Home Rule *the establishment of an eight-hour working day Supported by liberals and socialists, Graham defeated the Unionist candidate by 322 votes. He had stood against the same candidate at the 1885 general election, in which he was defeated by over 1100 votes. Robert Cunninghame Graham refused to accept the conventions of the

British House of Commons The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 mem ...

. On 12 September 1887 he was suspended from parliament for making what was called a "disrespectful reference" to the House of Lords. He was the first MP ever to be suspended from the House of Commons for

swearing Profanity, also known as cursing, cussing, swearing, bad language, foul language, obscenities, expletives or vulgarism, is a socially offensive use of language. Accordingly, profanity is language use that is sometimes deemed impolite, rud ...

; the word was

damn Damnation (from Latin '' damnatio'') is the concept of divine punishment and torment in an afterlife for actions that were committed, or in some cases, not committed on Earth. In Ancient Egyptian religious tradition, citizens would recite th ...

. Graham's main concerns in the House of Commons were the plight of the unemployed and the preservation of

civil liberties Civil liberties are guarantees and freedoms that governments commit not to abridge, either by constitution, legislation, or judicial interpretation, without due process. Though the scope of the term differs between countries, civil liberties may ...

. He complained about attempts in 1886 and 1887 by the police to prevent public meetings and free speech. He attended the protest demonstration in Trafalgar Square on 13 November 1887 that was broken up by the police and became known as Bloody Sunday. Graham was badly beaten during his arrest and taken to Bow Street Police Station, where his uncle, Col William Hope VC, attempted to post bail. Both Cunninghame Graham, who was defended by

H. H. Asquith Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928), generally known as H. H. Asquith, was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom f ...

, and John Burns were found guilty for their involvement in the demonstration and sentenced to six weeks imprisonment. When Graham was released from Pentonville prison he continued his campaign to improve the rights of working people and to curb their economic exploitation. He was suspended from the House of Commons in December 1888 for protesting about the working conditions of chain makers. His response to the Speaker of the House, "I never withdraw", was later used by George Bernard Shaw in ''Arms and the Man''.

Scottish independence and the Scottish Labour Party

Graham was a strong supporter of

Scottish independence Scottish independence ( gd, Neo-eisimeileachd na h-Alba; sco, Scots unthirldom) is the idea of Scotland as a sovereign state, independent from the United Kingdom, and refers to the political movement that is campaigning to bring it about. S ...

. In 1886, he helped establish the Scottish Home Rule Association (SHRA), and while in the House of Commons, he made several attempts to persuade fellow MPs of the desirability of a

Scottish parliament The Scottish Parliament ( gd, Pàrlamaid na h-Alba ; sco, Scots Pairlament) is the devolved, unicameral legislature of Scotland. Located in the Holyrood area of the capital city, Edinburgh, it is frequently referred to by the metonym Holyro ...

. On one occasion, Graham joked that he wanted a "national parliament with the pleasure of knowing that the taxes were wasted in Edinburgh instead of London." In 1888, Graham attended the SHRA Conference at the Anderton's Hotel in Fleet Street and passed a motion "That in the opinion of this Conference the interests of Scotland demand the establishment of a Scotch national Parliament and an Executive Government having control over exclusively Scotch affairs, with a due regard to the integrity of the Empire". The motion was supported by Mr Cuninghame Graham (as name spelt in article), who said he "wanted a Scotch Parliament to do justice to their crofters and keep them at home, to pass an Eight Hours' Bill for their miners, to settle the liquor laws, and to nationalise the land." Peter Esslemont MP attended. Dr G.B Clark Chaired conference MP for Caithness-shire. While in the House of Commons, Graham became increasingly more radical and went on to found the

with Keir Hardie. Graham left the Liberal Party in 1892 to contest the general election in a new constituency as a Labour candidate. He supported workers in their industrial disputes and was involved with

Annie Besant Annie Besant ( Wood; 1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a British socialist, theosophist, freemason, women's rights activist, educationist, writer, orator, political party member and philanthropist. Regarded as a champion of human f ...

and the

Matchgirls Strike The matchgirls' strike of 1888 was an industrial action by the women and teenage girls working at the Bryant & May match factory in Bow, London. Background Match making In the late nineteenth century, matches were made using sticks of pop ...

and the 1889 Dockers' Strike. In July 1889, he attended the

Marxist Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...

Congress of the Second International in Paris with James Keir Hardie, William Morris, Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling. The following year he made a speech in

Calais Calais ( , , traditionally , ) is a port city in the Pas-de-Calais department, of which it is a subprefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's prefecture is its third-largest city of Arras. Th ...

that was considered by the authorities to be so revolutionary that he was arrested and expelled from France. Graham was a supporter of the eight-hour day and made several attempts to introduce a Bill on the subject. He made some progress with this in the summer of 1892, but he was unable to persuade the Conservative government, headed by Lord Salisbury, to allocate time for the Bill to be fully debated. At the 1892 general election Graham stood as the Scottish Labour Party candidate for Glasgow Camlachie. He was defeated, bringing his parliamentary career to an end. He remained active in political circles, though, helping his colleague Keir Hardie establish the Independent Labour Party and enter parliament as the MP for West Ham. However, he became disillusioned by the pettiness and dissent of those he called "piss-pot socialists" and increasingly turned to a nascent Scottish nationalism as a means of achieving social justice and cultural revival. Graham retained a strong belief in Scottish home rule. He played an active part in the establishment of the National Party of Scotland (NPS) in 1928 and was elected the Honorary President of the new

in 1934. He was several times the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association candidate for the Lord Rectorship of the University of Glasgow, which he lost by only sixty-six votes in 1928 to

Stanley Baldwin Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, (3 August 186714 December 1947) was a British Conservative Party politician who dominated the government of the United Kingdom between the world wars, serving as prime minister on three occasions, ...

, the Conservative Prime Minister at the time. This event was pivotal in the founding of the National Party, and the eventual creation of the

in the 1930s. Because of his Scottish nationalism, and criticism of what he saw as the Labour Party's timidity and lack of socialist zeal, Graham has been effectively written out of Labour Party history, and the belief has been circulated that after his electoral defeat in 1892, he retired from politics until the late 1920s. This is entirely incorrect; in fact, between 1905 and 1914, Graham, while retaining the position of elder statesman, social commentator, and renowned world-traveller, became more militant, involving himself in many left-wing causes and protests. There is evidence to suggest that he joined the hard-left British Socialist Party, and he was an associate of anarchists and a political assassin. Graham was also a vociferous anti-imperialist at the height of British

jingoism Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive and proactive foreign policy, such as a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national inte ...

as well as a high-profile supporter of the women's suffrage movement and Home Rule for Ireland and India.

Author

Between 1888 and 1892, Graham was a prolific contributor to small-circulation socialist journals, but his literary career took off when he was recruited by

Frank Harris Frank Harris (14 February 1855 – 26 August 1931) was an Irish-American editor, novelist, short story writer, journalist and publisher, who was friendly with many well-known figures of his day. Born in Ireland, he emigrated to the United State ...

to write for the '' Saturday Review'' in 1895, and he continued writing for the ''Saturday'' until 1926, as well as other journals. His main form was the 'sketch', or sketch-tale', mostly descriptive, atmospheric works on South America and Scotland, which gave his work a unique aesthetic, which carried a subtext of anti-colonialism, nostalgia, and loss.

T. E. Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918 ...

(of Arabia) described his Scottish sketches as "the rain-in-the-air-and-on-the-roof mournfulness of Scotch music in his time-past style . .snap-shots - the best verbal snapshots ever taken I believe." His many works were collected into anthologies. Subject matter included history, biography, poetry, essays, politics, travel and seventeen collections of short stories or literary sketches. Titles include ''Father Archangel of Scotland'' (1896 in conjunction with his wife Gabriela), ''Thirteen Stories'' (1900), ''Success'' (1902), ''Hope'' (1910), ''Scottish Stories'' (1914), ''Brought Forward'' (1916) and ''Mirages'' (1936). Biographies included: ''Hernando de Soto'' (1903), ''Doughty Deeds'' (1925), a biography of his great-great-grandfather,

Robert Graham of Gartmore Robert Graham (1735 – 11 December 1797), who took the name Bontine in 1770 and Cunninghame Graham in 1796, was a Scotland, Scottish politician and poet.

and Portrait of a Dictator (1933). His great-niece and biographer, Jean, Lady Polwarth, published a collection of his short stories (or sketches) entitled ''Beattock for Moffatt and the Best of Cunninghame Graham'' (1979) and Alexander Maitland added his selection under the title ''Tales of Horsemen'' (1981). Professor John Walker published collections of Cunninghame Graham's South American Sketches (1978), Scottish Sketches (1982) and North American Sketches (1986) and Kennedy & Boyd republished the stories and sketches in five volumes (2011 - 2012). In 1988 The Century Travellers reprinted his ''Mogreb-el-Acksa'' (1898) and ''A Vanished Arcadia'' (1901). The former was the inspiration for George Bernard Shaw's play '' Captain Brassbound's Conversion''. The latter helped inspire the award-winning film '' The Mission''. More recently The Long Riders Guild Press have reprinted his equestrian travel works in their Cunninghame Graham Collection. He helped his close friend

Joseph Conrad Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, ; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Poles in the United Kingdom#19th century, Polish-British novelist and short story writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest writers in t ...

, whom he had introduced to his publisher

Edward Garnett Edward William Garnett (5 January 1868 – 19 February 1937) was an English writer, critic and literary editor, who was instrumental in the publication of D. H. Lawrence's ''Sons and Lovers''. Early life and family Edward Garnett was born i ...

at Duckworth, with research for ''

Nostromo ''Nostromo: A Tale of the Seaboard'' is a 1904 novel by Joseph Conrad, set in the fictitious South American republic of "Costaguana". It was originally published serially in monthly instalments of '' T.P.'s Weekly''. In 1998, the Modern Libra ...

''. Other literary friends included Ford Madox Ford,

John Galsworthy John Galsworthy (; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include ''The Forsyte Saga'' (1906–1921) and its sequels, ''A Modern Comedy'' and ''End of the Chapter''. He won the Nobel Prize i ...

W. H. Hudson William Henry Hudson (4 August 1841 – 18 August 1922) – known in Argentina as Guillermo Enrique Hudson – was an English Argentines, Anglo-Argentine author, natural history, naturalist and ornithology, ornithologist. Life Hudson was the ...

, George Bernard Shaw (who openly admits his debt to Graham for " Captain Brassbound's Conversion" as well as a key line in ''

Arms and the Man ''Arms and the Man'' is a comedy by George Bernard Shaw, whose title comes from the opening words of Virgil's ''Aeneid'', in Latin: ''Arma virumque cano'' ("Of arms and the man I sing"). The play was first produced on 21 April 1894 at the Aven ...

'') and

G. K. Chesterton Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936) was an English writer, philosopher, Christian apologist, and literary and art critic. He has been referred to as the "prince of paradox". Of his writing style, ''Time'' observed: "Wh ...

, who proclaimed him "The Prince of Preface Writers" and famously declared in his autobiography that while Cunninghame Graham would never be allowed to be Prime Minister, he instead "achieved the adventure of being Cunninghame Graham", which Shaw described as "an achievement so fantastic that it would never be believed in a romance." There is a seat dedicated to Cunninghame Graham in the Scottish Storytelling Centre in Edinburgh with the inscription: "R B 'Don Roberto' Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore and Ardoch, 1852–1936, A great storyteller".

Cunninghame Graham in art

Cunninghame Graham was a staunch supporter of the artists of his day and a popular subject. He sat for artists such as Sir William Rothenstein, who painted Don Roberto as ''The Fencer''; Sir John Lavery, whose famous ''Don Roberto: Commander for the King of Aragon in the Two Sicilies'' was on the cover of the Penguin Books edition of Conrad's ''Nostromo'' for many years and who painted the equestrian portrait of Don Roberto on his favourite horse, ''Pampa''; and

G. P. Jacomb-Hood George Percy Jacomb-Hood (6 July 1857 – 11 December 1929) was a painter, etcher and illustrator. He was a founding member of the New English Art Club and Society of Portrait Painters. Early life Jacomb-Hood was born on 6 July 1857 at Redhi ...

, who painted his official portrait on entering parliament, with whom, along with Whistler, he was personal friends. George Washington Lambert painted him in oil with his horse Pinto and James McBey portrayed him in old age. There are also busts by Weiss and Jacob Epstein. The Dumbarton born artist, William Strang, used Cunninghame Graham as the model for his series of etchings of Don Quixote. It is unsurprising that he was at the mercy of cartoonists such as

Tom Merry Tom Merry is the principal character in the "St Jim's" stories which appeared in the boy's weekly paper, ''The Gem'', from 1907 to 1939. The stories were all written using the pen-name of Martin Clifford, the majority by Charles Hamilton who wa ...

, who portrayed him in prison garb, and caricaturists such as

Max Max or MAX may refer to: Animals * Max (dog) (1983–2013), at one time purported to be the world's oldest living dog * Max (English Springer Spaniel), the first pet dog to win the PDSA Order of Merit (animal equivalent of OBE) * Max (gorilla) ...

and

Spy Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangib ...

Final years

Robert Cunninghame Graham remained sprightly and rode daily even in his eighties. He continued to write, and held the office of President of the Scottish Branch of the

P.E.N. Club PEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous Internationa ...

, and involve himself in politics. He died from pneumonia on 20 March 1936 at the Plaza Hotel in Buenos Aires, Argentina, following a visit to the birthplace of his friend William Hudson. He lay in state in the Casa del Teatro and received a countrywide tribute led by the President of the Republic before his body was shipped home to be buried beside his wife on 18 April 1936, in the ruined

Augustinian Augustinian may refer to: *Augustinians, members of religious orders following the Rule of St Augustine *Augustinianism, the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and his intellectual heirs *Someone who follows Augustine of Hippo * Canons Regular of Sain ...

Priory on the island of

Inchmahome Inchmahome, an anglicisation of Innis Mo Cholmaig ("my-Colmac's island"), is the largest of three islands in the Lake of Menteith, in Stirlingshire. History Inchmahome is best known as the location of Inchmahome Priory and for the attendant p ...

, Lake of Menteith, Stirling. The following year, June 1937, a monument, the

Cunninghame Graham Memorial The Cunninghame Graham Memorial is a stone monument dedicated to the memory of 'Don Roberto' Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham (1852–1936) 15th of Gartmore and 19th of Ardoch, a Scottish author, politician, traveller and horseman . The cairn ...

, was unveiled at Castlehill, Dumbarton, near the family home at Ardoch. Despite the monument being removed to Gartmore in 1981, closer to the principal Graham estate, which he had been forced to sell in 1901 to the shipping magnate and founder of the

Clan Line The Clan Line was a passenger and cargo shipping company that operated in one incarnation or another from the late nineteenth century and into the twentieth century. History Foundation and early years The company that would become the Clan Lin ...

, Sir Charles Cayzer, Bt, the Cunninghame Graham Memorial Park (which is managed by the National Trust for Scotland) is still affectionately locally known as "the Mony". His estates at Ardoch and feudal barony of Gartmore passed to his nephew, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Angus Cunninghame Graham, the only son of his brother Cdr. Charles Elphinstone-Fleeming Cunninghame Graham, MVO.

Bibliography

* Notes on the district of Menteith: for tourists and others (1895) * Father Archangel of Scotland and other essays (1896) * Mogreb-el-Acksa: A Journey in Morocco (1898) * Aurora La Cujiñi: A Realistic Sketch in Seville (1898) * The Ipané (1899) * Thirteen Stories (1900) * A Vanished Arcadia: Being Some Account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607 to 1767 (1901) * Success (1902) * Hernando de Soto; together with an account of one of his captains, Gonçalo Silvestre (1903) * Progress (1905) * His People (1906) * Santa Teresa: being some account of her life and times (1907) * Rhymes from a world unknown (Preface) (1908) * Faith (1909) * Hope (1910) * Charity (1912) * A Hatchment (1913) * Scottish Stories (1914) * Bernal Diaz del Castillo: being some account of him (1915) * Brought Forward (1917) * A Brazilian mystic: being the life and miracles of

Antonio Conselheiro Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular male ...

(1920) * Cartagena and the Banks of the Sinú (1920) * The Conquest of New Granada: Being the Life of Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada (1922) * The Dream of the Magi (1923) * Doughty Deeds: an account of the life of Robert Graham of Gartmore (1925) * Pedro de Valdivia, conqueror of Chile (1926) * Redeemed: And Other Sketches (1927) * Jose Antonio Paez (1929) * Thirty Tales & Sketches (1929) * Writ in sand (1932) * Portrait of a dictator: Francisco Solano Lopez (1933) * Mirages (1936) * Rodeo: A Collection of the Tales and Sketches (1936) * Reincarnation: The Best Short Stories of R. B. Cunninghame Graham (1979) posthumous

Footnotes

Bibliographies

*''A bibliography of the first editions of the works of Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham'', compiled with a foreword by Leslie Chaundy, London: Dulau, & Co. 1924 *''Cunninghame Graham and Scotland: an annotated bibliography'', John Walker, Dollar: Douglas S. Mack, 1980

References

*''The Adventures of Don Roberto'' A Caledonia TV production for BBC Scotland, broadcast on BBC2 2008-12-15. *''The People's Laird: A Life of Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham'' by Anne Taylor, The Tobias Press, 2005 *''Gaucho Laird: The Life of R.B. Don Roberto Cunninghame Graham'', by Jean Cunninghame Graham, Long Riders' Guild, 2004 *''R.B. Cunninghame Graham: Fighter for Justice'', by Ian M. Fraser (privately published 2002) *''Revaluation: R.B. Cunninghame Graham'', by

Tom Hubbard Tom Hubbard (born 1950) was the first librarian of the Scottish Poetry Library and is the author, editor or co-editor of over thirty academic and literary works. Biography Tom Hubbard was born in Kirkcaldy. After obtaining first class honour ...

, in '' Cencrastus'' No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 27 – 30, *''R.B. Cunninghame Graham'', by Cedric Watts, Boston, Mass.: G. K. Hall, Twayne, 1983. *''Cunninghame Graham: A Centenary Study'',

Hugh MacDiarmid Christopher Murray Grieve (11 August 1892 – 9 September 1978), best known by his pen name Hugh MacDiarmid (), was a Scottish poet, journalist, essayist and political figure. He is considered one of the principal forces behind the Scottish Rena ...

, with a foreword by R.E. Muirhead, Glasgow: Caledonian Press, 1952 *''Cunninghame Graham: A Critical Biography'', Cedric Watts and Laurence Davies, Cambridge

ng. Ng, ng, or NG may refer to: * Ng (name) (黄伍吳), a surname of Chinese origin Arts and entertainment * N-Gage (disambiguation), a handheld gaming system * Naked Giants, Seattle rock band * '' Spirit Hunter: NG'', a video game Businesses ...

New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979 *''Don Roberto: being the account of the life and works of R. B. Cunninghame Graham, 1852–1936'', A. F. Tschiffely, London, Toronto: William Heinemann, 1937 *''A Modern Conquistador: Cunninghame Graham His Life and Works'', by Herbert Faulkner West, Cranley Day, 1932 *''Don Roberto: vida y obra de R. B. Cunninghame Graham, 1852–1936'', A. F. Tschiffely; versión castellana de Julio E. Payró, Buenos Aires: Guillermo Kraft, 1946 *''El Escocés Errante: R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', Alicia Jurado, Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores, c1978 *''Robert and Gabriela Cunninghame Graham'', Alexander Maitland, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons Ltd, 1983 *''The Friendship between W.H. Hudson and Cunninghame Graham; translation of an article ... in the Buenos Aires illustrated weekly Acquí Está'', José Luis Lanuza, Argentina: Florencio Varela, n.d. *''Lecture on R.B. Cunninghame Graham for the Anglo-Argentine Society, 24 January 1979'', Jean Polwarth, London: n.p., 1979 *''Jorge Luis Borges Lecture on R. B. Cunninghame Graham for the Anglo Argentinian Society, 30 September 1986'', Alicia Jurado, Royal Society of Arts, London: n.p., 1986 *''Personalidad de Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: extracto de la tesis doctoral ... en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Madrid sobre: Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham : personalidad del autor y estudio crítico de sus ensayos'', Julio Llorens Ebrat., Madrid: Florencio Varela, 1963 *''Testimonio a Roberto B. Cunninghame Graham'', Buenos Aires: P.E.N. Club Argentino, 1941 *''The North American Sketches of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', John Walker (ed.), Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 1987 *''The Scottish Sketches of R.B. Cunninghame Graham'', John Walker (ed.), Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press, 1982 *''The South American Sketches of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', John Walker (ed.), Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985 *''An Eagle In a Hen-House: Selected Political Speeches and Writings of R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', Lachlan Munro, The Deveron Press, 2017. *''Joseph Conrad's Letters to R. B. Cunninghame Graham'', Cedric Watts (ed.), London, Cambridge University Press, 1969 *''South London Chronicle, 9 June 1888, page 7, SHRA Conference (Tuesday). *''Empires & Revolutions: Cunninghame Graham & His Contemporaries.' ''Carla Sassi and Silke Stroh'' ''(Eds.) 2017, ASLS.''

External links

Archival collections

Guide to the Anne Elizabeth Bontine Diaries and Other Materials.
Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

Other

Biographical Profile
at ''ElectricScotland.com''
Rare Reprints – Cunninghame Graham
* *
R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Rauner Special Collection, Dartmouth College Library, N.H.Canning House Special Collection – R. B. Cunninghame Graham
* ttp://www.horsetravelbooks.com/rbcg.htm The Cunninghame Graham Collection* *
First Foot – Cunninghame-GrahamNational Portrait GalleryCross party support to honour Scottish Hero Robert Cunninghame Graham
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cunninghame Graham, Robert 1852 births 1936 deaths Anglo-Scots Writers from London People educated at Harrow School Presidents of the Scottish National Party Scottish journalists Scottish explorers Scottish nationalists Scottish travel writers 20th-century Scottish historians Scottish biographers Scottish essayists Scottish socialists Scottish Liberal Party MPs Scottish translators Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies UK MPs 1886–1892 Deaths from pneumonia in Argentina Scottish Labour Party (1888) politicians British political party founders 19th-century Scottish historians