Qasr-e Shirin ( fa, قصرشيرين; also

Romanize Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and ...

d as Qaşr-e Shīrīn and Qasr-ī-Shīrīn; also known as Ghasr-ī-shīrīn and Ghasr-shīrīn,

Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...

: قەسری شیرین) is a city and capital of

Qasr-e Shirin County Qasr-e Shirin County ( fa, شهرستان قصر شیرین) is in Kermanshah province, Kermanshah province, Iran. The capital of the county is the city of Qasr-e Shirin.Kermanshah Province,

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

. At the 2006 census, its population was 15,437, in 3,893 families. It is an FTZ and is populated by

Kurds ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Ir ...

Name

The city is named after Shirin, the Christian wife of the

Sasanian The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named ...

King of Kings King of Kings; grc-gre, Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων, Basileùs Basiléōn; hy, արքայից արքա, ark'ayits ark'a; sa, महाराजाधिराज, Mahārājadhirāja; ka, მეფეთ მეფე, ''Mepet mepe'' ...

(''

shah Shah (; fa, شاه, , ) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies.Yarshater, EhsaPersia or Iran, Persian or Farsi, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) It was also used by a variety of ...

anshah'')

Khosrow II Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; pal, 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩, Husrō), also known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: , "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling fr ...

().

History

Sassanid era

Historical and literary works attribute the building of the city to Khosrow Parviz of the Sassanids. The city was a metropolitan during the Sassanid era (226-651 CE). Qasr-e Shirin, a city with over 2000 years of history, was famous for being the city of love.

Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988)

Postwar reconstruction-present

In 1992 the postwar reconstruction process began. The results of a research in 2020 show that the reconstruction process of Qasr-e Shirin was not successful in reviving the city nor in encouraging the migrants to return to their hometown. In June 2006, archaeological excavations in Shirin's castle resulted in the discovery of the dais of the castle which was used as the seat of the king. The establishment of Qasr-e Shirin free trade-industrial zone was approved on May 5, 2021.

Geography

Nearby towns are

Sarpole Zahab Sarpol-e Zahab ( fa, سرپل ذهاب, ''Sarpole Zahâb''; ku, Serpêllî Zehaw, ; also romanized as Sarpol-e Z̄ahāb, Sar-e Pol-e Z̄ahāb, and Sar-ī-Pūl Zūhāb; also known as Pol-e Z̄ahāb, Sarpole-Zahab, Pol-e Z̄ohāb, Sarī-Pūl, and ...

(25 Kms) to the east and

Gilan-e Gharb Gilan-e Gharb (Kurdish: Gyellan گیەڵان) ( fa, گيلانغرب; also Romanized as Gīlān-e Gharb; also known as Gharb) is the capital city of Gilan-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. Demographics The city is populated by Kurds ...

(55 Kms) to the southeast. Across the border in Iraq are

Khanaqin Khanaqin ( ar, خانقين; ku, خانەقین, translit=Xaneqîn) is the central city of Khanaqin District in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, near the Iranian border (8 km) on the Alwand tributary of the Diyala River. The town is populated b ...

31 Kms to the southwest through Khosravi border crossing and Kalar is 28 Kms to the northwest through Parviz(khan) border crossing. The provincial capital Kermanshah lies at a distance of 178 Kms to the east.

Climate

The city is known for its agricultural productivity due to rich soil and plentiful water from the

Alwand River The Alwand or Halwan River ( ar, نهر حلوان, ku, Çemê Elwen ,چەم ئەڵوەن, fa, رود الوند) is a river in eastern Iraq and western Iran. It rises in the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The river flows west from the mountains t ...

, which runs through the city. The weather is mild in winter but hot and dry during the summer. The results of a research done in 2018 on determining the vulnerability of fish farmers towards climate change in Qasr-e Shirin, revealed that climate change had a major impact on fish loss, shortened production cycle and lower fish production.

Environmental issues

Dust storms in recent years have troubled people.

Demographics

Language

The linguistic composition of the city:

Recent excavations

The site of Qasr-e shirin was searched for the first time in 1891 and again in 1910. Excavations in 2006 led to the discovery of a wall of forty miles long, built by Khosrow II to protect the city. This wall extends beyond the border with

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

. A canal dug at the time of the Sassanids, ends in Iraq. The water of the river Hulwan(Alwand) entered the channel by a trench and then led the water to Iraq. This canal covered with stucco stone is considered one of the masterpieces of civil engineering in irrigation. A new round of archaeological excavation commenced in October 2022 at Saheli Street of the Qasr-e Shirin city. It was the second archaeological season that was aimed to study and explore the antiquity of the city and the relics discovered during previous excavations. A budget of 3.1 billion rials ($11,000) was allocated to the project.

Economy

Border trade

Qasr-e Shirin has for long played an important economical role in the region. A large share of the country's exports to Iraq is done via Qasr-e Shirin with its two main border terminals Parviz(khan) and Khosravi. In the Iranian calendar year 1393 (21 March 2014-20 March 2015) commodities worth $1.9 billion were exported to Iraq through the border crossings of Qasr-e Shirin. There are trading companies active in doing exports to Iraq. Parviz(khan) border crossing (Persian: گذرگاه مرزی پرویز) is located to the northwest at a 5 Kms distance from the city center. It was established in 1997. The reason for being named so is a village by the same name on the

Kurdish Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan ( ku, باشووری کوردستان, Başûrê Kurdistanê) refers to the Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq. It is considered one of the four parts of "Kurdistan" in Western Asia, which also incl ...

side of the border.About 50 percent of Iran’s non-oil products are being exported to Iraq via Parviz Khan border crossing, a major land route for trade. On average, 800-1,200 trucks carrying Iranian goods pass Parviz(khan) border crossing and head for Iraq daily.Also, an average of 500 tankers import fuel from Iraq's Kurdistan region to Parviz(khan) border per day and return to Iraq after being discharged at Iran's southern ports. According to Yavar Mohammadi, one governor of the western Iranian city of Qasr-e Shirin, Parviz(khan) crossing plays a significant role in the prosperity of the Iranian economy, Kermanshah Province in particular. Parviz(khan) border crossing has been named the most active trade checkpoint out of 86 crossings between Iran and Iraq. It has put thosands of Iranians to work. In the year (March 2021-22), exports to Iraq from this terminal stood at 2.53 million tons worth $1.02 billion.

Tourism

Qasr-e Shirin & Khosravi

Qasr-e Shirin has many modern and chic hotels and restaurants, with four three-star hotels and many other two-star hotels, serving both pilgrims to Iraq's holy Shia shrines and tourists and businessmen visiting the city. In fact, it is the city of hotels and restaurants. Because of Khosravi border closure to caravan pilgrims from June 2013 till September 2019 and again during the coronavirus pandemic, which the

hospitality industry The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning, theme parks, travel and tourism. It includes hotels, tourism agencies, restaurants and bars. Sector ...

is heavily dependent on, the industry went through

recession In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction when there is a general decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending (an adverse demand shock). This may be triggered by various ...

. However, Iran and Iraq reached an agreement to resume the regular dispatching of caravan pilgrims starting 21 November 2022 from Khosravi border crossing. Religious tourists from northern, northwestern and central Iranian provinces are to be dispatched to Iraq after spending one night at Qasr-e Shirin and Khosravi hotels.

Parviz(khan)

Parviz(khan) passenger hall was inaugurated on 3 February 2015. Of all the common border crossings between Iran and Iraq, crossing the border using a private car is possible only through Parviz(khan) border crossing.

Infrastructure

Transport

Roads

The main access road is the Kermanshah-Khosravi highway through the ring road. The other one is a two-lane road to Gilan-e Gharb. The resurfacing of 9 kilometers of this road with a 120 billion rial budget began in October 2022.It is an alternative route to

Eslamabad-e Gharb Eslamabad-e Gharb ( fa, اسلام‌آباد غرب; also Romanized as Eslāmābād-e Gharb; also known as Eslāmābād, Shāhābād, and Shāhābād-e Gharb), is a city and capital of Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the ...

and Kermanshah using the

Ghalajeh tunnel Ghalajeh tunnel (Persian: تونل قلاجه) or Arba'een tunnel is a tunnel half of which is located in Eyvan County in Ilam Province and the other half in Gwawar District of Gilan-e Gharb County in Kermanshah Province of Iran Iran, ...

. It also gives access to Ilam province after the small remaining part of miandar road in the Gilan-e Gharb-

Eyvan Eyvan ( fa, ايوان, ku, Eywan, also Romanized as Eywān and Aīvān; also known as Eyvān-e Gharb and Jūy Zar; formerly, Bāgh-e Shāh and Bāgh-ī-Shāh) is a city in and capital of Eyvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, ...

route was paved in 2015 and made the distance to Ilam province around 40 Kms shorter through this road.

Rail

The city is near a railway route under construction called

Rahahane Gharb Rahahane Gharb (Persian: راه آهن غرب) or Iran's west railway is a partially finished railway corridor in western Iran. Sections and route The west railway consists of Malayer– Khosravi corridor which will eventually run to the border wi ...

(Iran west railway) planned to connect Iran to Iraqi railway system and ultimately to the

Syrian Syrians ( ar, سُورِيُّون, ''Sūriyyīn'') are an Eastern Mediterranean ethnic group indigenous to the Levant. They share common Levantine Semitic roots. The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Syrian people is a blend of both indi ...

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

port city of

Latakia , coordinates = , elevation_footnotes = , elevation_m = 11 , elevation_ft = , postal_code_type = , postal_code = , area_code = Country code: 963 City code: 41 , geocode ...

. Its construction is due to be completed by 1405 Iranian year through Kermanshah– Khosravi line.

Air

There is no airport serving the city. However after the approval of its free trade zone there have been calls for the urgency of the construction of a small scale airport in order for the FTZ to prosper. It would be the second airport in Kermanshah province.

Kermanshah Airport Kermanshah Airport is an airport in Kermanshah, Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and A ...

which is the regional hub is the nearest airport.

Health systems

Hazrate Abolfazl Abbas is the

hospital A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emerge ...

that serves the town and people from

. It has 96 beds. Built in 1998 during the postwar reconstruction process, because of the lack of medical specialists it functioned at the level of a round the clock clinic until early January 2006 when some specialists joined and a few specialty wards were activated. There is also a sanitation center and a 24-hour drugstore. Due to the city's two border crossings with Iraq and its proximity to several Iraqi cities it attracts and has the potential to attract Iraqi medical tourists. According to Sa’dollah Masudian, the Iranian consul general in Iraq's

Sulaymaniyah Governorate Sulaymaniyah Governorate ( ku, پارێزگای سلێمانی, Parêzgeha Silêmaniyê, ar, محافظة السليمانية) or Sulaymaniyah Province is a mountainous Governorates of Iraq, governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its large ...

in June 2018, each day 1500

visas Visa most commonly refers to: * Visa Inc., a US multinational financial and payment cards company ** Visa Debit card issued by the above company ** Visa Electron, a debit card ** Visa Plus, an interbank network *Travel visa, a document that allo ...

are issued for Iraqi travelers to Iran at Iran's consulate in Sulaymaniyah, one third of which is dedicated for

medical tourism Medical tourism refers to people traveling abroad to obtain medical treatment. In the past, this usually referred to those who traveled from less-developed countries to major medical centers in highly developed countries for treatment unavailable a ...

. Accordingly, in addition to Persian and

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

, Kurdish is also used to guide people to different parts of the hospital.

Notable people

See

Kermanshahis ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian peoples, Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Ir ...

References

Sources

External links

Kirmashan.com
{{Authority control Populated places in Qasr-e Shirin County Cities in Kermanshah Province Kurdish settlements in Kermanshah Province