啓民可汗 , title=First

Khagan Khagan or Qaghan (Mongolian:; or ''Khagan''; otk, 𐰴𐰍𐰣 ), or , tr, Kağan or ; ug, قاغان, Qaghan, Mongolian Script: ; or ; fa, خاقان ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan ...

of the

Eastern Turkic Khaganate The Eastern Turkic Khaganate () was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in the Mongolian Plateau by ...

, image= , caption= , reign=603–609 , coronation= , full name= , successor=

Shibi Qaghan Shibi Khagan (r. 609 or 611–619 AD) succeeded Yami Qaghan as the second khagan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Reign He succeeded Yami Qaghan in 609 or 611. From 613 to 615 he was actively supporting agrarian rebels inside China. Pei Ju had ...

, spouse=Princess Anyi (安义公主)

Princess Yicheng Princess Yicheng was a Chinese princess of the Sui dynasty and a khatun of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. She spent at least 30 years of her life among the Turks. Family She was an extended family member of Sui Dynasty. Her father was named Y ...

(義成公主) , issue= , royal house= Ashina , father= Ishbara Qaghan , mother= , birth_date= , birth_place= , death_date=609 , predecessor= Tardu , birth_name=Ashina Rangan
阿史那染幹 , regnal name=意利珍豆啟民可汗
Yìlì Zhēndòu Qǐmín Kěhàn
''El Ïduk Jamï(r) Qağan'' , religion=

Tengrism Tengrism (also known as Tengriism, Tengerism, or Tengrianism) is an ethnic and old state Turko- Mongolic religion originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on folk shamanism, animism and generally centered around the titular sky god Tengri. ...

Yami Qaghan ( otk, 𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣 Jаmï qağan; Chinese: 啓民可汗, 啟民可汗/启民可汗;

Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese fo ...

: Qǐmín Kěhàn, Wade-Giles: Ch'i-min K'o-han,

Middle Chinese Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the '' Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The ...

(

Guangyun The ''Guangyun'' (''Kuang-yun''; ) is a Chinese rime dictionary that was compiled from 1007 to 1008 under the patronage of Emperor Zhenzong of Song. Its full name was ''Dà Sòng chóngxiū guǎngyùn'' (, literally "Great Song revised and ex ...

): ), personal name Ahisna Rangan (阿史那染幹/阿史那染干,

pinyin Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese fo ...

Āshǐnà rǎngān; Wade-Giles A-shih-na jan-kan, ), at one point known as Tolis Qaghan (突利可汗, otk, 𐱅𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰴𐰍𐰣, label=none, Töles qaγan) and later El Ïduk Jamï(r) Qağan"Memorial Complex Eletmiš Yabgu (bilge atačim)"
Note 106 a
''Türik Bitig''
/ref> (意利珍豆啟民可汗/意利珍豆启民可汗, ''Yìlì Zhēndòu Qǐmín Kěhàn'') was the first qaghan of the

Background

His parentage is uncertain as he was either son of Bagha Qaghan or Ishbara Qaghan. He was a subordinate khagan under

Tulan Qaghan Tulan Qaghan ( Chinese: 都蘭可汗/都兰可汗, Pinyin: dōulán kěhàn, Wade-Giles: tu-lan k'o-han, Middle Chinese (Guangyun): , personal name: 阿史那雍虞閭/阿史那雍虞闾, āshǐnà yōngyúlǘ, a-shih-na yung-yü-lü) was the son ...

with title of Tolis Qaghan, ruling eastern tribes. He sent an ambassador to

Sui dynasty The Sui dynasty (, ) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that lasted from 581 to 618. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties, thus ending the long period of division following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, and la ...

in 597, requesting to marry to a Chinese princess.

Pei Ju Pei Ju (547-627), birth name Pei Shiju, courtesy name Hongda, formally Duke Jing of Anyi, was a Chinese cartographer, diplomat, politician, and writer who lived in the Sui and Tang dynasties, briefly serving as a chancellor during the reign of ...

saw this as opportunity and told him to kill

's Zhou origin khatun Princess Qianjin (who was styled as Princess Dayi by

). Princess was murdered and emperor fulfilled his promise, sending Princess Anyi (安义公主) to marry him. However, Tolis' ambitious behaviour caused outrage to khagan. Tulan started to gather invasion party to attack Sui repeatedly in 597 and 599, only to be reported to emperor beforehand by Tolis every occasion. As a reaction, Tulan approached to Tardu to combine forces and attack Tolis. Attack was a success and Tolis had to flee to China after his brothers and nephews getting killed during invasion. In winter 599, he was created Qimin Khagan by Emperor Wen. Meanwhile Princess Anyi died and he was married to

this time, a daughter of Yang Xie (杨谐). Emperor also commissioned Zhangsun Sheng to build the city of Dali (大利, in modern

Hohhot Hohhot,; abbreviated zh, c=呼市, p=Hūshì, labels=no formerly known as Kweisui, is the capital of Inner Mongolia in the north of the People's Republic of China, serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center.''The N ...

) to house Qimin's people, and also sent an army to protect Qimin. Meanwhile Tulan was killed by his men causing Tardu to assume throne and claim title Bilge Khagan in 599/600. In winter 601, Emperor Wen commissioned

Yang Su Yang Su (楊素; died August 31, 606), courtesy name Chudao (處道), formally Duke Jingwu of Chu (楚景武公), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Sui dynasty whose authority eventually became nearly as supreme as the emperor' ...

to command an army, in association with Qimin Khan as to attack Tardu.

Reign

After Tardu's subsequent defeat in 603, he fled to

Tuyuhun Tuyuhun (; LHC: *''tʰɑʔ-jok-guənʔ''; Wade-Giles: ''T'u-yühun''), also known as Henan () and Azha (; ), was a dynastic kingdom established by the nomadic peoples related to the Xianbei in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River valle ...

. Having a cleared way Qimin assumed Turkic throne, definitely starting division between Western and Eastern wings of khaganate. In spring 607, he went to

Luoyang Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyan ...

to pay a visit to Emperor Yang. In the summer, he was visited back by Yang. Khagan's display of submission and loyalty caused Emperor Yang to bestow much honor and wealth on him. When the senior officials Gao Jiong, Yuwen Bi (宇文弼), and Heruo Bi privately expressed disapproval, Emperor Yang discovered their criticism and put all of them to death, while removing Su Wei, who also discouraged him from giving excessive rewards to khagan, from his post. In spring 609, Qimin made another visit to Emperor Yang and was rewarded with much treasure. He died later from an illness.

Family

He was married to Princess Anyi (安义公主) at first and later her death to

(義成公主). He also had a

concubine or wife. He had several issues: *

* Chuluo Qaghan * Illig Qaghan * Yento shad (延陀設) * Chiji shad (叱吉設) * Börü shad (步利設)

Notes

References

Sources

*''

Book of Sui The ''Book of Sui'' (''Suí Shū'') is the official history of the Sui dynasty. It ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written by Yan Shigu, Kong Yingda, and Zhangsun Wuji, with Wei Zheng as the lead author. ...

'', vol. 84. *''

History of the Northern Dynasties The ''History of the Northern Dynasties'' () is one of the official Chinese historical works in the ''Twenty-Four Histories'' canon. The text contains 100 volumes and covers the period from 386 to 618, the histories of Northern Wei, Western W ...

'', vol. 99. *''

Zizhi Tongjian ''Zizhi Tongjian'' () is a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography, published in 1084 AD during the Northern Song dynasty in the form of a chronicle recording Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynast ...

'' vols

179 Year 179 ( CLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Veru (or, less frequently, year 932 ''Ab urbe condit ...

180 __NOTOC__ Year 180 ( CLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Condianus (or, less frequently, year 933 ''Ab ...

181 Year 181 ( CLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Burrus (or, less frequently, year 934 ''Ab urbe condit ...

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Qimin Khan 6th-century births 609 deaths Göktürk rulers Ashina house of the Turkic Empire 7th-century Turkic people Founding monarchs