Qara Mahammad Töremish ( Azerbaijani: قارا محمد) was a

bey Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...

of Kara Koyunlu and father of

Qara Yusuf ''Abu Nasr'' Qara Yusuf ibn Mohammad Barani ( az, Qara Yusif ; c. 1356 – 1420) was the ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty (or "Black Sheep Turkomans") from c.1388 to 1420, although his reign was interrupted by Tamerlane's invasion (1400–1405) ...

Life

Mahammad was a nephew of

Bayram Khwaja Bayram Khwaja (Persian : بیرم خواجہ)(died 1380, ) was the founder of the Qara Qoyunlu, a Muslim Turkoman tribal confederation, that in a short space of time came to rule the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, ...

and one of his main supporters. He served

Jalayirid The Jalayirid Sultanate was a culturally Persianate, Mongol Jalayir dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol khanate of Persia in the 1330s.Bayne Fisher, William. ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', p.3: ...

sultan Uways and suppressed Khwaja Marjan's rebellion (governor of

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

) for him, installing his uncle Murad as governor of Baghdad. However, their relations deteriorated soon after. Uways captured Baghdad from Murad in 1364 and advanced to fight Bayram and Qara Mahammad's armies in

Muş Muş (; hy, Մուշ; ku, Mûş) is a city and the provincial capital of Muş Province in Turkey. Its population is mostly Kurds. Etymology Various explanations of the origin of Muş's name exist. Its name is sometimes associated with the Arme ...

. Together they conquered

Mosul Mosul ( ar, الموصل, al-Mawṣil, ku, مووسڵ, translit=Mûsil, Turkish: ''Musul'', syr, ܡܘܨܠ, Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. The city is considered the second large ...

Erciş Erciş (; ku, Erdiş; hy, Ականց, Akants, historically , ''Arjesh'') is a town and district located in the Van Province, Turkey on Lake Van. History of Artchesh During Classical Antiquity, the town was known as Arsissa, and Archesh (Arč ...

, Mayafariqin and Van. New Jalayirid sultan

Hussain Hussein, Hussain, Hossein, Hossain, Huseyn, Husayn, Husein or Husain (; ar, حُسَيْن ), coming from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-S-i-N ( ar, ح س ی ن, link=no), is an Arabic name which is the diminutive of Hassan, meaning "good", " ...

moved against Muhammad and attacked

, his new base. Despite Bayram Khwaja's help, Kara Koyunlus suffered heavy casualties and were captured. Hussain too was deposed soon by

Ahmad Jalayir Sultan Ahmad was the ruler of the Jalayirid Sultanate (ruled 1382–1410), he was son to the most accomplished ruler of the sultanate, Shaykh Uways Jalayir. Early in his reign, he was involved in conflicts with his brothers. He would later suffer fr ...

, who invaded Tabriz with the assistance of

Shirvanshah Hushang Hushang was the 32nd ruler of Shirvan and last member of the Kasranid branch of House of Shirvanshah. Reign He succeeded his father Shirvanshah Kavus in 1372. Until then, he was a captive in court of Shaikh Awais Jalayir. Taking advantage of latt ...

(although Minorsky noted a certain Hamza who was a son of

Farrukh Yassar Farrukh Yasar ( fa, فرخ یسار) was the last independent Shirvanshah of Shirvan (1465–1500). In 1500, the first Safavid ruler, Ismail I, decisively defeated and killed Farrukh Yasar during his conquest of the area. Descendants of Farrukh Ya ...

being his supporter, it's chronologically impossible). Ahmad's other brothers, Shaikh Ali and Pir Ali Barik, opposed him. Husain's former amir, Adil Aqa, had Bayazid proclaimed sultan in

Soltaniyeh Soltaniyeh ( fa, سلطانيه, also Romanized as Solţānīyeh, Solţāneyyeh, Sultaniye, and Sultānīyeh; also known as Sa‘īdīyeh; ) is the capital city of Soltaniyeh District of Soltaniyeh County, Zanjan Province, northwestern Iran. At ...

, while Shaikh Ali prepared to leave

and march on Tabriz. To secure his position, Ahmad requested the assistance of Qara Mahammad. Shaikh Ali fell in battle against the

on September 1382. Pir Ali was also killed in 1383. In 1383, Ahmad wed a Jalayirid princess to Qara Muhammad and himself married to a daughter of Qara Muhammad. Some time later, Ahmad ordered Mahammad to migrate to Baghdad with his horde, while Mahammad went to

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...

, later campaigning in

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

. Jalayirids used this opportunity to massacre Kara Koyunlus staying in Azerbaijan, which forced Qara Muhammad to fall back to Erciş. He invaded

Mardin Mardin ( ku, Mêrdîn; ar, ماردين; syr, ܡܪܕܝܢ, Merdīn; hy, Մարդին) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location on ...

in 1384 and received submission of its

Artuqid The Artuqid dynasty (alternatively Artukid, Ortoqid, or Ortokid; , pl. ; ; ) was a Turkoman dynasty originated from tribe that ruled in eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. The Artuq ...

ruler Mejdeddin Isa al-Zahir (1376-1407). Qara Muhammad faced

Timur Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kür ...

's expeditions four times and successfully evaded them. A Timurid emir, Lala Khwaja, was killed in third expedition by

. In 1389, he also aided

Beylik of Erzincan Beylik of Erzincan was a principality ( tr, beylik) in East Anatolia, Turkey in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Background After the battle of Kösedağ in 1243, Ilkhanid Mongols became the de facto rulers of Anatolia. However, ...

against Ak Koyunlu and

Eretna Ala al-Din Eretna (or Eretne, also Artanā) was a Mongol officer of Uyghur origin in the service of Timurtash, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. He later became the last Mongol governor of Anatolia himself and forged his own principality and dy ...

. However, he was killed in April 1389 by revolting emir Pir Hasan.

Family

* Bayram (k. April 1389 by Pir Hasan) *

* Khwaja Misr (imprisoned by Timur in Avnik, taken to Samarqand in 1394) **Mirza Ali beg **Zeynal beg **Qazan beg (stole treasury, first fled to Avnik, then entered to Timurid service{{Cite journal, last=Binbaş, first=İlker Evrim, date=2013, title=The Anatomy of a Regicide Attempt: Shāhrukh, the Ḥurūfīs, and the Timurid Intellectuals in 830/1426–27, journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, language=en, volume=23, issue=3, pages=391–428, doi=10.1017/S1356186313000278, issn=1356-1863)

References

1389 deaths 14th-century Turkic people Qara Qoyunlu rulers