The scientific school of Quantum electrochemistry began to form in the 1960s under

Revaz Dogonadze Revaz Dogonadze (November 21, 1931 – May 13, 1985) was a notable Georgian scientist, Corresponding Member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) (1982), Doctor of Physical & Mathematical Sciences (Full Doctor) (1966), Professor (1972 ...

. Generally speaking, the field comprises the notions arising in

electrodynamics In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge. It is the second-strongest of the four fundamental interactions, after the strong force, and it is the dominant force in the interactions of a ...

quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, ...

, and

electrochemistry Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with the potential difference as an outco ...

; and so is studied by a very large array of different professional researchers. The fields they reside in include,

chemical A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., wi ...

electrical Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by ...

and

mechanical engineer Mechanical may refer to: Machine * Machine (mechanical), a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement * Mechanical calculator, a device used to perform the basic operations of ...

ing,

chemistry Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...

and

physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...

. More specifically, quantum electrochemistry is the application of

quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, qua ...

tools such as

density functional theory Density-functional theory (DFT) is a computational quantum mechanical modelling method used in physics, chemistry and materials science to investigate the electronic structure (or nuclear structure) (principally the ground state) of many-body ...

to the study of electrochemical processes, including electron transfer at electrodes. It also includes

Marcus theory In theoretical chemistry, Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Rudolph A. Marcus, starting in 1956, to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species ( ...

and quantum rate theory, the latter being a method of describing electrochemistry using first principle quantum mechanics and concepts of

conductance quantum The conductance quantum, denoted by the symbol , is the quantized unit of electrical conductance. It is defined by the elementary charge ''e'' and Planck constant ''h'' as: :G_0 = \frac = It appears when measuring the conductance of a quantum p ...

and

quantum capacitance Quantum capacitance, also called chemical capacitance and electrochemical capacitance C_\bar, is a quantity first introduced by Serge Luryi (1988), and is defined as the variation of electrical charge q with respect to the variation of electrochemic ...

History and contributors

The first development of "quantum electrochemistry" is somewhat difficult to pin down. This is not very surprising, since the development of

to chemistry can be summarized as the application of quantum wave theory models to

atoms Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons. Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons. Every solid, liquid, gas, an ...

and

molecules A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

. This being the case,

, which is particularly concerned with the

electronic state A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with classical particles, which can have any amount of energy. The te ...

s of some particular system, is already, by its nature, tied into the quantum mechanical model of the

electron The electron ( or ) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no kn ...

in quantum chemistry. There were proponents of quantum electrochemistry, who applied quantum mechanics to electrochemistry with unusual zeal, clarity and precision. Among them were

and his co-workers. They developed one of the early quantum mechanical models for

proton A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ...

transfer

reactions Reaction may refer to a process or to a response to an action, event, or exposure: Physics and chemistry *Chemical reaction *Nuclear reaction *Reaction (physics), as defined by Newton's third law *Chain reaction (disambiguation). Biology and me ...

in chemical systems. Dogonadze is a particularly celebrated promoter of quantum electrochemistry, and is also credited with forming an international summer school of quantum electrochemistry centered in

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...

. He was a main author of the ''Quantum-Mechanical Theory of Kinetics of the Elementary Act of Chemical, Electrochemical and Biochemical Processes in Polar Liquids''. Another important contributor is

Rudolph A. Marcus Rudolph Arthur Marcus (born July 21, 1923) is a Canadian-born chemist who received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems". Marcus theory, named after him, provide ...

, who won the

Nobel Prize in Chemistry ) , image = Nobel Prize.png , alt = A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "M ...

in 1992 for his ''Theory of Electron Transfer Reactions in Chemical Systems''. Recently,

has been shown to be part of a more general concept associated with the quantum rate theory, a theory that predicts the rate of electron transfer (electrochemistry being a particular case) using the concepts of

and

References

* R.R. Dogonadze, "Theory of Molecular Electrode Kinetics", in: N.S. Hush (Ed.), ''Reactions of Molecules at Electrodes'', Interscience Pub., London, 1971, pp. 135-227 * R.R. Dogonadze and Z.D. Urushadze, "Semi-classical Method of Calculation of Rates of Chemical Reactions".- '' J.Electroanal. Chem.'', 32, 1971, pp. 235-245 * R.P. Bell, "The Proton in Chemistry", Chapman and Hall, London-New York, 1973 * N.R. Kestner, J. Logan and J. Jortner, "Thermal Electron Transfer Reactions in Polar Solvents".- ''J.Phys. Chem.'', 78, 1974, pp. 2148-2166 * R.R. Dogonadze, A.M. Kuznetsov, M.G. Zaqaraya and J. Ulstrup, "A Quantum Theory of Low-Temperature Chemical and Biological Rate Processes", in: B. Chance, R.A. Marcus, D. DeVault, H. Frauenfelder, J.R. Schrieffer and N. Sutin (Eds.), ''Tunneling in Biological Systems'', Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 145-171 * R.P. Bell, "The Tunneling Effect in Chemistry", Chapman and Hall, London-New York, 1980 * R.R. Dogonadze and A.M. Kuznetsov, "Quantum Electrochemical Kinetics: Continuum Theory", in: B.E. Conway, J.O'M. Bockris and E. Yeager (Eds.), ''Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry'', Vol. 7, Plenum Press, New York, 1983, pp. 1-40 * "Electrodynamics and Quantum Phenomena at Interfaces" (Proceedings of the International Conference, Telavi,

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

, October 1-6, 1984), Publishing House "Metsniereba", Tbilisi, 1986, 558 pp. (in English) * J.O'M. Bockris, Shahed U.M. Khan, "Quantum Electrochemistry", Plenum Press, New York, 1979, 538 pp. () * "Standard bearer of Quantum Electrochemistry" (''"Flagman Kvantovoy Elektrokhimii"''). About Professor Revaz R. Dogonadze. Compiled by Prof. Z.D. Urushadze, Publishing House of the

Tbilisi State University Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University ( ka, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი ''Ivane Javaxishvi ...

, Tbilisi, 1991, 140 pp. (In Russian) * M. Bixon and J. Jortner, "Electron Transfer. From Isolated Molecules to Biomolecules".- ''Adv. in Chem. Physics'', 106, 1999, pp. 35-203 * "Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry", Vol. 2, Interfacial Kinetics and Mass Transport, Wiley Publishers, 2003, 563 pp. ({{ISBN, 3-527-30394-4). * Revaz Dogonadze Memorial Issue of the '' Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry'', vol. 204, Lausanne, 1986.

External links

Nobel Lecture of Rudolph A. Marcus, 1992

International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE)

Electrochemistry

History and contributors

See also

References

External links