''Quercus petraea'', commonly known as the sessile oak, Cornish oak, Irish Oak or durmast oak, is a

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

tree

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to most of Europe and into

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The ...

and

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

. The sessile oak is the national tree of

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...

, and an unofficial emblem in

Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in ...

and

Cornwall Cornwall (; kw, Kernow ) is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic ...

Description

The sessile oak is a large

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

up to tall, in the

white oak The genus ''Quercus'' contains about 500 species, some of which are listed here. The genus, as is the case with many large genera, is divided into subgenera and sections. Traditionally, the genus ''Quercus'' was divided into the two subgenera ''C ...

section of the genus (''Quercus'' sect. ''Quercus'') and similar to the

pedunculate oak ''Quercus robur'', commonly known as common oak, pedunculate oak, European oak or English oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe west of the Caucasus. It is widel ...

(''Q. robur''), with which it overlaps extensively in range. The leaves are long and broad, evenly lobed with five to six lobes on each side and a petiole. The male

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s are grouped into catkins, produced in the spring. The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

is an acorn long and broad, which matures in about six months. File:Divljanski stari hrast.jpg, Old sacred oak (

zapis A ''zapis'' ( sr-Cyrl, запис, , literally "inscription"; plural: ''zapisi'' (записи)) is a sacred tree in Serbian tradition, protecting the village within whose bounds it is situated. A cross is inscribed into the bark of each ''zapis'' ...

) in Divljana,

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...

File:Quercus petraea 02.jpg, Shoot with leaves and acorn File:Eglinton fish pond island inosculated Q. petraea.JPG, An inosculated tree

Comparison with pedunculate oak

Significant

botanical Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

differences from

(''Q. robur'') include the stalked leaves, and the stalkless (sessile) acorns from which one of its common names is derived. (With the pedunculate oak, it is the acorns which are pedunculate, i.e. on stalks, while the leaves are not.) It occurs in upland areas of altitudes over with higher rainfall and shallow, acidic, sandy soils. Its specific epithet ''petraea'' means "of rocky places". ''Q. robur'', on the other hand, prefers deeper, richer soils at lower altitude. Fertile hybrids with ''Quercus robur'' named ''

Quercus × rosacea ''Quercus'' × ''rosacea'' (or ''Quercus rosacea''), is a naturally occurring hybrid species of oak native to Europe. They are the offspring of sessile oak, ''Quercus petraea'', and common oak, ''Quercus robur'', found where their ranges overlap ...

'' are found wherever the two parent species occur and share or are intermediate in characters between the parents.

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended ...

, in Chapter II of ''

On the Origin of Species ''On the Origin of Species'' (or, more completely, ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''),The book's full original title was ''On the Origin of Species by Me ...

'', noted that the sessile and pedunculate oaks had been described as both distinct species and mere varieties depending on the authority consulted.

Taxonomy

''Quercus petraea'' was first described by

Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka (22 February 1734 – 9 November 1779) was a German botanist. Biography He was born at Jauer (now Jawor, Poland), on 22 February 1734. He wrote ''Flora silesiaca'', and named many plants, notably ''Quercus petra ...

in 1777 as a variety of ''Quercus robur'', ''Quercus robur'' var. ''petraea''. It was raised to a full species by Franz Kaspar Lieblein in 1784.

Subspecies

, Plants of the World Online accepted five subspecies: *''Quercus petraea'' subsp. ''austrotyrrhenica'' Brullo, Guarino & Siracusa *''Quercus petraea'' subsp. ''huguetiana'' Franco & G.López *''Quercus petraea'' subsp. ''petraea'' *''Quercus petraea'' subsp. ''pinnatiloba'' (K.Koch) Menitsky *''Quercus petraea'' subsp. ''polycarpa'' (Schur) Soó

Diseases and pests

Acute oak decline Acute oak decline is a disease that infects oak trees in the UK. It mainly affects mature oak trees of over 50 years old of both Britain's native oak species: the pedunculate oak (''Quercus robur'') and the sessile oak (''Quercus petraea''). The ...

Sudden oak death James Green aka "Sudden" is a fictional character created by an English author Oliver Strange in the early 1930s as the hero of a series, originally published by George Newnes Books Ltd, set in the American Wild West era. Oliver Strange died i ...

* The Welsh oak longhorn beetle ('' Pyrrhidium sanguineum'') is named after its host tree; the larvae feed at the bark interface of dead wood.

Uses

Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality

cabinetmaking A cabinet is a case or cupboard with shelves and/or drawers for storing or displaying items. Some cabinets are stand alone while others are built in to a wall or are attached to it like a medicine cabinet. Cabinets are typically made of wood (so ...

, veneers and barrel staves. Rougher material is used for

fence A fence is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors, and is usually constructed from posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails or netting. A fence differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length. ...

construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties. It is also a good

fuel wood Firewood is any wooden material that is gathered and used for fuel. Generally, firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form, compared to other forms of wood fuel like pellets or chips. Firewood can ...

. During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.

Pontfadog Oak

The

Pontfadog Oak The Pontfadog Oak was a sessile oak tree (''Quercus petraea'') that stood on Cilcochwyn farm above the village of Pontfadog, in the Ceiriog Valley west of Chirk in the county borough of Wrexham, Wales, until it was blown over in the early hours o ...

, once considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK, was a sessile oak. This grew near Chirk in North Wales. It was understood to be over 1,200 years old, an age that was due to regular

pollarding Pollarding is a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice o ...

for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of . It was lost in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.

References

External links

Quercus petraea
Royal Horticultural Society
''Quercus petraea''
– distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.

European Forest Genetic Resources Programme European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) is an international network that supports the conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Europe. The programme’s tasks include to coordinate and promote '' in situ'' an ...

(EUFORGEN)
Flora Europaea: ''Quercus petraea''
* Bean, W. J. (1976). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., revised. John Murray. * Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. HarperCollins . *

Den virtuella floran – Distribution
* * {{Authority control petraea Flora of Europe Plants described in 1777 Trees of mild maritime climate Trees of humid continental climate Trees of Mediterranean climate Trees of Western Asia Environment of Cornwall National symbols of the Republic of Ireland