The Quaquerni or Querquerni were an ancient tribe of

Gallaecia Gallaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province in the north-west of Hispania, approximately present-day Galicia, northern Portugal, Asturias and Leon and the later Kingdom of Gallaecia. The Roman cities included ...

, living in the ''Baixa Limia'' region of southern Galicia, where the Roman fort of ''

Aquis Querquennis Aquis Querquennis is a Roman fort in Ourense Province, Galicia. It was constructed circa 69-79 AD to house soldiers building the Via XVIII and was occupied by the Legio VII Gemina until that unit was posted to Dacia in 120 AD and the fort aba ...

'' has been found.

Ethnonym

Historical sources

The Quaquerni are also known by the name ''Quarquerni'', ''Querquernoi'', or ''Quacernoi''. Their ethnomyn is registered as (Kouakernoí), by Greek geographer

Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importanc ...

in his '' Geographies''. Scholars see a possible connection with

Venetic Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language, usually classified into the Italic subgroup, that was spoken by the Veneti people in ancient times in northeast Italy (Veneto and Friuli) and part of modern Slovenia, between the Po Delta and ...

''Quarqueni'', as registered by

Pliny Pliny may refer to: People * Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), ancient Roman nobleman, scientist, historian, and author of ''Naturalis Historia'' (''Pliny's Natural History'') * Pliny the Younger (died 113), ancient Roman statesman, orator, w ...

and located somewhere in historical

Istria Istria ( ; Croatian language, Croatian and Slovene language, Slovene: ; ist, Eîstria; Istro-Romanian language, Istro-Romanian, Italian language, Italian and Venetian language, Venetian: ; formerly in Latin and in Ancient Greek) is the larges ...

.Moralejo, Juan J. "Labiovelares en material galaico y lusitano". In: ''Callaica Nomina: Estudios de Onomástica Gallega''. Biblioteca Filolóxica Galega. Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, D.L. 2007. pp. 231.

Etymology

The name ''Querquerni'' is probably related to

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

quercus An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably '' ...

'' ("oak"), which stems from

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-E ...

root *''pérkʷus'', meaning "oak". It is probably a

Q-Celtic The Celtic languages (usually , but sometimes ) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward L ...

formation meaning "the Oak People / Warriors",, s.v. ''Quarquerni'' and ''Aquae Quarquernae.'' related to: *

Middle Irish Middle Irish, sometimes called Middle Gaelic ( ga, An Mheán-Ghaeilge, gd, Meadhan-Ghàidhlig), is the Goidelic language which was spoken in Ireland, most of Scotland and the Isle of Man from AD; it is therefore a contemporary of late Old Engli ...

''ceirt'' "apple-tree",

Middle Welsh Middle Welsh ( cy, Cymraeg Canol, wlm, Kymraec) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This form of Welsh developed directly from Old Welsh ( cy, Hen G ...

''perth'' "bush", from *''kʷerxt-, from an earlier *kʷerkʷt- < *perkʷt- * the Continental Celtic toponyms Hercynian forest and the Pannonian tribe

Hercuniates This is a list of ancient tribes in the ancient territory of Illyria ( grc-gre, Ἰλλυρία; la, Illyria). The name ''Illyrians'' seems to be the name of a single Illyrian tribe that was the first to come into contact with the ancient Greeks ...

, where the early delabialization of kʷ before u prevented p.. kʷ > kʷ .. kʷ: so *perkʷunia > *perkunia > *fercunia; note that there is no u after kʷ in *kʷerkʷern-. They are all related to the Germanic branch maybe borrowed from Pre-Celtic ''*percunia'', that is to say : Gothic ''fairgunni'' "mountain (covered with oaks)", Anglo-Saxon ''firgen-'' "mountain wood", Old High German ''Fergunna, Virgundia waldus'', etc. * French place names derived from the forms ''Perciacum'', ''Percoialum'', ''Percunia'', ''Percetum'', ''Erciacum'', etc.

Location

Ancient sources tell of a place named ''Aquae Quarquernae''. Alternate names are ''Aquis Querquennis'' and ''Aquis Cercennis''.Búa, Carlos (2007). "O ''Thesaurus Palaeocallaecus'', un proxecto que quere botar a andar". In: Dieter Kremer (Hrsg.). ''Onomástica galega: on especial consideración da situación prerromana''. Actas do primeiro Coloquio de Trier (19-20.05.2006), Santiago de Compostela, 2007, p. 27.

Relations to other tribes

The Quaquerni were a subdivision of the ''Gallaeci Bracarii''.

References

Bibliography

* uerquerni https://www.lexilogos.com/latin/gaffiot.php?p=1296in: Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français. Hachette. * Bosch-Gimpera Pedro. Les mouvements celtiques. Essai de reconstitution (suite). In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 6, fascicule 1, 1952. pp. 71–126. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1952.1248; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1952_num_6_1_1248 * Bosch-Gimpera, Pedro. Les mouvements celtiques. Essai de reconstitution (suite). In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 6, fascicule 2, 1953. pp. 328–355. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1953.1265; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1953_num_6_2_1265 * Broëns, Maurice. L’Onomastique domaniale entre Plateau Central et Garonne au VIIe siècle, d’après les textes (suite). In: Revue Internationale d'Onomastique, 8e année N°4, décembre 1956. pp. 241–265. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rio.1956.1564www.persee.fr/doc/rio_0048-8151_1956_num_8_4_1564 * Carnoy, Albert. Le chêne dans la toponymie et la linguistique. In: Revue Internationale d'Onomastique, 10e année N°2, juin 1958. pp. 81–101. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rio.1958.1615; www.persee.fr/doc/rio_0048-8151_1958_num_10_2_1615 * Falileyev, Alexander (1997). ''Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names''. Aberystwyth University. 2007

997 Year 997 (Roman numerals, CMXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Japan * 1 February: Empress Teishi gives birth to Princess Shushi - she is the first ...

Entries: ''Aquae Quarquernae'' and ''Quarquerni''. * Guerra, Amilcar. (2005). Povos, cultura e língua no Ocidente Peninsular: uma perspectiva, a partir da toponomástica. Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, , Nº. 5, 2005 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Actas del IX coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas (Barcelona, 20-24 de octubre de 2004)), pp. 793–822. * Luján Martinez, Eugenio R. (2006) "The Language(s) of the Callaeci," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 16. pp. 715–748. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/16 * Moralejo, Juan J. "Labiovelares en material galaico y lusitano". In: ''Callaica Nomina: Estudios de Onomástica Gallega''. Biblioteca Filolóxica Galega. Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, D.L. 2007. pp. 209–243. riginally from: Verba, Anuario Galego de Filoloxía 30 (2003). pp. 33–58* Olivares Pedreno, Juan Carlos. Los Ástures del conventus lucensis y el culto al dios Lug en el noroeste de Hispania. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 36, n°2, 2010. pp. 117–136. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.2010.3234; www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2010_num_36_2_3234 * Orejas, Almudena et Sastre Prat, Inés. Fiscalité et organisation du territoire dans le Nord-Ouest de la Péninsule Ibérique: civitates, tribut et ager mensura comprehensus. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 25, n°1, 1999. pp. 159–188. OI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1999.1529 www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1999_num_25_1_1529 * Rivas Fernández, Juan Carlos. "Un nuevo testimonio epigráfico de los quarquerni y otras cuestiones en torno a la civitas de este pueble". In: Boletín Auriensem Tomo 9. 1979. pp. 51–66. * Rhys, John. "II. The Celts and the other Aryans of the ''P'' and ''Q'' Groups". In: Transactions of the Philological SocietyVolume 22, Issue 1. Oxford: Published for the Society by B. Blackwell. 1893 ecember, 1891 pp. 104–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1891.tb00643.x * Suarez, Plácido. "La estructuración territorial y étnica del Conventus Bracarensis". In: MINIUS. Revista do Departamento de Historia, Arte e Xeografía. Universidade de Vigo. Servizo de Publicacións. Nº X, 2002. pp. 111–134.

External links

Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
{{Pre-Roman peoples in Portugal Tribes of Gallaecia Ancient peoples of Portugal