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Qinhuangdao (; ) is a port city on the coast of China in northern
Hebei Hebei or , (; alternately Hopeh) is a northern province of China. Hebei is China's sixth most populous province, with over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. The province is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and ...
. It is administratively a
prefecture-level city A prefecture-level city () or prefectural city is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province and above a county in China's administrative structure. During the Republican era, many of China' ...
, about east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea, the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea. Its population during the 2020 national census was 3,136,879, with 1,881,047 people living in the built-up (or 'metro') area made up of 4 urban districts.


History

The city's name "''Qinhuangdao''" literally means " Qin Emperor island", and is allegedly originated from the legend that the Jieshishan Scenic Area in Changli County was the site of First Emperor of Qin's famous ritual during his fourth and final survey tour to the east (东巡) in 210 BC. The "island" refers to the Nanshan area of the Port of Qinhuangdao at the southern edge of the city's Haigang District, which used to be a small offshore island until the late
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
, when dumping of dredged silt joined it to the mainland after the Guangxu Emperor approved the port's construction in the late 19th century. In the 19th century, Qinhuangdao included the separate towns of Qinhuangdao and Tanghe. Both were stations along the Peking–Mukden Railway. The design and construction of the new harbour and port of Ching Wang Tao in the Gulf of Pechili was undertaken by the partnership of Sir John Wolfe-Barry and Lt Col Arthur John Barry at the turn of the 20th century. At the beginning of the Chinese Civil War, Du Yuming's
National Revolutionary Army The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; ), sometimes shortened to Revolutionary Army () before 1928, and as National Army () after 1928, was the military arm of the Kuomintang (KMT, or the Chinese Nationalist Party) from 1925 until 1947 in China ...
forces landed in the city at the beginning of the Nationalist government's offensive against the
Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Ci ...
in
Soviet-occupied Manchuria The Soviet occupation of Manchuria took place after the Red Army Soviet invasion of Manchuria, invaded the Empire of Japan, Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in August 1945; the occupation would continue until Soviet forces withdrew in May 1946. ...
. They were unable to land further north because other ports were either occupied by the Soviet Union or already garrisoned by the military forces which would become the
People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five service branches: the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, ...
.
Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium () served as one of the soccer venues during the 2008 Summer Olympics. The multiuse stadium, which is used mostly for soccer matches, lies inside the Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center on the Hebei Avenue ...
was used as one of the soccer
venues Venue is the location at which an event takes place. It may refer to: Locations * Venue (law), the place a case is heard * Financial trading venue, a place or system where financial transactions can occur * Music venue, place used for a conce ...
during the 2008 Summer Olympics.


Geography

Qinhuangdao sits on the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea and borders Tangshan to the southwest,
Chengde Chengde, formerly known as Jehol and Rehe, is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, situated about 225 km northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden and palace formerly used by t ...
to the northwest, and
Liaoning Liaoning () is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmos ...
to the northeast. Its administrative area ranges in latitude 39° 24' to 40° 37' N and in longitude from 118° 33' to 119° 51' E, and has a total area of . Since the elevation of Tianjin to a provincial-level municipality, Qinhuangdao is the chief port of Hebei. The Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang is said to have sought immortality on an island in Haigang District but did not find it. Qinhuangdao has three main developed areas: * Beidaihe: A summer seaside resort for senior government officials. Many political decisions affecting China are made here, making it the equivalent to resorts in
Maine Maine () is a U.S. state, state in the New England and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Provinces and territories of Canad ...
or Camp David in
Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; ...
, United States. * Haigang: the harbor city. Qinhuangdao proper. Home of
Yan Shan University Yanshan University () is a university in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China under the provincial government. It has a student population of 39,000 and a staff population of 3,200 (2,058 are teachers, including 413 full professors and 630 associate pro ...
, the leading university in NE Hebei province. * Shanhaiguan: a popular tourist destination, featuring the eastern end of the Great Wall. Qinhuangdao's Olympic Sports Centre Stadium was used as an Olympic Competition Venue (Football Preliminary) during the 2008 Summer Olympics.


Climate

Qinhuangdao has a
monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal osci ...
-influenced
humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
( Köppen ''Dwa''), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold and dry due to the
Siberian high The Siberian High (also Siberian Anticyclone; russian: Азиатский антициклон (''Aziatsky antitsiklon'')) is a massive collection of cold dry air that accumulates in the northeastern part of Eurasia from September until April. It ...
, which often causes winds to blow in from the northwest, minimising the oceanic influence: the monthly daily average temperature in January is , colder than Beijing's . Summers are hot and humid due to the
East Asian Monsoon The East Asian Monsoon is a monsoonal flow that carries moist air from the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean to East Asia. It affects approximately one-third of the global population, influencing the climate of Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, Ch ...
, often allowing onshore flows; summer is also when the coast moderates the weather the most: the average high temperature in July here is , as compared to in Beijing. As measured by daily mean temperature, July and August are equally warm, averaging . The annual mean is , and 70% of the annual precipitation falls from June to August.


Administrative divisions


Development Zone

The Qinhuangdao Economic & Technology Development Zone was approved by the
State Council of the People's Republic of China The State Council, constitutionally synonymous with the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments), is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the p ...
in 1984 to become one of China's first state-level economic and technological development zones. Qinhuangdao is in the heart of the rapidly growing "Bohai-Rim Economic Circle", in easy reach of Beijing () and Tianjin (). It covers a sea area of and has a coastline of . The planned and controlled area of the development zone has reached . By the end of 2006, the number of approved projects reached 4,546, in which 647 projects were foreign-invested, with a total investment of US$4.73 billion. Qinhuangdao Export Processing Zone is the first export processing zone in Hebei Province. It passed joint appraisal held by the General Administration of Customs, the
State Development Planning Commission The National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China (NDRC), formerly State Planning Commission and State Development Planning Commission, is a macroeconomic management agency under the State Council, which has br ...
, and other six departments in 2003. Industries encouraged in the zone include electronics assembly and manufacturing, building/construction materials, computer software, trading and distribution.


Economy

Qinhuangdao Port is a strategically important port and is the largest coal shipping port in the country, much of which is shipped to power plants elsewhere in China. With recent expansion, its capacity has reached 209 million metric tons. The harbor is adding a further six berths to add capacity and is increasingly being invested in by other port operators, such as South Africa's Port of Richards Bay, who have announced plans to invest US$150 million to increase capacity by at least 28 percent. China is the world's third largest coal exporter, and Qinhuangdao is expected to handle much of the nation's coal exports. Rail links from
Shanxi Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-lev ...
(China's largest coal producer) to Qinhuangdao Port are being upgraded, which should allow for Qinhuangdao to ultimately increase its throughput to 400 million tonnes of coal per annum from its current level of about 250 million tons by 2015. Other Chinese and foreign service suppliers are moving to Qinhuangdao to support this.
China Ocean Shipping China Ocean Shipping Company, Limited, formerly China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company, commonly known for its abbreviated name COSCO Group, or simply, COSCO, is a former Chinese Government owned shipping and logistics services supplier compa ...
(Group) Co, China's biggest shipping company, expects US$49 billion of spending on ports over the next five years as the industry tackles bottlenecks created by the nation's unprecedented economic boom. Qinhuangdao is on the Jingshen Expressway which links Beijing with
Shenyang Shenyang (, ; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ), formerly known as Fengtian () or by its Manchu name Mukden, is a major Chinese sub-provincial city and the provincial capital of Liaoning province. Located in central-north Liaoning, it is the provin ...
, Liaoning. The city is served by Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport.


Tourism

The
Qinhuangdao Wildlife Park Qinhuangdao Wildlife Park is a safari park located in Qinhuangdao in northeast China. It was opened in 1995 and is the country's second largest wildlife park. The park covers an area of some 5,000 acres and is home to roughly 7,000 animals of more ...
was opened in 1995 and is China's second largest wildlife park.


Red Ribbon

Qinhuangdao is home to the Tanghe River Park, which features the Red Ribbon, a knee-high steel sculpture that runs the length of the park, providing seating, environmental interpretation, lighting, and the display of native plants. The project has won an honor award from the American Society of Landscape Architects and was selected by readers of '' Condé Nast Traveler'' magazine as one of the seven new wonders of the architecture world.


Education

*
Yanshan University Yanshan University () is a university in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China under the provincial government. It has a student population of 39,000 and a staff population of 3,200 (2,058 are teachers, including 413 full professors and 630 associate prof ...
*
Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao () is located in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, People's Republic of China, China under Northeastern University (China), Northeastern University administration, which is a beautiful coastal city. The campus is full of ...
* Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics * Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology * Northeastern Petroleum University at Qinhuangdao


Sister cities

*
Lugo Lugo (, ; la, Lucus Augusti) is a city in northwestern Spain in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Galicia (Spain), Galicia. It is the capital of the Lugo (province), province of Lugo. The municipality had a population ...
, Galicia, Spain *
Pesaro Pesaro () is a city and ''comune'' in the Italian region of Marche, capital of the Province of Pesaro e Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea. According to the 2011 census, its population was 95,011, making it the second most populous city in the Marche, ...
, Marche, Italy *
Toledo Toledo most commonly refers to: * Toledo, Spain, a city in Spain * Province of Toledo, Spain * Toledo, Ohio, a city in the United States Toledo may also refer to: Places Belize * Toledo District * Toledo Settlement Bolivia * Toledo, Orur ...
, Ohio, United States, since 1985 * Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, since May 5, 2010 * Terrace, British Columbia, Canada, since November 30, 2015


Notes


References


External links


Qinhuangdao Government OnlineHistoric US Army map of Qinghuangdao and Beidaihe, 1944
{{Authority control Cities in Hebei Prefecture-level divisions of Hebei