![Virginia 2nd Amendment Rally (2020 Jan) - 49416341132](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Virginia_2nd_Amendment_Rally_%282020_Jan%29_-_49416341132.jpg)
QAnon ( , ) is an
American political conspiracy theory
Conspiracy theories in United States politics are beliefs that an event or situation in US politics is the result of secretive collusion by powerful people striving to harm a rival group or undermine society in general.
Such theories draw from ...
and
political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some t ...
. It originated in the
American far-right political sphere in 2017.
QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q". Those claims have been relayed, developed and supplemented by numerous
communities and
influencers
An Internet celebrity (also known as a social media influencer, social media personality, internet personality, or simply influencer) is a celebrity who has acquired or developed their fame and notability through the Internet. The rise of social m ...
associated with the movement.
The core QAnon conspiracy theory is that a
cabal
A cabal is a group of people who are united in some close design, usually to promote their private views or interests in an ideology, a state, or another community, often by intrigue and usually unbeknownst to those who are outside their group. Th ...
of
Satanic,
cannibalistic
Cannibalism is the act of consuming another individual of the same species as food. Cannibalism is a common ecological interaction in the animal kingdom and has been recorded in more than 1,500 species. Human cannibalism is well documented, bo ...
sexual abusers of children operating a global child
sex trafficking ring conspired against former U.S. President
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pe ...
during his
term in office
A term of office, electoral term, or parliamentary term is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a defined limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject ...
. The QAnon conspiracy theory has direct roots in
Pizzagate
"Pizzagate" is a conspiracy theory that went viral during the 2016 United States presidential election cycle. It has been extensively discredited by a wide range of organizations, including the Washington, D.C. police.
In March 2016, the p ...
, an internet conspiracy theory that appeared one year earlier; it also incorporates elements of many other theories.
Some experts have described QAnon as a
cult.
[Description of QAnon as a cult:
*
*
*
* ]
Followers of the conspiracy theory say that the
Trump administration
Donald Trump's tenure as the 45th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 2017, and ended on January 20, 2021. Trump, a Republican from New York City, took office following his Electoral College victory ...
secretly fought the cabal of pedophiles, and would conduct mass arrests and executions of thousands of cabal members on a day known as "the Storm" or "the Event". QAnon conspiracy believers have named
Democratic politicians, Hollywood actors, high-ranking government officials, business tycoons, and medical experts as members of the cabal. QAnon has also claimed that Trump stimulated the conspiracy of
Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election
The Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election with the goals of harming the campaign of Hillary Clinton, boosting the candidacy of Donald Trump, and increasing political and social discord in the United States. Acc ...
to enlist
Robert Mueller to join him in exposing the sex trafficking ring, and to prevent a ''
coup d'état
A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, m ...
'' by
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the U ...
,
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, diplomat, and former lawyer who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State for President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a United States sen ...
, and
George Soros
George Soros ( name written in eastern order), (born György Schwartz, August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist. , he had a net worth of US$8.6 billion, Note that this site is updated daily. having donated mo ...
.
QAnon is described as
antisemitic
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
or rooted in antisemitic tropes, due to its fixation on Jewish financier
George Soros
George Soros ( name written in eastern order), (born György Schwartz, August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist. , he had a net worth of US$8.6 billion, Note that this site is updated daily. having donated mo ...
and conspiracy theories about the
Rothschild family, a frequent target of antisemites.
Many also consider it antisemitic due to its strong resemblance to the antisemitic
blood libel
Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. ''Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis'', Academic Press, 2008, p. 3. "Blood libel: An accusation of ritual mur ...
, the myth that Jews harvest the blood of children for ritual purposes.
Although it has its origins in older conspiracy theories, the first post by Q was in October 2017 on the anonymous
imageboard
An imageboard is a type of Internet forum that focuses on the posting of images, often alongside text and discussion. The first imageboards were created in Japan as an extension of the textboard concept. These sites later inspired the creation of ...
website
4chan
4chan is an anonymous English-language imageboard website. Launched by Christopher "moot" Poole in October 2003, the site hosts boards dedicated to a wide variety of topics, from anime and manga to video games, cooking, weapons, television, ...
. Q claimed to be a high-level government official with
Q clearance
Q clearance or Q access authorization is the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) security clearance required to access Top Secret Restricted Data, Formerly Restricted Data, and National Security Information, as well as Secret Restricted Data. Restri ...
, who had access to classified information involving the Trump administration and its opponents in the United States. Q soon moved to
8chan
8kun, previously called 8chan, Infinitechan or Infinitychan (stylized as ∞chan), is an imageboard website composed of user-created message boards. An owner moderates each board, with minimal interaction from site administration. The site ha ...
, making it QAnon's online home.
Q's often cryptic posts became known as "drops", which were later collected by aggregator apps and websites.
The conspiracy theory expanded into a
viral phenomenon
Viral phenomena or viral sensation are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. Analogous to the way in which viruses propagate, the ter ...
and quickly went beyond
Internet culture
Internet culture is a culture based on the many way people have used computer networks and their use for communication, entertainment, business, and recreation. Some features of Internet culture include online communities, gaming, and social medi ...
, becoming familiar among the general population and turning into a real political movement. QAnon followers began to appear at
Trump reelection campaign rallies in August 2018,
and Trump amplified QAnon accounts on Twitter through his retweets.
QAnon's conspiracy theories have also been relayed by Russian and Chinese state-backed media companies, social media
troll
A troll is a being in Nordic folklore, including Norse mythology. In Old Norse sources, beings described as trolls dwell in isolated areas of rocks, mountains, or caves, live together in small family units, and are rarely helpful to human be ...
accounts,
and the far-right
Falun Gong
Falun Gong (, ) or Falun Dafa (; literally, "Dharma Wheel Practice" or "Law Wheel Practice") is a new religious movement.Junker, Andrew. 2019. ''Becoming Activists in Global China: Social Movements in the Chinese Diaspora'', pp. 23–24, 33, 119 ...
-associated
Epoch Media Group.
Since its emergence in American politics, QAnon has spawned movements around the world. The exact number of QAnon adherents is unclear,
but the group maintains a large online following.
After increased scrutiny of the movement and its
hashtags, mainstream
social media
Social media are interactive media technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. While challenges to the definition of ''social medi ...
companies such as
Twitter
Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with 280-character-long messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and ...
and
Facebook
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin M ...
began taking action to stop the spread of the conspiracy theory.
QAnon followers have perpetrated acts of violence on numerous occasions.
Members of the movement actively took part in the 2020
U.S. presidential election, during which they supported
Trump's campaign and waged
information warfare
Information warfare (IW) (as different from cyber warfare that attacks computers, software, and command control systems) is a concept involving the battlespace use and management of information and communication technology (ICT) in pursuit of a ...
in an attempt to influence voters.
After
Joe Biden won, they were involved in
efforts to overturn the results of the election. Several associates of Trump, such as General
Michael Flynn
Michael Thomas Flynn (born December 24, 1958) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general and conspiracy theorist who was the 24th U.S. National Security Advisor for the first 22 days of the Trump administration. He resigned in light of ...
and two members of his legal team,
Lin Wood
Lucian Lincoln "Lin" Wood Jr. (born October 19, 1952) is an American attorney and conspiracy theorist.
Following his graduation from law school in 1977, Wood worked as a personal injury lawyer, focusing on medical malpractice litigation. He b ...
and
Sidney Powell
Sidney Katherine Powell (born 1955) is an American attorney, former federal prosecutor, and conspiracy theorist who attempted to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, which led the State Bar of Texas to seek sanctions again ...
, have promoted QAnon-derived conspiracy theories. When these tactics failed, Trump supporters – many of them QAnon followers –
attacked the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. The Capitol attack was a watershed moment for QAnon and led to a further, more sustained social media crackdown on the movement and its claims.
David DePape, the suspect in the
Paul Pelosi attack, is a QAnon follower.
In multiple posts on social media platforms and at least two blogs, he promoted QAnon and other
far-right conspiracy theories.
Background
Pizzagate
![Pizzagate 02aIMG 8514](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Pizzagate_02aIMG_8514.jpg)
According to QAnon researcher Mike Rothschild, "while Q has a number of precursor conspiracy theories and scams... no conspiracy theory feeds more immediately into Q than Pizzagate". Pizzagate began in March 2016 with
a leak of Clinton campaigner
John Podesta
John David Podesta Jr. (born January 8, 1949) is an American Political consulting, political consultant who has served as Senior Advisor to the President of the United States, Senior Advisor to President Joe Biden for clean energy innovation an ...
's emails, which promoters of the theory believed contained a
secret code
Cryptography, or cryptology (from grc, , translit=kryptós "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adver ...
detailing
child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse (CSA), also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child (whet ...
. Pizzagate followers said that high-profile Democrats were sexually abusing children at
a Washington, D.C. pizzeria, which led to an armed attack on the establishment by a gunman who believed the conspiracy theory.
The allegations of child sexual abuse and the centrality of the
Clinton family
The Clinton family is an American political family related to Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), and his wife Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–2013), Senator from New York (2 ...
to this abuse became a key part of the QAnon belief system, but in time the Clintons' centrality to this was de-emphasized in favor of more general conspiratorial claims of an alleged worldwide elite of child sex-traffickers.
Q has referred to Pizzagate claims without using the term. QAnon followers often used the hashtag #
SaveTheChildren to promote the Pizzagate conspiracy theory.
This has caused protests from the unrelated NGO
Save the Children
The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international non-governmental organization established in the United Kingdom in 1919 to improve the lives of children through better education, health care, and economic ...
.
Influence of 4chan culture
The investigative journalism website ''
Bellingcat
Bellingcat (stylised as bellngcat) is a Netherlands-based investigative journalism group that specialises in fact-checking and open-source intelligence (OSINT). It was founded by British journalist and former blogger Eliot Higgins in July 2014 ...
'' has called /htg/ or "Human Trafficking General" threads on the
/pol/
/pol/, short for "Politically Incorrect", is an anonymous political discussion imageboard on 4chan. As of 2022, it is the most active board on the site. It has had a substantial impact on Internet culture while acting as a platform for far-r ...
board of 4chan "the missing link" between Pizzagate and QAnon. Instead of focusing on a limited supply of email material to comb through, the /htg/ culture allowed users to actively participate in the imagined storylines. A key /htg/ poster was Anonymous5 (also known as "Frank"), who claimed to be a child prostitution investigator. But the lack of a coherent narrative was a constraint on the /htg/ trend, and it never achieved Pizzagate's popularity.
The main tenets of the QAnon ideology were already present at 4chan before Q's appearance, including claims that
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, diplomat, and former lawyer who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State for President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a United States sen ...
was directly involved in a pedophile ring, that
Robert Mueller was secretly working with Trump, and that large-scale military tribunals were imminent. His posts specifically targeted individuals who were highly hated in the community beforehand, namely Clinton,
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the U ...
and George Soros. Bellingcat says that the idea of the "Storm" was copied from another poster named Victory of the Light, who predicted the "Event", in which mass, televised arrests of the "Cabal" were forthcoming.
Previous "anons"
In its most basic sense, an "
anon" is an anonymous or pseudonymous Internet poster. The concept of anons "doing research" and claiming to disclose otherwise classified information, while a key component of the QAnon conspiracy theory, is by no means exclusive to it. Q was preceded by so-called anons who also claimed to have special government access. On July 2, 2016, the anonymous poster "FBIAnon", a self-described "high-level analyst and strategist" who claimed to have "intimate knowledge of the inner workings of the Clinton case", began posting false information about the
2016 investigation into the
Clinton Foundation and claimed that Hillary Clinton would be imprisoned if Trump became president. Around that time, "HLIAnon", standing for "High Level Insider Anon", hosted long question-and-answer sessions, dispensing various conspiracy theories, including that
Princess Diana
Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her ac ...
was murdered after trying to stop the
September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commerci ...
. Soon after the
2016 United States elections, two anonymous posters, "CIAAnon" and "CIAIntern", falsely claimed to be high-ranking
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
(CIA) officers, and in late August 2017, "WHInsiderAnon" offered a supposed preview that something that was "going to go down" regarding leaks that would affect the
Democratic Party Democratic Party most often refers to:
*Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party and similar terms may also refer to:
Active parties Africa
*Botswana Democratic Party
*Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea
*Gabonese Democratic Party
*Demo ...
.
Origin and spread
A
4chan
4chan is an anonymous English-language imageboard website. Launched by Christopher "moot" Poole in October 2003, the site hosts boards dedicated to a wide variety of topics, from anime and manga to video games, cooking, weapons, television, ...
user named "Q Clearance Patriot" first appeared on the site's
/pol/
/pol/, short for "Politically Incorrect", is an anonymous political discussion imageboard on 4chan. As of 2022, it is the most active board on the site. It has had a substantial impact on Internet culture while acting as a platform for far-r ...
board on October 28, 2017, posting in a thread titled "Calm Before the Storm",
a phrase Trump had previously used to describe a gathering of American military leaders he attended.
"The Storm" later became QAnon parlance for an imminent event in which thousands of alleged suspects would be arrested, imprisoned, and executed for being child-eating pedophiles. The poster's username implied that they held
Q clearance
Q clearance or Q access authorization is the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) security clearance required to access Top Secret Restricted Data, Formerly Restricted Data, and National Security Information, as well as Secret Restricted Data. Restri ...
,
a
United States Department of Energy
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees U.S. national energy policy and manages the research and development of nuclear power and nuclear weapons in the United Stat ...
security clearance
A security clearance is a status granted to individuals allowing them access to classified information (state or organizational secrets) or to restricted areas, after completion of a thorough background check. The term "security clearance" is ...
required to access
Top Secret
Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected. Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people with the necessary security clearance and need to kn ...
information on nuclear weapons and materials.
![Million MAGA March IMG 4606a](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Million_MAGA_March_IMG_4606a.jpg)
Q's first post said that Hillary Clinton was about to be arrested, which would cause massive unrest and be followed by numerous other arrests. A second message was posted a few hours later, saying that Clinton was being "detained" though not arrested yet, and that Trump was planning to remove "criminal rogue elements". The post also alluded cryptically to
George Soros
George Soros ( name written in eastern order), (born György Schwartz, August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist. , he had a net worth of US$8.6 billion, Note that this site is updated daily. having donated mo ...
,
Huma Abedin
Huma Mahmood Abedin ( ur, ; born July 28, 1975) is an American political staffer who was vice chair of Hillary Clinton's Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign, 2016 campaign for President of the United States. Before that, Abedin was deputy ...
and
Operation Mockingbird
Operation Mockingbird is an alleged large-scale program of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that began in the early years of the Cold War and attempted to manipulate domestic American news media organizations for propaganda ...
.
Many other messages followed; Q's activity surged in November, with most posts expanding upon previous theories about Hillary Clinton. Other conspiracy theories were later added, notably involving Barack Obama, Saudi Arabia or Iran.
An
Internet community
A virtual community is a social network of individuals who connect through specific social media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals. Some of the most pervasive virtual communi ...
soon developed around interpreting and analyzing posts attributed to Q, and several of these conspiracy theorists became minor celebrities within the community.
Followers started looking for "clues" that would confirm their beliefs, including in the most commonplace phrases and occurrences: in November 2017, Trump sipping water from a bottle was interpreted as a secret sign that the mass arrests would soon take place.
Though QAnon immediately integrated Pizzagate's theory of secret child sex-trafficking rings operated by the elite, it went much further by implying a worldwide
cabal
A cabal is a group of people who are united in some close design, usually to promote their private views or interests in an ideology, a state, or another community, often by intrigue and usually unbeknownst to those who are outside their group. Th ...
and by incorporating elements from various other conspiracies. One of the earlier rumors spread by QAnon followers was that such figures as Hillary Clinton, her daughter
Chelsea
Chelsea or Chelsey may refer to:
Places Australia
* Chelsea, Victoria
Canada
* Chelsea, Nova Scotia
* Chelsea, Quebec
United Kingdom
* Chelsea, London, an area of London, bounded to the south by the River Thames
** Chelsea (UK Parliament consti ...
and Senator
John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician and United States Navy officer who served as a United States senator from Arizona from 1987 until his death in 2018. He previously served two terms ...
had already been arrested and indicted, and were wearing ankle
monitoring bracelets during their public appearances.
In the following months, the QAnon community helped spread other rumors such as the "
Frazzledrip
"Pizzagate" is a conspiracy theory that went viral during the 2016 United States presidential election cycle. It has been extensively discredited by a wide range of organizations, including the Washington, D.C. police.
In March 2016, the p ...
" theory, which purported the existence of a
"snuff" video showing Hillary Clinton and Huma Abedin murdering a child, drinking her blood and taking turns wearing the skin from her face as a mask.
In November 2017, two 4chan moderators, Paul Furber (also known as "BaruchtheScribe",
a
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
n conspiracy theorist with an interest in American politics)
and Coleman Rogers (also known as "Pamphlet Anon"),
worked with
YouTuber
A YouTuber is an online personality and/or influencer who produces videos on the video-sharing platform YouTube, typically posting to their personal YouTube channel. The term was first used in the English language in 2006.
Influence
Influent ...
Tracy Diaz to promote QAnon to a wider audience. This involved setting up the r/CBTS_Stream
subreddit
Reddit (; stylized in all lowercase as reddit) is an American social news aggregation, content rating, and discussion website. Registered users (commonly referred to as "Redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images ...
, where subscribers came to talk about QAnon. The subreddit was permanently closed in March 2018 due to incitement of violence and
posting private information. QAnon spread to other social media, including
Twitter
Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with 280-character-long messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and ...
and
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video platform, online video sharing and social media, social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by ...
. Rogers and his wife, Christina Urso, launched Patriots' Soapbox, a YouTube livestream dedicated to QAnon, which they used to solicit donations. U.S. Representative
Lauren Boebert
Lauren Opal Boebert ( ; ; born December 19, 1986) is an American politician, businesswoman, and gun rights activist. A member of the Republican Party, she serves as the U.S. representative for . From 2013 to 2022, she owned Shooters Grill, a ...
was a guest on the channel.
Also in November 2017, posts by Q moved to
8chan
8kun, previously called 8chan, Infinitechan or Infinitychan (stylized as ∞chan), is an imageboard website composed of user-created message boards. An owner moderates each board, with minimal interaction from site administration. The site ha ...
, with Q citing concerns that the 4chan board had been "infiltrated". Thereafter, Q posted only on 8chan.
In August 2019, 8chan was shut down after it was connected with the
El Paso shooting and other violent incidents. Followers of QAnon then moved to Endchan, until 8chan was restored under the name 8kun.
QAnon first received attention from mainstream press in November 2017; ''
Newsweek
''Newsweek'' is an American weekly online news magazine co-owned 50 percent each by Dev Pragad, its president and CEO, and Johnathan Davis (businessman), Johnathan Davis, who has no operational role at ''Newsweek''. Founded as a weekly print m ...
'' called it "Pizzagate on steroids".
Gossip columnist
Liz Crokin
Elizabeth M. Crokin (born February 8, 1979) is an American columnist.
Early life and education
Crokin was born on February 8, 1979. She grew up in Glenview, Illinois, and graduated from New Trier High School. She attended the University of Iow ...
, a
Pizzagate
"Pizzagate" is a conspiracy theory that went viral during the 2016 United States presidential election cycle. It has been extensively discredited by a wide range of organizations, including the Washington, D.C. police.
In March 2016, the p ...
follower, was one of the first public figures to embrace QAnon and became one of the movement's most prominent
influencer
An Internet celebrity (also known as a social media influencer, social media personality, internet personality, or simply influencer) is a celebrity who has acquired or developed their fame and notability through the Internet. The rise of social m ...
s.
Television host
Sean Hannity
Sean Patrick Hannity (born December 30, 1961) is an American talk show host, conservative political commentator, and author. He is the host of '' The Sean Hannity Show'', a nationally syndicated talk radio show, and has also hosted a commen ...
and entertainer
Roseanne Barr
Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and former presidential candidate. Barr began her career in stand-up comedy before gaining acclaim in the television sitcom ''Roseanne'' (1988–1 ...
spread news about it to their social media followers in early 2018 and the conspiracy theory gained traction on the mainstream right. At this time, ''
InfoWars
''InfoWars'' is an American far-right conspiracy theory and fake news website owned by Alex Jones. It was founded in 1999, and operates under Free Speech Systems LLC.
Talk shows and other content for the site are created primarily in stud ...
'' host and far-right conspiracy theorist
Alex Jones
Alexander Emerick Jones (born February 11, 1974) is an American far-right and alt-right radio show host and prominent conspiracy theorist. He hosts ''The Alex Jones Show'' from Austin, Texas, which the Genesis Communications Network broadcas ...
claimed to be in personal contact with Q. This led to the presence ''en masse'' of QAnon followers at a July 2018
Trump rally for the
midterm elections
Apart from general elections and by-elections, midterm election
refers to a type of election where the people can elect their representatives and other subnational officeholders (e.g. governor, members of local council) in the middle of the term ...
in
Tampa
Tampa () is a city on the Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The city's borders include the north shore of Tampa Bay and the east shore of Old Tampa Bay. Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay area and the seat of Hillsborough County ...
, Florida, the first visible presence of the QAnon movement at Trump rallies.
Some Christian pastors introduced their congregations to QAnon ideas. The Indiana-based Omega Kingdom Ministry tried to combine QAnon and Christianity, with Q posts and
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
quotes both read during
church services
A church service (or a service of worship) is a formalized period of Christian communal worship, often held in a church building. It often but not exclusively occurs on Sunday, or Saturday in the case of those churches practicing seventh-day Sa ...
.
Some Christians, such as pastor Derek Kubilus, call QAnon
heresy
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. The term is usually used in reference to violations of important religi ...
, but most U.S. pastors have not taken a stand against it. More generally, QAnon's rise coincided with increasing radicalization and violent episodes in American far-right movements.
QAnon-related merchandise was widely available on
Amazon
Amazon most often refers to:
* Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek mythology
* Amazon rainforest, a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin
* Amazon River, in South America
* Amazon (company), an American multinational technology c ...
's online marketplace in 2018.
''QAnon: An Invitation to the Great Awakening'', a book said to be authored by a group of twelve QAnon followers, neared the top of Amazon's bestsellers list in 2019, possibly through
algorithmic manipulation. Also in 2019, QAnon
blog
A blog (a truncation of "weblog") is a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts). Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order ...
ger Neon Revolt (an alias of former aspiring screenwriter Robert Cornero Jr.) self-published the book ''Revolution Q: The Story of QAnon and the 2nd American Revolution'', which became an influential text among the QAnon community and was also distributed by Amazon. In 2020, ''
Politico
''Politico'' (stylized in all caps), known originally as ''The Politico'', is an American, German-owned political journalism newspaper company based in Arlington County, Virginia, that covers politics and policy in the United States and intern ...
'' noted that 100 titles associated with QAnon were available on Amazon Marketplace, in many different languages and with generally positive reviews. QAnon-related merchandise was also available on
Etsy
Etsy, Inc. is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies. These items fall under a wide range of categories, including jewelry, bags, clothing, home décor and furniture, toys, art, as well as craft ...
and
Teespring
Teespring (Spring, Inc.) is an American company that operates ''Spring'', a social commerce platform that allows people to create and sell custom products.Rich, NathanielSilicon Valley's Start-Up Machine''The New York Times''. May 2, 2013. The c ...
, and pages relating to the conspiracy theory were on
Patreon
Patreon (, ) is a membership platform that provides business tools for content creators to run a subscription service. It helps creators and artists earn a monthly income by providing rewards and perks to their subscribers. Patreon charges a co ...
and
GoFundMe
GoFundMe is an American for-profit crowdfunding platform that allows people to raise money for events ranging from life events such as celebrations and graduations to challenging circumstances like accidents and illnesses. From 2010 to the be ...
.
Sites dedicated to aggregating the Q posts, also called "drops"
or "Q drops",
became essential for their dissemination and spread. QMap was the most popular and famous aggregator, run by a pseudonymous developer and overall key QAnon figure known as "QAPPANON".
But QMap shut down shortly after the fact-checking website ''Logically'' published a September 2020 report that theorized that QAPPANON was a New Jersey-based security analyst named Jason Gelinas.
Multiple online communities were created around QAnon: in 2020,
Facebook
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin M ...
conducted an internal investigation which revealed that the social network hosted thousands of QAnon-themed groups and pages, with millions of members and followers.
According to Reuters, Russian-backed social media accounts promoted QAnon claims as early as November or December 2017.
In 2018, ''
Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to ...
'' called Q one of the 25 most influential people on the Internet.
Russian government
The Government of Russia exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The members of the government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers. It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russia ...
-funded Russian state media such as
RT and
Sputnik have amplified the conspiracy theory since 2019, citing QAnon as evidence that the U.S. is riven by internal strife and division.
In 2021, a report from the
Soufan Center, a research group focused on national security, found that one-fifth of 166,820 QAnon posts in the U.S. between January 2020 and February 2021 originated in foreign countries, primarily Russia and China, and that China was the "primary foreign actor touting QAnon-narratives online".
The far-right
Falun Gong
Falun Gong (, ) or Falun Dafa (; literally, "Dharma Wheel Practice" or "Law Wheel Practice") is a new religious movement.Junker, Andrew. 2019. ''Becoming Activists in Global China: Social Movements in the Chinese Diaspora'', pp. 23–24, 33, 119 ...
-associated
Epoch Media Group, including ''
The Epoch Times
''The Epoch Times'' is a far-right international multi-language newspaper and media company affiliated with the Falun Gong new religious movement. The newspaper, based in New York City, is part of the Epoch Media Group, which also operates New ...
'', has also been a major promoter of the conspiracy theory.
University of Southern California
The University of Southern California (USC, SC, or Southern Cal) is a Private university, private research university in Los Angeles, California, United States. Founded in 1880 by Robert M. Widney, it is the oldest private research university in C ...
professor and data scientist Emilio Ferrara found that about 25% of accounts that use QAnon hashtags, retweet ''InfoWars,'' or had retweeted One America News Network are Internet bot, bots.
International following
Marc-André Argentino, a researcher of the movement, noted in August 2020 that QAnon-dedicated Facebook pages existed in 71 countries worldwide. In January 2021, researcher Joel Finkelstein told ''The Washington Post'' that the German and Japanese QAnon movements were "particularly strong and growing", though according to a later ''The New York Times, New York Times'' report, the Japanese version (also known as "JAnon" [ ja, Jアノン]) remains a Fringe theory, fringe belief even among conspiracy theorists.
Three pro-QAnon groups in Japan are known to exist as of 2022: J-Anon, QArmyJapanFlynn and YamatoQ. In April 2022, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police arrested several members of YamatoQ for Timeline of incidents involving QAnon#Break-in at a Tokyo vaccination center, breaking into a health clinic which provided COVID-19 vaccinations.
Between March and June 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, QAnon activity nearly tripled on Facebook and nearly doubled on Instagram and Twitter. By that time, QAnon had spread to Europe, from the Netherlands to the Balkan Peninsula.
In Germany, far-right activists and influencers have created on YouTube, Facebook, and Telegram a German audience for QAnon, estimated in 2020 at 200,000. German Reichsbürger movement, Reichsbürger groups adopted QAnon to promote its belief that modern Germany is not a sovereign republic but rather a corporation created by Allies of World War II, Allied nations after World War II, and expressed their hope that Trump would lead an army to restore the ''Reich''.
A March 2022 study by the Center for Monitoring, Analysis and Strategy, a German think tank, found that more than one in ten people in Germany agreed with QAnon's theories, and that Alternative for Germany (AfD) and Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) voters were more likely to believe in QAnon.
In Russia, a similar conspiracy theory, the "Union of Slavic Forces of Russia, Soviet Citizens"—which claims the Russian Federation is a Delaware-based LLC that occupies the legal territory of the Soviet Union—also became susceptible to QAnon beliefs.
One in four United Kingdom, Britons are said to believe in QAnon-related theories, though only 6% support QAnon. In October 2020, anti-racist advocacy group Hope not Hate said that British influencer Martin Geddes ran "one of the most popular QAnon Twitter accounts in the world". In October 2021, Rémy Daillet-Wiedemann, a French QAnon-associated conspiracy theorist,
was Timeline of incidents involving QAnon#Rémy Daillet-Wiedemann case, charged with terrorism for having planned a coup against the French government. Various associates of Daillet-Wiedemann were also arrested and charged in late 2021 and early 2022.
Many Canada, Canadians have also promoted QAnon. In July 2020, an armed gunman and QAnon follower Timeline of incidents involving QAnon#Intrusion into Justin Trudeau's residence, drove a vehicle into the grounds of Rideau Hall, the temporary residence of Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau, in order to "arrest" him over COVID-19 restrictions and firearm regulations.
A February 8 article in ''The Guardian'' described the 2022 Canada convoy protest, convoy protests in Canada as the result of coordination between QAnon, conspiracy theorists, and anti-vaccine and anti-government organizations.
Romana Didulo, a Philippines-born Canadian woman claiming to be Monarchy of Canada, Canada's rightful "Queen", built up an online following in the course of 2021 and went on to create a cultlike organization using QAnon and Sovereign citizen movement, sovereign citizen concepts. Because of Didulo's network of committed followers and frequent calls for violent action, researchers identified her in 2022 as one of the most dangerous QAnon influencers in Canada.
The movement has also spread to Spain and Latin America, with countries like Costa Rica, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Paraguay and Brazil having an online presence. ''La Nación (San José), La Nación'' reported in 2020 that the Facebook page "QAnon Costa Rica" was spreading misinformation and fake news, called to depose President Carlos Alvarado Quesada, Carlos Alvarado and extolled right-wing figures such as far-right presidential candidate Juan Diego Castro Fernández and controversial deputies Dragos Dolanescu Valenciano and Erick Rodríguez Steller. In Spain, the far-right Vox (political party), Vox party was accused of endorsing anti-Biden conspiracy theories linked to QAnon in its Twitter account by claiming that Biden was the candidate "preferred by pedophiles". An RTVE news report found that most Spanish QAnon supporters identified Vox as their preferred political party.
Pastel QAnon
Pastel QAnon, identified by Concordia University researcher Marc-André Argentino,
is a collection of techniques aimed predominantly at indoctrinating women into the conspiracy theory, mainly on social media sites like Instagram, Facebook, Telegram and YouTube.
It co-opts the aesthetics and language of social media influencers, often using personal anecdotes and gateway issues (i.e. child sex-trafficking) to frame QAnon beliefs as reasonable.
Claims
Q's posts
Q made thousands of posts on 4chan and 8chan/8kun.
These "drops" were often allusive, cryptic, and impossible to verify; some included strings of characters that are allegedly coded messages. Q used a conspiratorial tone, with phrases like "I've said too much" or "Some things must remain classified to the very end". To sustain faith in a final victory over the "cabal", Q used recurring phrases such as "Trust the plan", "Enjoy the show", and "Nothing can stop what is coming".
Q's messages typically claimed that everything was going as planned, that Trump was in control and that all his adversaries would end up in prison.
Q also encouraged followers to do their own research by telling them to "Follow the White Rabbit". QAnon followers used the "White Rabbit" reference both as a
hashtag and as the name of a Facebook group that had around 90,000 members in 2020.
Many early posts advanced claims about "Deep state in the United States, deep state" collusion with foreign powers. During 2018, Q mentioned Geopolitics, geopolitical conspiracies such as the Obama administration having planned to send technology to Iran and North Korea. Later, Q found new targets such as Planned Parenthood, which he accused of harvesting fetuses for profit, or Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who he said was a member of the cabal. Over the years, other topics of interest included Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, Russian interference, Trafficking of children, child trafficking, Jeffrey Epstein, Antifa (United States), Antifa and Hunter Biden.
Becoming increasingly vague over time, Q's posts allowed followers to map their own beliefs onto them and develop new variations of the theory.
The author Walter Kirn has described Q as an innovator among conspiracy theorists by enthralling readers with "clues" rather than presenting claims directly: "The audience for internet narratives doesn't want to read, it wants to write. It doesn't want answers provided, it wants to search for them."
But Q often made specific predictions that did not prove correct:
On multiple occasions, Q has dismissed these incorrect predictions as deliberate, claiming that "disinformation is necessary". This has led Australian psychologist Stephan Lewandowsky to emphasize the "self-sealing" quality of the conspiracy theory, highlighting its anonymous purveyor's use of plausible deniability and noting that evidence against it "can become evidence of [its] validity in the minds of believers".
The numerous false, unsubstantiated claims Q has posted include:
* That the CIA installed List of leaders of North Korea, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un as a puppet ruler.
* That U.S. Representative and former Democratic National Committee chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz hired El Salvador, Salvadoran gang MS-13 to murder DNC staffer Seth Rich.
* An apparent suggestion that Chancellor of Germany, German chancellor Angela Merkel is Adolf Hitler's granddaughter.
* That Obama, Hillary Clinton,
George Soros
George Soros ( name written in eastern order), (born György Schwartz, August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist. , he had a net worth of US$8.6 billion, Note that this site is updated daily. having donated mo ...
, and others are planning a coup against Trump and are involved in an international child sex-trafficking ring.
* That the Mueller special counsel investigation, Mueller investigation was actually a counter-coup led by Trump, who pretended to conspire with Russia in order to hire Mueller to secretly investigate the Democrats
and expose the child sex-trafficking ring.
* That the
Rothschild family leads a satanic cult,
a centuries-old antisemitic trope against the family.
After Trump lost the 2020 United States presidential election, 2020 election, the rate of Q's posts sharply declined
and Q stopped posting altogether one month later. The last "drop" was on December 8, 2020. Mike Rothschild, author of a book on QAnon, said that he doubted Q would ever come back, as the movement had "outgrown the need for new drops" and Trump's election loss had invalidated the core QAnon prophecy. But he added that Q might resume posting if "the community really needed new drops to keep it moving forward".
On June 24, 2022, Q, or someone who possesses their details, posted on 8chan, 8kun after an 18-month hiatus. The post claimed that Cassidy Hutchinson, who testified at the Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack#June 28, 2022, sixth public hearing on the January 6 Attack, was involved in a plot to disparage Trump.
The cabal and "the Storm"
QAnon's core belief is that the world is controlled by a secret cabal of Satan-worshipping child molesters whom Trump is secretly battling to stop, and that Q, an anonymous entity, reveals details about the battle online. The cabal is thought to cover up its existence by controlling politicians, mainstream media, and Hollywood.
Q's revelations imply that the destruction of the cabal is imminent but also that it will only be accomplished with the support of the "patriots" who make up the QAnon community.
This will happen at a time known as "the Event" or "the Storm", when thousands of people will be arrested and possibly sent to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Guantanamo Bay prison or to face military tribunals. The U.S. military will then take over the country, and the result will be salvation and utopia on earth.
QAnon beliefs imply the rejection of government officials other than Trump and his closest associates as well as of mainstream institutions and media.
Public figures whom QAnon followers believe to be part of the cabal include
Democratic Party Democratic Party most often refers to:
*Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party and similar terms may also refer to:
Active parties Africa
*Botswana Democratic Party
*Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea
*Gabonese Democratic Party
*Demo ...
politicians like Joe Biden, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, businesspeople like George Soros
and Bill Gates,
religious leaders like Pope Francis and the 14th Dalai Lama, Dalai Lama,
Anthony Fauci,
and entertainers like Oprah Winfrey, Ellen DeGeneres,
Lady Gaga
and Chrissy Teigen.
Tom Hanks is a special target for QAnon believers; when Hanks went into quarantine at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, they spread a rumor that he had been arrested on child abuse charges. Other similar allegations followed and in July 2021, some QAnon adherents took seriously an article from a parody website that said Hanks had been executed by the U.S. military.
One key tenet in QAnon's narrative until the 2020 election was the recurring prediction that Trump would be reelected in a landslide and spend his second term bringing about "the Storm" by undoing the Deep state in the United States, deep state, disbanding the cabal and arresting its leaders. After Trump lost and Q stopped posting, QAnon followers continued to search for previously unseen clues in old posts, or worked on their own by creating new spin-offs of the theory.
They subsequently made predictions about Trump remaining president or returning to power, such as:
* Inauguration of Joe Biden, Joe Biden's inauguration on January 20, 2021, would be an elaborate trap set for the Democrats, who would be arrested ''en masse'' and executed while Trump retained power.
* Trump would be inaugurated on March 4, 2021, as the 19th president.
* Trump would be inaugurated again on March 20, 2021. After this did not happen, QAnon adherents predicted it would happen on August 13, 2021.
* The 2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit, Arizona audit would prove election fraud, handing the state to Trump, and other states would follow suit in a "domino effect", resulting in Trump being reinstated as president.
* The 2021 California gubernatorial recall election result would be proven fraudulent, which would catalyze a national fraud audit, resulting in Trump returning to power.
* John F. Kennedy (the 35th president of the United States, who was Assassination of John F. Kennedy, assassinated in 1963) or his son John F. Kennedy Jr. (who John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash, died in a plane crash in 1999) would appear alive in front of a crowd in Dallas on November 2, 2021, and announce Trump's reinstatement as president and the installation of Kennedy Jr. as vice president.
Child sex trafficking and satanic sacrifice
QAnon effectively Pizzagate conspiracy theory#Merger with QAnon and global spread, merged with Pizzagate by incorporating its beliefs, namely that children are being abducted in large numbers to supply a child trafficking ring, which the followers equate with the cabal. They also see Trump as the only person fighting this criminal network. Added to this is the belief that politicians and Hollywood elites engage in "adrenochrome harvesting", in which Adrenaline, adrenalin is extracted from children's blood to produce the psychoactive drug adrenochrome.
This comprises claims that children are tortured, or sacrificed in Satanism, Satanic rituals, to harvest the adrenaline that comes from fear.
The aforementioned "Frazzledrip" video in which Hillary Clinton and Huma Abedin allegedly murdered a child was said to depict an "adrenochrome harvest".
One version of the QAnon theory posits that the child abusers use adrenochrome as an Elixir of life, elixir to remain young.
![Save our children hashtag (cropped) (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Save_our_children_hashtag_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png)
In June 2020, a group led by QAnon promoter Timothy Charles Holmseth, which called itself the Pentagon Pedophile Task Force despite having no connection with the Pentagon or any U.S. governmental agency, attracted attention by spreading false claims about tens of thousands of children being held hostage and tortured in New York City.
Also by 2020, some followers began using the Twitter hashtag #SaveTheChildren (#SaveOurChildren was also used),
coopting a trademarked name for the child welfare organization
Save the Children
The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international non-governmental organization established in the United Kingdom in 1919 to improve the lives of children through better education, health care, and economic ...
. This led to an August 7 statement by Save the Children on the unauthorized use of its name in campaigns. In September, Facebook and Instagram tried to prevent #SaveTheChildren from being associated with QAnon by redirecting users who searched for the hashtag to the child welfare group; in October, Facebook announced that it would try to limit the hashtag's reach. In the same period, QAnon followers also created a conspiracy theory that falsely accused furniture company Wayfair of selling expensive furniture to launder money gained from child sex trafficking.
Similar groups in both the U.S. and the U.K. helped organize street protests that they say raise awareness of child sexual abuse and human trafficking. These protests and hashtags have often avoided social media restrictions and tend to attract more women and a more politically diverse and younger crowd than typical QAnon groups, including people opposed to Trump and his leadership. These groups are considered to be linked to the Pastel QAnon community.
QAnon's child abuse allegations against popular entertainers are notably based on the unproven claims of actor Isaac Kappy, who in 2018 accused multiple Hollywood stars of pedophilia.
Travis View wrote in a ''Washington Post'' column that QAnon and Pizzagate conspiracy theorists harm the credibility of the fight against child sexual abuse, as their baseless claims are a distraction from actual crimes. Followers of these theories have also credited themselves for arrests of criminals in which they had no part: QAnon promoter Jordan Sather credited Jeffrey Epstein's arrest to 4chan and 8chan, while none of the investigative reporting nor the indictment referenced these forums. Some of Epstein didn't kill himself, the conspiracy theories about Death of Jeffrey Epstein, Epstein's death have also brought people to QAnon.
In May 2022, ''The New York Times'' reported that QAnon supporters were intercepting child migrants at the Mexico–United States border and collecting information about their families on the premise that they were falling prey to sex-trafficking schemes.
Other QAnon beliefs
![QAnon Dealey Plaza4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/QAnon_Dealey_Plaza4.jpg)
QAnon Anonymous, a podcast dedicated to analyzing and debunking the QAnon movement, calls it a "big tent conspiracy theory" due to its ability to constantly evolve and add new claims. QAnon has incorporated elements from many other preexisting beliefs: besides its immediate predecessor Pizzagate, the theory has added features from much older conspiracy theories, such as those about John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, the Kennedy assassination, UFO conspiracy theories, U.F.O.s and 9/11 conspiracy theories, 9/11.
In 2018,
Liz Crokin
Elizabeth M. Crokin (born February 8, 1979) is an American columnist.
Early life and education
Crokin was born on February 8, 1979. She grew up in Glenview, Illinois, and graduated from New Trier High School. She attended the University of Iow ...
said that John F. Kennedy Jr. faked John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash, his death and that he is Q.
Other followers adopted variations of the Kennedy conspiracy theory, asserting that a Pittsburgh Trump supporter named Vincent Fusca is Kennedy Jr. in disguise and would be Trump's 2020 running mate.
In November 2021, hundreds gathered in Dealey Plaza in Dallas, the site of Assassination of John F. Kennedy, President Kennedy's assassination, believing they would witness the return of Kennedy Jr., or both Kennedys. Attendees expected the event would herald Trump's reinstatement as president, that Trump would step down to allow Kennedy Jr. to become president, and that Kennedy Jr. would then name
Michael Flynn
Michael Thomas Flynn (born December 24, 1958) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general and conspiracy theorist who was the 24th U.S. National Security Advisor for the first 22 days of the Trump administration. He resigned in light of ...
as his vice president. According to QAnon researcher Will Sommer, about 20% of QAnon followers believe the JFK Jr. theory, while the majority finds it too "farcical on its face".
![E-Clause logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/E-Clause_logo.jpg)
Due to overlap between the two movements, some QAnon followers have joined the sovereign citizen movement, sovereign citizens, a loose grouping of Vexatious litigation, vexatious litigants and tax protesters whose set of pseudolaw, pseudolegal beliefs implies that most laws and taxes are illegitimate and can be safely ignored if one uses the correct procedures.
In 2022, the Anti-Defamation League reported that sovereign citizen ideology was attracting a growing number of QAnon adherents, as their belief in the Presidency of Joe Biden, Biden administration's illegitimacy meshed well with sovereign citizens' broader Anti-statism, anti-government views. Some QAnon adherents have expressed belief in the reptilian conspiracy theory, asserting that the Satanic cabal alleged to be in power consists of shapeshifting reptilian humanoids.
In 2018, Q said that "vaccines [not all]" were part of the Big Pharma conspiracy theory. But as the anxiety and isolation linked to the COVID-19 pandemic fostered a COVID-19 misinformation, rise of conspiracy theories and COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, anti-vaccine discourse, many in the movement used the pandemic to promote QAnon. Very little of this was directed by Q posts, and Q did not mention the pandemic until March 23, 2020 (when it called COVID-19 the "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic, China virus"), not using the name "COVID-19" until April 8.
But influencers in the QAnon community were openly mask refusal, anti-mask
and anti-COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine,
and helped spread denialism
as well as other misinformation about the pandemic. Notably, QAnon conspiracy theorists touted drinking an industrial bleach (known as MMS, or Miracle Mineral Solution) as a "miracle cure" for COVID-19. Q suggested that hydroxychloroquine, endorsed by Trump at the time, was a cure for the disease, and accused the Democrats of forcing infected patients into nursing homes, deliberately causing most COVID-related deaths in the United States.
Some QAnon followers have said that the pandemic isn't real; others have claimed that it was created by the "Deep state in the United States, deep state".
QAnon adherents also helped promote the conspiratorial video ''Plandemic''.
In March 2022, CNN, France 24, and Foreign Policy reported that QAnon promoters were echoing Russian disinformation since 2000, Russian disinformation that created Ukraine biolabs conspiracy theory, conspiracy theories about US-funded laboratories in Ukraine.
Russian state media falsely claimed that "secret US biolabs" were creating weapons, a claim refuted by the US, Ukraine, and the United Nations.
In reality, the laboratories were first Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction, established to secure and dismantle the remnants of the Soviet biological weapons program, and since then have been used to monitor and prevent new epidemics. The laboratories are publicly listed, not secret, and are owned and operated by host countries such as Ukraine, not by the US.
In the conspiracy theory interpretation, QAnon followers have claimed to justify the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, invasion of Ukraine as an effort by Putin and Trump to destroy "military" laboratories in Ukraine.
Until the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, QAnon-adjacent groups were hostile to China. In March 2022, analyst Elise Thomas wrote in a report for the Institute for Strategic Dialogue: "The dynamics of the invasion are shifting their views. In an astoundingly short space of time, Xi Jinping appears to have been recast from a villain to a hero in the QAnon conspiracy pantheon."
Some QAnon adherents have also become invested in the NESARA economic conspiracy theory. In 2022, ''
Bellingcat
Bellingcat (stylised as bellngcat) is a Netherlands-based investigative journalism group that specialises in fact-checking and open-source intelligence (OSINT). It was founded by British journalist and former blogger Eliot Higgins in July 2014 ...
'' reported that many QAnon-related Telegram (software), Telegram channels were becoming increasingly devoted to NESARA content.
Analysis
Identity of Q
The Q persona was that of a well-connected individual with access to highly sensitive government information, who put themself at risk by dispensing their knowledge to 4chan, then 8chan/8kun users. Q used a calm, authoritative tone, rarely interacted with other posters, and never argued with those who disagreed with their claims. In 2021, ''
Bellingcat
Bellingcat (stylised as bellngcat) is a Netherlands-based investigative journalism group that specialises in fact-checking and open-source intelligence (OSINT). It was founded by British journalist and former blogger Eliot Higgins in July 2014 ...
'' analyzed several little-known posts published by Q during the days that followed the first "drops": while containing text identical to later messages unambiguously authored by Q, these also showed Q being "out of character" and behaving in a manner similar to 4chan's other anonymous posters. ''Bellingcats theory is that the author of these messages had not yet perfected the Q persona and was still settling into the voice of their Online identity, online alter ego, which implies that Q was originally one 4chan poster among many instead of a powerful government insider.
Multiple individuals
By 2020, it became accepted among researchers that the pseudonymous entity known as Q has been controlled by multiple people in cooperation. A stylometric analysis has suggested that two people likely wrote Q's posts, and that their "distinct signatures clearly correspond to separate periods in time and different online forums".
An analysis of metadata of images posted by Q found that they were likely posted by someone in the Pacific Time Zone.
By design, anonymous
imageboard
An imageboard is a type of Internet forum that focuses on the posting of images, often alongside text and discussion. The first imageboards were created in Japan as an extension of the textboard concept. These sites later inspired the creation of ...
s such as 4chan and 8chan obscure their posters' identities.
Those who wish to prove a consistent identity between posts while remaining anonymous can use a Imageboard#Tripcodes, tripcode, which associates a post with a unique digital signature for any poster who knows the password.
There have been thousands of posts associated with a Q tripcode.
The tripcode associated with Q has changed several times, creating uncertainty about the poster's continuous identity.
Passwords on 8chan are also easy to Password cracking, crack, and the Q tripcode has been repeatedly compromised and used by people pretending to be Q. When 8chan returned as 8kun in November 2019 after several months of downtime, the Q posting on 8kun posted photos of a pen and notebook that had been pictured in earlier 8chan posts to show the continuation of the Q identity, and continued to use Q's 8chan tripcode.
Paul Furber and the Watkins family
![Ronald Watkins](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ronald_Watkins.jpg)
Since the Q tripcode was uniquely verified by 8chan's server and not reproducible on other imageboards, and Q did not have another means of communication, Q was not able to post when the website went down after the 2019 El Paso shooting.
This means that Jim Watkins, the owner of 8chan, and his son Ron Watkins, who used to administrate 8chan, are two of the few people who can definitively say who Q is.
Fredrick Brennan, the original owner of 8chan, said in June 2020 that "Q either knows Jim or Ron Watkins or was hired by Jim or Ron Watkins".
He later said that "If [Jim Watkins is] not 'Q' himself, he can find out who 'Q' is at any time. And he's pretty much the only person in the world that can have private contact with 'Q'."
In September 2020, Brennan speculated that the Q account was initially run by another person, with Jim and Ron Watkins taking over in late 2017
or early 2018. Brennan's theory is that the original 'Q' poster was Johannesburg resident Paul Furber,
a 4chan and 8chan moderator and one of the first online commentators to promote QAnon.
Evidence for this theory includes that Q's first password ("Matlock")
was cracked on New Year's Day 2018
and, due to the nature of Imageboard#Tripcodes, tripcodes,
Furber was asked to verify that the new Q (with a new password/tripcode)
was the same IP address as the old Q. Furber described this as "a lot of work", but something he'd been "called to do".
Brennan further suspects that Ron Watkins seized control of the account from Furber by using his login privileges as 8chan's administrator.
Furber has denied ever being Q.
Both Jim and Ron Watkins have said they do not know Q's identity and have denied being Q.
The documentary filmmaker Cullen Hoback spent three years investigating the origins of QAnon and its connection to 8chan, conducting extensive interviews with Jim and Ron Watkins and Brennan. In the last episode of ''Q Into the Storm, Q: Into the Storm'', the 2021 HBO docuseries he produced from this research, Hoback showed his final conversation with Ron Watkins, who stated on camera:
I've spent the past... almost ten years, every day, doing this kind of research anonymously. Now I'm doing it publicly, that's the only difference.... It was basically... three years of intelligence training teaching how to do intelligence work. It was basically what I was doing anonymously before but never as Q. [Watkins then laughed and added:] Never as Q. I promise. Because I am not Q, and I never was.
Hoback viewed this as an inadvertent admission by Watkins, and concluded from this interview and his other research that Watkins is Q.
Watkins again denied being Q shortly before the series premiered.
On February 19, 2022, ''The New York Times'' reported that analysis of the Q posts by two independent forensic linguistics teams using stylometry techniques indicated that Paul Furber was the main author of the initial Q posts, and Ron Watkins took over in 2018. Furber said Q's writing style had influenced his own, not the other way around.
Other hypotheses
There has been much speculation about Q's motives and identity. A range of theories, held by both QAnon followers and critics, have credited Q's posts to sources including a military intelligence officer,
a Trump administration insider,
a live action role-playing game, live-action role-playing game created by the puzzle organization Cicada 3301,
a left-wing artist collective,
Michael Flynn
Michael Thomas Flynn (born December 24, 1958) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general and conspiracy theorist who was the 24th U.S. National Security Advisor for the first 22 days of the Trump administration. He resigned in light of ...
,
Stephen Miller (political advisor), Stephen Miller,
or Trump himself.
One QAnon influencer, Austin Steinbart, caused controversy within the QAnon community by claiming that Q was his own time-traveling future self.
Slogans and vocabulary
![Qanon SUV, Burbank, California, USA](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Qanon_SUV%2C_Burbank%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg)
The spread of QAnon has been accompanied by a series of slogans, catchphrases, buzzwords and
hashtags that helped boost its popularity and online presence. Terms like the "cabal" or the "Storm", and Q's recurring phrases like "Trust the plan" or "Enjoy the show" are among the most popular.
Q's "drops" are also known as "crumbs" (Q has used the term)
or "breadcrumbs".
In turn, followers of the conspiracy who analyze these posts have called themselves "bakers" who assemble the "crumbs" to make "dough", or "bread", as they weave the clues into a better understanding of the narrative.
One early rallying cry among QAnon followers was "Follow the White Rabbit".
A popular QAnon slogan is "Where we go one, we go all" (frequently abbreviated as "WWG1WGA"), first used by Q in April 2018.
The phrase "Do your own research" (or "Do the research") encourages people to look for "clues" that will confirm QAnon narratives. "Q sent me" has been a declaration of "allegiance" to Q.
Other common phrases in QAnon parlance include "white hat" (a Trump supporter), "black hat" (someone in league with the "Deep state in the United States, deep state"),
"Great Awakening" (the point at which the public "wakes up" to the truth), "Red pill and blue pill, red pill" ("taking the red pill" means achieving QAnon "awareness"), or "Herd behavior#sheeple, sheeple" (a disparaging term for people who believe the mainstream media narrative and not QAnon).
"17anon" has sometimes been used as an alternative spelling of QAnon (Q being the 17th letter of the alphabet) and a way of circumventing social media algorithms.
Derivative elements
As it incorporates elements from many other conspiracy theories, QAnon naturally displays similarities with previous narratives, imagery and moral panics, whether political or religious in nature. In ''Salon.com, Salon'', Matthew Rozsa wrote that QAnon may best be understood as an example of what historian Richard Hofstadter called "The Paranoid Style in American Politics", the title of his 1964 essay on millenarianism, religious millenarianism and apocalypticism.
QAnon's vocabulary echoes Christian tropes, such as the "Storm" (the Genesis flood narrative or Last Judgment, Judgment Day) and the "Great Awakening" (evoking the reputed historical religious Great Awakenings of the early 18th century to the late 20th century),
leading it to be sometimes construed as an New religious movement, emerging religious movement.
QAnon followers, while seeing Trump as a flawed Christian, also view him as a messiah sent by God.
According to one QAnon video, the battle between Trump and "the cabal" is of "biblical proportions", a "fight for earth, of good versus evil". Some QAnon supporters say the coming reckoning will be a "reverse rapture": "a revelation that means not only the end of the world but a new beginning", according to American political author Alexander Reid Ross.
Like
Pizzagate
"Pizzagate" is a conspiracy theory that went viral during the 2016 United States presidential election cycle. It has been extensively discredited by a wide range of organizations, including the Washington, D.C. police.
In March 2016, the p ...
, QAnon has some resemblance to the Satanic panic of the 1980s, when Day-care sex-abuse hysteria, hundreds of daycare workers were falsely accused of abusing children.
Antisemitism
According to the Anti-Defamation League, while "the vast majority of QAnon-inspired conspiracy theories have nothing to do with anti-Semitism", "an impressionistic review" of QAnon tweets about Israel, Jews, Zionists, the Rothschilds, and Soros "revealed some troubling examples".
Ethan Zuckerman and Mike McQuade have argued that QAnon "is more anti-elite than explicitly anti-Semitic".
''The Washington Post'' and ''The Forward'' magazine have called QAnon's targeting of Jewish figures like
George Soros
George Soros ( name written in eastern order), (born György Schwartz, August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist. , he had a net worth of US$8.6 billion, Note that this site is updated daily. having donated mo ...
and Rothschild family, the Rothschilds "striking anti-Semitic elements" and "garden-variety nonsense with racist and anti-Semitic undertones".
A Jewish Telegraphic Agency article in August 2018 asserted: "Some of QAnon's archetypical elements—including secret elites and kidnapped children, among others—are reflective of historical and ongoing anti-Semitic conspiracy theories."
QAnon's adrenochrome-harvesting claims have been linked to
blood libel
Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. ''Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis'', Academic Press, 2008, p. 3. "Blood libel: An accusation of ritual mur ...
by the followers (who believe in the truthfulness of both) and people who have researched QAnon. Blood libel is a medieval antisemitic myth that says Jewish people murder Christian children and use their blood to make matzo for Passover.
In February 2022, social media users shared images of a sculpture of Simon of Trent, whose death was falsely blamed on the town's Jewish population, as evidence that elites harvest "adrenochrome" from children's blood. The artwork is in fact an example of the blood libel.
Genocide scholar Gregory Stanton has called QAnon a "Nazi cult rebranded", and its theories a rebranded version of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', a fabricated antisemitic text published in 1903, deriving from antisemitic canards.
Republican QAnon follower Mary Ann Mendoza was noted for her reference to the antisemitic text. She retweeted a Twitter thread about the
Rothschild family, Satanic High Priestesses, and American presidents saying, "''The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion'' is not a fabrication. And, it certainly is not anti-Semitic to point out this fact."
An April 2021 Morning Consult poll found that 49% of Americans who believe in QAnon agree with the ''Protocols'', and that 78% of Americans who agree with the ''Protocols'' also believe in QAnon.
In 2021, the Anti-Defamation League reported that Neo-Nazism, neo-Nazis were exploiting the absence of leadership among QAnon adherents on Telegram (software), Telegram to promote antisemitic conspiracy theories in those communities.
Appeal
Experts have classified QAnon's appeal as comparable to those of religious cults.
According to an expert in online conspiracy, Renee DiResta, QAnon's pattern of enticement is similar to that of cults in the pre-Internet era where, as the targeted person was led deeper and deeper into the group's secrets, they become increasingly isolated from friends and family outside the cult.
Online support groups developed for those whose loved ones were drawn into QAnon, notably the
subreddit
Reddit (; stylized in all lowercase as reddit) is an American social news aggregation, content rating, and discussion website. Registered users (commonly referred to as "Redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images ...
r/QAnonCasualties, which grew from 3,500 participants in June 2020 to 28,000 by October. In the Internet age, QAnon virtual communities have little "real world" connection with each other, but online they can number in the tens of thousands.
Rachel Bernstein, an expert on cults who specializes in recovery therapy, said, "What a movement such as QAnon has going for it, and why it will catch on like wildfire, is that it makes people feel connected to something important that other people don't yet know about.... All cults will provide this feeling of being special." There is no self-correction process within the group, since the self-reinforcing true followers are immune to correction, fact-checking, or counter-speech, which is drowned out by the cult's groupthink.
QAnon's cultish quality has led to its characterization as a possible new religious movement, emerging religious movement.
It has also been called a Syncretism, syncretic movement.
![Jake Angeli (Qanon Shamon), seen holding a Qanon sign (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Jake_Angeli_%28Qanon_Shaman%29%2C_seen_holding_a_Qanon_sign_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Travis View, a researcher who studies QAnon, says that it is as addictive as a video game, and offers the "player" the possibility of being involved in something of world-historical importance. According to View, "You can sit at your computer and search for information and then post about what you find, and Q basically promises that through this process, you are going to radically change the country, institute this incredible, almost bloodless revolution, and then be part of this historical movement that will be written about for generations." View compares this to mundane political involvement in which one's efforts might help to get a state legislator elected. QAnon, says View, competes not in the marketplace of ideas, but in the marketplace of realities. The belief in "The Plan" that Q alleged was in place to defeat the deep state and the cabal boosted the confidence of QAnon followers, who were told that things were happening behind the scenes and that victory would inevitably follow if they trusted Trump and the secret plan.
QAnon believers try to solve riddles presented in Q's posts by connecting them to Trump speeches and tweets and other sources.
''The New Yorker'' has likened QAnon to "a form of interactive role-playing".
Some followers used a "Q clock" consisting of a wheel of concentric dials to decode clues based on the timing of Q's posts and Trump's tweets.
Conspiracy theories have tended to make headway in times of societal uncertainty, and help people to feel more in control in the face of disturbing information. American sociologist Mark Juergensmeyer says he "find[s] QAnon consistent with many other extremist religiopolitical movements ... including those that have arisen in response to the recent global crises of mass migration, economic globalization, and now a global pandemic". Survey data showed in late 2020 that a quarter of those who knew about QAnon thought there was some truth to it. In a conspiracy theory environment, primary institutions of society that once served as trusted impartial authorities are easily rejected if they contradict the conspiracy theory, making it very difficult to counter the thinking of QAnon followers.
Disillusionment
Travis View says:
People in the QAnon community often talk about alienation from family and friends.... Though they typically talk about how Q frayed their relationships on private Facebook groups. But they think these issues are temporary and primarily the fault of others. They often comfort themselves by imagining that there will be a moment of vindication sometime in the near future which will prove their beliefs right. They imagine that after this happens, not only will their relationships be restored, but people will turn to them as leaders who understand what's going on better than the rest of us.
Disillusionment can also come from the failure of the theories' predictions. Q predicted Republican success in the 2018 United States elections, 2018 US midterm elections and claimed that United States Attorney General, Attorney General Jeff Sessions was involved in secret work for Trump and that despite outward tension, the two were allies. When Democrats made significant gains and Trump fired Sessions, many in the Q community were disillusioned. Further disillusionment came when a predicted December5 mass arrest and imprisonment in Guantanamo Bay detention camp of Trump's enemies did not occur, nor did the dismissal of charges against Trump's former national security advisor
Michael Flynn
Michael Thomas Flynn (born December 24, 1958) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general and conspiracy theorist who was the 24th U.S. National Security Advisor for the first 22 days of the Trump administration. He resigned in light of ...
. For some, these failures began the process of separation from the QAnon cult, while others urged direct action in the form of an insurrection against the government. Psychologist Robert Lifton said such a response to a failed prophecy is not unusual: apocalyptic cults such as Heaven's Gate (religious group), Heaven's Gate, the People's Temple, the Manson Family, and Aum Shinrikyo resorted to mass suicide or mass murder when their expectations for revelations or the fulfillment of their prophecies did not materialize. Lifton called this "forcing the end".
View echoed the concern that disillusioned QAnon followers might take matters into their own hands
as Pizzagate follower Pizzagate conspiracy theory#Criminal responses, Edgar Maddison Welch did in 2016, #Hoover Dam incident, Matthew Phillip Wright did at Hoover Dam in 2018, and #Murder of Frank Cali, Anthony Comello did in 2019, when he murdered Italian-American Mafia, Mafia boss Frank Cali, believing himself to be under Trump's protection. In February 2019,
Liz Crokin
Elizabeth M. Crokin (born February 8, 1979) is an American columnist.
Early life and education
Crokin was born on February 8, 1979. She grew up in Glenview, Illinois, and graduated from New Trier High School. She attended the University of Iow ...
said that she was losing patience waiting for Trump to arrest the supposed members of the child sex ring, and warned that people might conduct "vigilante justice" if he took too long.
![Bidenoath](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Bidenoath.png)
The inauguration of Joe Biden as president was a major disappointment for QAnon followers, who were convinced that "Trump Won" conspiracy theory, Biden had won the election through voter fraud and that his victory would be invalidated—many QAnon adherents believed until the last minute that something momentous would happen during the ceremony, resulting in Trump remaining in power. The inauguration ultimately went on as planned.
According to a book on the psychology of QAnon followers, ''Pastels and Pedophiles: Inside the Mind of QAnon'', "The inauguration was a particularly difficult prophecy to get wrong, and the result has been that some QAnon believers experienced Major depressive disorder, deep melancholy, suicidal ideation, or engaged in self-harm". On inauguration day, Ron Watkins wrote in a message board post: "We gave it our all, now we need to keep our chins up and go back to our lives as best we are able. We have a new president sworn in and it is our responsibility to respect the Constitution."
Other QAnon followers believed that Biden's inauguration was "part of the plan".
Around this point, many prominent conservatives, such as Steve Bannon and Bill Still, began to denounce QAnon, calling it a "psyop" (Psychological operations (United States), psychological operation) created by U.S. intelligence or the FBI. In a leaked text message conversation, Michael Flynn, once among the highest-profile QAnon supporters, called QAnon a "disinformation campaign to make people look like a bunch of kooks", suggesting that it might have been conducted by "the Left" or the CIA.
After Biden's inauguration, analysts expressed concern that the disillusionment could lead hardline QAnon adherents to be recruited by groups such as the alt-right, white nationalists or neo-Nazis.
A group of Telegram (software), Telegram channels called the Sabmyk Network has been promoting a variation of QAnon by primarily targeting followers of the conspiracy theory who have been disillusioned by Q's failures in prediction.
Set up by controversial German artist Sebastian Bieniek, the network (described as a new religious movement, new religion or cult) shares mainline QAnon beliefs
but also believes in an idiosyncratic mythology surrounding a leader-prophet, Sabmyk, who will lead humanity's "awakening".
The network has tried to link Trump to Sabmyk.
Polling and demographics
![QAnon vendor (48555556067)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/QAnon_vendor_%2848555556067%29.jpg)
In less than a year of existence, QAnon became significantly recognized by the general population. According to an August 2018 Qualtrics poll for ''The Washington Post'', 58% of Floridians were familiar enough with QAnon to have an opinion about it. Of those who had an opinion, most were unfavorable. The average score on the feeling thermometer was just above 20, a very negative rating, and about half of what other political figures enjoy.
Positive feelings toward QAnon were found to be strongly correlated with susceptibility to conspiracy thinking.
According to a March 2020 Pew Research Center, Pew survey, 76% of Americans said they had never heard of QAnon, 20% had heard "a little about it", and 3% said they had heard "a lot". In September 2020, a Pew survey of the 47% of respondents who said they had heard of QAnon found that 41% of Republicans and those who lean Republican believed QAnon is good for the country, while 7% of Democrats and those who lean Democratic believed that.
An October 2020 Yahoo-YouGov poll found that even if they had not heard of QAnon, a majority of Republicans and Trump supporters believed top Democrats were engaged in sex-trafficking rings and more than half of Trump supporters believed he was working to dismantle the rings.
In February 2021, an American Enterprise Institute poll found that 29% of Republicans believe the central claim of QAnon, that "Donald Trump has been secretly fighting a group of child sex traffickers that include prominent Democrats and Hollywood elites." A March 2021 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) and Interfaith Youth Core survey found similar results: Republicans (28%) were twice as likely as Democrats (14%) to agree that the "elites" would soon be swept from power by a coming "storm"; Republicans (23%) were three times as likely as Democrats (8%) to agree that "Satan-worshipping pedophiles" control the government and media; and Republicans (28%) were four times as likely as Democrats (7%) to agree that "true American patriots may have to resort to violence" to resolve the situation.
Multiple surveys have found that conspiracy theories such as QAnon are most popular among white Americans, especially evangelicals. A May 2021 PRRI survey confirmed that white evangelicals are among QAnon's strongest supporters, but also found that Hispanic and Latino Americans, Hispanic Protestantism, Protestants are drawn to the movement in even larger proportions. According to the PRRI's figures, the core QAnon belief that global elites form a group of Satan-worshipping pedophiles and child sex traffickers is held in the U.S. by 26% of Hispanic Protestants, 25% of White evangelical Protestants, 24% of other Protestants Person of color, of color, 18% of Mormonism, Mormons, 16% of Hispanic Catholic Church, Catholics, 14% of African Americans, African American Protestants, 14% of other Christianity, Christians, 13% of non-Christian religious people, 11% of White Catholics, 11% of Irreligion, religiously unaffiliated people, 10% of white mainline Protestants, and 8% of Judaism, Jews.
An analysis of four 2021 PRRI surveys showed that belief in QAnon had increased in the U.S. after Trump left office. In March 2021, 14% of Americans considered themselves QAnon believers, increasing to 17% in October of that year. In the average of the four surveys, about 22% of Americans believed that there was a "storm coming soon that will sweep away the elites in power", and 16% shared the core QAnon belief that the government, the media and the financial elite are controlled by Satanic pedophiles.
Incidents
Since QAnon's emergence, followers of the conspiracy theory have been part of controversial, sometimes violent events.
In 2020, QAnon followers were actively involved in the 2020 United States presidential election, presidential election, during which they supported Trump's campaign. QAnon personalities moved to dedicated message boards, where they organized to wage
information warfare
Information warfare (IW) (as different from cyber warfare that attacks computers, software, and command control systems) is a concept involving the battlespace use and management of information and communication technology (ICT) in pursuit of a ...
in an attempt to influence the election.
One in 50 tweets about voting in the 2020 United States presidential election came from QAnon accounts. Two in 25 accounts using the hashtag #voterfraud, which spread unsubstantiated allegations of Electoral fraud, voting fraud, were QAnon accounts.
Attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. election
As allegations of voting fraud spread further after Trump lost the election, QAnon followers supported the efforts of Trump's legal team to overturn the election through Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election, multiple lawsuits and submitted conspiracy theories of their own. They theorized that voting machines made by Dominion Voting Systems had deleted millions of votes for Trump. This was repeated on a segment on the far-right cable news outlet One America News Network, and Trump tweeted the segment to his followers. The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency announced that the election was "the most secure in American history", with "no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes or was in any way compromised".
One specific QAnon-affiliated conspiracy theory, known as Italygate and pushed in the last weeks of Trump's presidency, alleged that the American election had been rigged using technology from the Embassy of the United States, Rome, U.S. Embassy in Rome with the help of an Italian hacker, an Italian general and the Vatican City, Vatican.
Based on a misinterpretation of the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 by the sovereign citizen movement, according to which it transformed the federal government into a corporation and rendered illegitimate every president elected thereafter, some QAnon followers claimed that the 18th president (Ulysses S. Grant, in office from 1869 to 1877) was the last legitimate president. They believed that Trump would be sworn in as the 19th president on March 4, 2021, the original inauguration date until the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Twentieth Amendment changed it to January 20 in 1933, and that he would restore the federal government. Based on intelligence that an identified but undisclosed militia group might attempt an attack on the United States Capitol, Capitol on that date, the U.S. Capitol Police issued an alert on March 3. House leadership subsequently rescheduled a March 4 vote to the previous night to allow lawmakers to leave town.
The Anti-Defamation League, British security firm G4S, and nonpartisan governance watchdog Advance Democracy, Inc., studied QAnon posts and made various warnings of the potential for violence on January 6, 2021.
Violence did occur that day, as the attempts to overturn the election culminated with the attack on the U.S. Capitol. Multiple QAnon-affiliated protesters participated in the disturbance. Rioters were either seen wearing clothing with Q-related emblems or identified as QAnon followers from video footage. One participant whose attire and behavior attracted worldwide media attention was Jake Angeli, a QAnon supporter nicknamed the "QAnon Shaman". Killing of Ashli Babbitt, Ashli Babbitt, a rioter who was shot dead by police as she was trying to break into the Speaker's Lobby, was a committed follower of QAnon.
The day before the attack, she had tweeted: "the storm is here and it is descending upon DC in less than 24 hours".
The attack led to a crackdown on QAnon-related content, pages and accounts on social media platforms, including Facebook and Twitter.
On April 19, 2021, the Ali Soufan, Soufan Center reported that Russia and China had amplified and "weaponized" QAnon stories around the time of the Capitol attack "to sow societal discord and even compromise legitimate political processes."
German coup attempt
Several QAnon adherents were charged with participation in the 2022
coup d'état
A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, m ...
plot in Germany, which involved various groups of far-right activists and conspiracy theorists, notably the Reichsbürger movement.
Reactions
Media, advocacy groups, and public figures
Journalists have debunked QAnon's basic tenets. In 2018, ''The Washington Post'' called its proponents "a deranged conspiracy cult"
and "some of the Internet's most ' Trump fans".
Soon after QAnon emerged, some media outlets and public figures made efforts to portray it as credible. On December 28, 2017, the Russian television network
RT aired a segment discussing "QAnon revelations", calling the anonymous poster a "secret intelligence operative inside the Trump administration known by QAnon".
On March 13, 2018, Cheryl Sullenger, the vice president of the anti-abortion group Operation Rescue (Kansas), Operation Rescue, called QAnon a "small group of insiders close to President Donald J. Trump" and called their posts the "highest level of intelligence to ever be dropped publicly in our known history".
On March 15, Kyiv-based , the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Ukraine, published an article calling QAnon a "military intelligence group". On March 31, actor
Roseanne Barr
Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and former presidential candidate. Barr began her career in stand-up comedy before gaining acclaim in the television sitcom ''Roseanne'' (1988–1 ...
appeared to promote QAnon, which was subsequently covered by CNN, ''The Washington Post'', and ''The New York Times''.
Radio talk show host Lionel (radio personality), Lionel became an outspoken QAnon supporter.
In April and October 2021, actor Jim Caviezel appeared at conservative conferences where he endorsed aspects of the QAnon conspiracy theory.
On June 28, 2018, a ''
Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to ...
'' magazine article listed Q among the 25 Most Influential People on the Internet in 2018. Counting more than 130,000 related discussion videos on YouTube, ''Time'' cited the wide range of the conspiracy theory and its more prominent followers and news coverage.
On July 4, the Hillsborough County, Florida, Hillsborough County Republican Party (United States), Republican Party shared on its official Facebook and Twitter accounts a YouTube video on QAnon, calling them a "mysterious anonymous inside leaker of deep state activities and counter activities by President Trump". The posts were soon deleted.
On August 1, 2018, following the previous day's large presence of QAnon supporters at Trump's Tampa, Florida rally for the midterm elections,
MSNBC news anchors Hallie Jackson, Brian Williams, and Chris Hayes dedicated a portion of their respective programs to the conspiracy theory. ''PBS NewsHour'' also ran a segment on QAnon the next day. On August 2, ''Washington Post'' editorial writer Molly Roberts wrote, "'The storm' QAnon truthers predict will never strike because the conspiracy that obsesses them doesn't exist. But while they wait for it, they'll try to whip up the winds, and the rest of us will struggle to find shelter."
Official response
FBI domestic terrorism assessment
![102](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/102.East.USCapitol.WDC.6January2021_%2850824307713%29.jpg)
A May 30, 2019, FBI "Intelligence Bulletin" memo from the Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix Field Office identified QAnon-driven extremists as a domestic terrorism threat. The document cited arrests related to QAnon, some of which had not been publicized before.
According to the memo, "This is the first FBI product examining the threat from conspiracy theory-driven domestic extremists and provides a baseline for future intelligence products.... The FBI assesses these conspiracy theories very likely will emerge, spread, and evolve in the modern information marketplace, occasionally driving both groups and individual extremists to carry out criminal or violent acts."
According to FBI's counterterrorism director Michael G. McGarrity's testimony before Congress in May, the FBI divides domestic terrorism threats into four primary categories, "racially motivated violent extremism, anti-government/anti-authority extremism, animal rights/environmental extremism, and abortion extremism", which includes both abortion-rights and anti-abortion extremists. The fringe conspiracy theory threat is closely related to the anti-government/anti-authority subject area.
On December 19, 2018, a Californian man whose car contained bomb-making materials he intended to use to "blow up a satanic temple monument" in the Springfield, Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, Capitol rotunda to "make Americans aware of Pizzagate and the New World Order (conspiracy theory), New World Order, who were dismantling society" was arrested.
The FBI said another factor driving the intensity of anti-government extremism is "the uncovering of real conspiracies or cover-ups involving illegal, harmful, or unconstitutional activities by government officials or leading political figures".
Congressional resolution
On August 25, 2020, two U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Representatives, Democrat Tom Malinowski and Republican Denver Riggleman, introduced a bipartisan simple resolution (H. Res. 1154) condemning QAnon and rejecting its conspiracy theories.
Malinowski said the resolution's aim was to formally repudiate "this dangerous, anti-Semitic, conspiracy-mongering cult that the FBI says is radicalizing Americans to violence".
[ The resolution also urged the FBI and other law enforcement and homeland security agencies "to continue to strengthen their focus on preventing violence, threats, harassment, and other criminal activity by extremists motivated by fringe political conspiracy theories" and encouraged the U.S. Intelligence Community, U.S. intelligence community "to uncover any foreign support, assistance, or online amplification QAnon receives, as well as any QAnon affiliations, coordination, and contacts with foreign extremist organizations or groups espousing violence".][
In September 2020, Malinowski received death threats from QAnon followers after being falsely accused of wanting to protect sexual predators. The threats were prompted by a National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) campaign advertisement that falsely claimed that Malinowski worked against plans to increase registration for sex offenders in a 2006 crime bill while he was working as a lobbyist for Human Rights Watch.]
The resolution passed on October 2, 2020, in a 371–18 vote.[ Seventeen Republicans (including Steve King, Paul Gosar, and Daniel Webster (Florida politician), Daniel Webster) and one independent (Justin Amash) voted no; Republican Andy Harris (politician), Andy Harris voted "present".][ According to Will Sommer in ''The Daily Beast'', the resolution does not have the force of law.] Before the vote, Malinowski told ''Slate (magazine), Slate'' magazine, referencing the NRCC ad: "I don't want to see any Republicans voting against fire on the House floor this week and then continuing to play with fire next week by running these kinds of ads against Democratic candidates."
Republican politicians and organizations
In 2019, two Republican congressional candidates expressed support for QAnon theories. In early 2020, Jim Watkins (businessman), Jim Watkins created the "Disarm the Deep State" Political action committee, super PAC, whose stated aim was to "mobilize a community of patriots in order to remove power from Deep State members". In November 2020, it was reported that the PAC had raised just $4,736, including a $500 loan from Watkins's lawyer.
In 2020, there were 97 QAnon followers in the United States presidential primary, primaries, of whom 22 Republicans and two independents ran in the 2020 United States elections, elections of that year. Businesswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene won an August 2020 runoff to become the GOP nominee in the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia#District 14, 14th Congressional District in Georgia. In 2020, she said many of Q's claims "have really proven to be true". Months into the Trump presidency, she stated in a video: "There's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to take this global cabal of Satan-worshiping pedophiles out, and I think we have the president to do it". Jo Rae Perkins, the 2020 Republican Senate candidate in Oregon, tweeted a video on the night of her May primary victory showing her holding a WWG1WGA sticker and stating that she "[stood] with Q and the team. Thank you Anons, and thank you patriots." She expressed regret at having later deleted the video on the advice of a political consultant. The next month she took the "digital soldiers oath" that Q had requested followers to do three days earlier.
On June 30, 2020, incumbent Republican U.S. representative Scott Tipton lost 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado#District 3, a primary for Colorado's 3rd congressional district to Lauren Boebert
Lauren Opal Boebert ( ; ; born December 19, 1986) is an American politician, businesswoman, and gun rights activist. A member of the Republican Party, she serves as the U.S. representative for . From 2013 to 2022, she owned Shooters Grill, a ...
in an upset. Boebert expressed tentative support for QAnon in an interview, but after winning the primary, attempted to distance herself from those statements, saying "I'm not a follower." Boebert was elected to Congress that November. Angela Stanton-King, a Trump-backed candidate running for the Georgia House seat of the late congressman John Lewis, posted on Twitter that Black Lives Matter is "a major cover up for pedophilia and human trafficking" and "the storm is here". Stanton-King told a reporter that her posts did not relate to QAnon, asserting, "It was raining that day." Weather records did not show precipitation in her area on the day of the post.
In August 2020, ''The New York Times'' said that the Texas Republican Party's new slogan ("We Are the Storm") was taken from Q. Texas Republican Party officials denied this, saying it was inspired by a biblical passage and has no connection to QAnon. In May 2021, representative Louie Gohmert and Texas Republican Party chairman Allen West (politician), Allen West attended the "For God & Country: Patriot Roundup" conference organized by QAnon followers in Dallas.
Also in August 2020, representative Liz Cheney became the highest-ranking House Republican to take a stand against QAnon, which she called a "dangerous lunacy that should have no place in American politics". Other Republican Party members who have spoken out against QAnon include senator Ben Sasse, former Florida governor Jeb Bush and senator and former presidential candidate Mitt Romney. In March 2021, representative Peter Meijer said that the Republican Party should unequivocally condemn QAnon and other conspiracy theories, and commented: "The fact that a significant plurality, if not potentially a majority, of our voters have been deceived into this creation of an alternate reality could very well be an existential threat to the party". Representative Adam Kinzinger launched a Political action committee, PAC called "Country First", aimed at countering conspiracy theories and Donald Trump.
Trump and connected individuals
Donald Trump
According to Media Matters for America, as of August 20, 2020, Trump had amplified QAnon messaging at least 216 times by retweeting or mentioning 129 QAnon-affiliated Twitter accounts, sometimes multiple times a day. QAnon followers came to refer to Trump as "Q+". On August 24, 2018, Trump hosted Lionel (radio personality), Michael William "Lionel" Lebron, a leading QAnon promoter, in the Oval Office for a photo op. Shortly after Christmas 2019, Trump retweeted over a dozen QAnon followers.
On August 19, 2020, Trump was asked about QAnon during a press conference; he replied: "I don't know much about the movement, other than I understand they like me very much, which I appreciate." An FBI Field Office in Phoenix has called QAnon a potential Domestic terrorism, domestic terror threat, but Trump called QAnon followers "people who love our country". When a reporter asked Trump if he could support a notion that suggests he "is secretly saving the world from this satanic cult of pedophiles and cannibals", he responded: "Well, I haven't heard that, but is that supposed to be a bad thing or a good thing?" Presidential candidate Joe Biden responded that Trump was aiming to "legitimize a conspiracy theory that the FBI has identified as a domestic terrorism threat".
On October 15, 2020, when given the opportunity to denounce QAnon at a "town hall"-style campaign event, Trump refused to do so and instead pointed out that QAnon opposes pedophilia. He said he knew nothing else about QAnon and told his questioner, Savannah Guthrie of NBC News, that no one can know whether the premise of QAnon's conspiracy theory is true. "They believe it is a satanic cult run by the deep state," Guthrie informed him. When Guthrie asserted that the conspiracy was not true, Trump responded, "No, I don't know that. And neither do you know that."
In September 2022, an Associated Press analysis found that Trump was embracing QAnon more openly than before. Trump was reposting Q drops and QAnon memes on Truth Social, and more than a third of the accounts he had reposted in the last month had themselves shared QAnon slogans, videos or imagery. Trump had also played a QAnon song at a rally.
Mike Pence
On August 21, 2020, Vice President Mike Pence said that he did not "know anything about" QAnon except that it was a conspiracy theory that he "dismisse[d] out of hand". When asked whether he would acknowledge the administration's role in "giving oxygen" to the belief, Pence shook his head and said, "Give me a break." Pence also commented that the media giving attention to QAnon amounted to "[chasing] Shiny object syndrome, shiny objects".
After the election, as the date of 2021 United States Electoral College vote count, College vote count approached and Pence showed no intention of blocking the certification of Biden's win, QAnon figures vilified him as a traitor. After Pence's lawyers fought a lawsuit that aimed to make him refuse to count electoral votes for Biden, Lin Wood
Lucian Lincoln "Lin" Wood Jr. (born October 19, 1952) is an American attorney and conspiracy theorist.
Following his graduation from law school in 1977, Wood worked as a personal injury lawyer, focusing on medical malpractice litigation. He b ...
said that Pence would "face execution by firing squad" for "treason". A few hours before the count started on January 6, Wood tweeted that Pence should resign immediately and that charges should be brought against him. After the attack on the Capitol, Wood called Pence a "child molester" on Twitter; after his Twitter account was suspended, Wood used Parler to call again for Pence's execution by firing squad.
Michael Flynn
Former lieutenant general and head of the Defense Intelligence Agency Michael Flynn, who briefly served as Trump's National Security Advisor (United States), National Security Advisor, became popular among QAnon followers, who took a 2016 quote from Flynn about Trump having been elected by an "army of digital soldiers" and started calling themselves "digital soldiers".
In August 2019, a "Digital Soldiers Conference" was announced for the next month in Atlanta. The stated purpose was to prepare "patriotic social media warriors" for a coming "digital civil war" against "censorship and suppression". The announcement of the event prominently displayed a Q spelled in stars on the blue field of an Flag of the United States, American flag. Scheduled speakers for the event, which was hosted by Yippy CEO Rich Granville, included Flynn and George Papadopoulos, as well as Gina Loudon, a Trump friend and member of his campaign media advisory board, singer Joy Villa, and Bill Mitchell, a radio host and ardent Trump supporter.
On July 4, 2020, Flynn posted to his Twitter account a video of himself leading a small group in an oath with the QAnon motto, "Where we go one, we go all". Analysts said the oath was part of QAnon's attempt to organize "digital soldiers" for the political and social apocalypse they see coming. Flynn's apparent declaration of allegiance to QAnon made him the most prominent former government official to endorse the conspiracy theory. Member of Trump's legal team and Flynn's representative Sidney Powell
Sidney Katherine Powell (born 1955) is an American attorney, former federal prosecutor, and conspiracy theorist who attempted to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, which led the State Bar of Texas to seek sanctions again ...
denied that the oath was related to QAnon. During the preceding days, numerous QAnon followers took the same "digital soldier oath" on Twitter, and used the same #TakeTheOath hashtag Flynn did.
After his November 2020 pardon and the election results, Flynn became more closely associated with QAnon, endorsing a website that sold QAnon merchandise, creating a Digital Soldiers media company, and saying he planned to launch a news media outlet also called "Digital soldiers". He appeared on various far-right media, pushing QAnon-affiliated conspiracy theories. Flynn's activism fueled speculation among QAnon followers that he would help them take control, or that he was Q himself. QAnon supporters expressed their commitment in social media posts by using the phrase "Fight like a Flynn" or variations thereof.
In February 2021, several weeks after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Capitol riot, Flynn distanced himself from QAnon theories by saying in an interview: "There's no plan. There's so many people out there asking, ‘Is the plan happening?’ We have what we have, and we have to accept the situation as it is." But he did not outright disavow the QAnon movement. In May 2021, Flynn was a keynote speaker at the "For God & Country: Patriot Roundup" conference organized in Dallas, Dallas, Texas by QAnon influencer John Sabal. At the end of the year, though, Flynn appeared to have rejected QAnon as a whole.
In March 2021, Flynn's brother, retired lieutenant general Jack Flynn, and his wife filed a $75 million defamation suit against CNN, alleging the network had falsely accused them of being QAnon followers. They asserted that the video Flynn had posted in July 2020, which CNN had broadcast, depicted their pledging an oath to the Constitution, not to QAnon. The suit claimed Flynn alone had recited the QAnon motto, "where we go one, we go all", though the video showed all the other participants had done so. The plaintiffs also said they "are not followers or supporters of any extremist or terrorist groups, including QAnon". In December 2021, federal district court judge Gregory Howard Woods largely rejected CNN's motion to dismiss the case, allowing it to proceed to determine whether the Flynns had been portrayed in a false light.
Lin Wood
Attorney Lin Wood, who worked with Trump's reelection campaign and participated in the election lawsuits, promoted QAnon conspiracy theories. His Twitter profile included the hashtag #WWG1WGA, a slogan associated with QAnon.[References:
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* ] Among other baseless QAnon-associated claims, he accused Chief Justice John Roberts of child rape and murder. Wood also claimed that QAnon supporter Isaac Kappy was murdered for attempting to transmit information to Trump.[References:
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* ] On January 11, 2021, Delaware Superior Court Judge Craig A. Karsnitz cited Wood's social media postings in his reasons for an order revoking Wood's right to appear before the court.[References:
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* ] Karsnitz said that he had "no doubt" that Wood's tweets played a role in inciting the attack on the Capitol.
In May 2021, Wood (alongside fellow attorney Sidney Powell and Michael Flynn) was a keynote speaker at the "For God & Country: Patriot Roundup" conference in Dallas.
Sidney Powell
Another member of Trump's legal team, conservative attorney Sidney Powell, denied knowledge of QAnon in January 2020, though in the following months she retweeted major QAnon accounts and catchphrases and appeared on QAnon shows on YouTube.
Upon leaving Trump's team, Powell remained involved in post-election lawsuits and was embraced by QAnon followers. Many of them had become discouraged that years of predictions of a Trump landslide victory and coming revelations about his enemies had not materialized.[References:
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* ] Powell's evidence in the Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election from Georgia#Pearson v. Kemp, lawsuit she filed in Georgia to overturn the election result included an affidavit from Ron Watkins. In this document, Watkins stated that his reading of an online user guide for Dominion Voting Systems software led him to conclude that election fraud might be "within the realm of possibility". Watkins did not provide any legitimate evidence of fraud.
In May 2021, Powell asserted at the aforementioned QAnon conference in Dallas that Trump "can simply be reinstated" that "a new inauguration date is set", eliciting cheers from the crowd. The date for this was supposedly August 13 of the same year.[References:
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Other
On August 4, 2018, former White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer was asked to comment on QAnon in his "/r/IAmA, ask me anything" session on the r/The Donald subreddit
Reddit (; stylized in all lowercase as reddit) is an American social news aggregation, content rating, and discussion website. Registered users (commonly referred to as "Redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images ...
. In response to the question "Is Q legit?", Spicer answered "No."
On three occasions during 2019 and 2020, Trump's deputy chief of staff and social media director Dan Scavino tweeted ticking-clock memes QAnon followers use to signify the countdown until the "Storm". Trump's personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, also occasionally retweeted posts with the #QAnon hashtag and follows many QAnon advocates. Eric Trump, in a summer 2020 tweet (later deleted), promoted his father's rally in Tulsa with an image of a large "Q" and the text "Where we go one, we go all".
In August 2019, several hours after an FBI counter-terrorism memo linking the spread of conspiracy theories to anti-government terrorism became known, WalkAway campaign founder Brandon Straka, a former liberal Democrat who became a Trump supporter, addressed the crowd at a Trump reelection rally in Cincinnati, saying, "Where we go one, we go all". A videographer found numerous QAnon supporters in the crowd, identified by their QAnon shirts showing large Qs or "WWG1WGA".
Online platforms
QDrops app
QDrops, an app that promoted the conspiracy theory, was published on the Apple Inc., Apple App Store (iOS), App Store and Google Play. It became the most popular paid app in Apple's online store's "entertainment" section in April 2018, and the tenth-most popular paid app overall. It was published by Tiger Team Inc., a North Carolina couple, Richard and Adalita Brown. On July 15, 2018, Apple pulled the app after an inquiry from NBC News.
In mid-May 2020, Google removed three other appsQMAP, Q Alerts! and Q Alerts LITEfrom the Android app store for violating its terms of service.
Anti-QAnon subreddits
Some social media forums, such as the subreddits r/QAnonCasualties and r/ReQovery, aim to assist either former followers and supporters of QAnon conspiracies or those whose family members engaged in the conspiracy.[
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Removal of related content
On March 14, 2018, Reddit banned one of its Subreddit, communities discussing QAnon, /r/CBTS_Stream, for "encouraging or inciting violence and posting personal and confidential information". After that, some followers moved to Discord (software), Discord. Several other communities were formed for discussion of QAnon, leading to further bans on September 12, 2018, in response to these communities "inciting violence, harassment, and the dissemination of personal information", which led to thousands of followers regrouping on Voat, a Switzerland-based Reddit clone that has been described as a hub for the alt-right.
In early 2019, Twitter removed accounts suspected of being connected to the Russian Internet Research Agency that had disseminated a high volume of tweets related to No. QAnon that also used the #WWG1WGA slogan.
On May 5, 2020, Facebook announced its removal of five pages, 20 accounts, and six groups linked to "individuals associated with the QAnon network" as part of an investigation into "suspected coordinated inauthentic behavior" ahead of the 2020 United States presidential election, 2020 United States election. On August 19, Facebook expanded its Dangerous Individuals and Organizations policy to address "growing movements that, while not directly organizing violence, have celebrated violent acts, shown that they have weapons and suggest they will use them, or have individual followers with patterns of violent behavior". As a result of this increased vigilance, Facebook reported having already "removed over 790 groups, 100 Pages and 1,500 ads tied to QAnon from Facebook, blocked over 300 hashtags across Facebook and Instagram, and additionally imposed restrictions on over 1,950 Groups and 440 Pages on Facebook and over 10,000 accounts on Instagram". In the month after its August announcement, Facebook said it deleted 1,500 QAnon groups; such groups by then had four million followers. On October 6, 2020, Facebook said it would immediately begin removing "any Facebook Pages, Groups and Instagram accounts representing QAnon, even if they contain no violent content". The company said it would immediately ban any group representing QAnon.
On July 21, 2020, Twitter announced it was banning more than 7,000 accounts connected to QAnon for coordinated amplification of fake news and conspiracy theories. In a press release, Twitter said, "We've been clear that we will take strong enforcement action on behavior that has the potential to lead to offline harm. In line with this approach, this week we are taking further action on so-called 'QAnon' activity across the service." It also said that the actions could apply to over 150,000 accounts.
Facebook banned all QAnon groups and pages on October 6, 2020. That day, QAnon followers speculated that the action was part of a complex Trump administration strategy to begin arresting its enemies, or that Facebook was attempting to silence news of this occurring; neither is true. Some followers speculated that a Justice Department "national security" news conference scheduled for the next day would relate to charges against Democrats, including Hillary Clinton. The Justice Department actually announced the investigation and arrest of Islamic State members.
On October 7, 2020, Etsy announced that it would remove all QAnon-related merchandise from its online marketplace; the products were still available there as of January 2021.
In an October 12, 2020, interview with CNN, YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki said much QAnon material was "borderline content" that did not explicitly break its rules, but that changes in the site's methodology for recommendations had reduced views of QAnon-related content by 80%. Three days later, YouTube announced that it had modified its hate and harassment policies to bar "content that targets an individual or group with conspiracy theories that have been used to justify real-world violence", such as QAnon and Pizzagate. It would still allow content discussing QAnon if it did not target individuals.
Hashtags and accounts associated with QAnon have since been banned by numerous social networks including Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram.
In particular, the 2021 United States Capitol attack led to a crackdown on QAnon-related content on social media platforms during the days that followed. Twitter suspended Lin Wood
Lucian Lincoln "Lin" Wood Jr. (born October 19, 1952) is an American attorney and conspiracy theorist.
Following his graduation from law school in 1977, Wood worked as a personal injury lawyer, focusing on medical malpractice litigation. He b ...
's account on January 7 and those of Sidney Powell
Sidney Katherine Powell (born 1955) is an American attorney, former federal prosecutor, and conspiracy theorist who attempted to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, which led the State Bar of Texas to seek sanctions again ...
, Michael Flynn
Michael Thomas Flynn (born December 24, 1958) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general and conspiracy theorist who was the 24th U.S. National Security Advisor for the first 22 days of the Trump administration. He resigned in light of ...
and other high-profile QAnon figures the next day. On January 12, Facebook and Twitter announced that they were removing "Stop the Steal" content and suspending 70,000 QAnon-focused accounts, respectively. More waves of deletions followed on various platforms.
Amazon removed a pro-QAnon book after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Capitol riots, and many platforms took action against QAnon-related content after the incident.
In May 2021, a report published by the Atlantic Council concluded that QAnon content was "evaporating" from the mainstream web.
In April 2022, QAnon followers celebrated Elon Musk's Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk, proposed purchase of Twitter, believing that Musk's free speech approach would allow them back onto the platform. After Musk acquired the platform in October of the same year, various QAnon-related accounts were reinstated on Twitter and resumed posting about the conspiracy theory.
Migration to alt-tech
The mass deletions of QAnon-related accounts on the most popular social media outlets led many members of the movement to migrate to alt-tech platforms. Parler is one such "free speech" social media platform that grew in popularity among QAnon followers and conservatives in general in early 2021. Gab (social network), Gab also became increasingly popular in these environments, especially after Parler went offline for several weeks following the Capitol attack.
In the course of 2021, various alt-tech platforms allowed QAnon influencers and adherents to regroup, with Gab and Telegram (software), Telegram becoming particularly important hubs of QAnon communities.
See also
* Apophenia – tendency to mistakenly perceive connections and meaning between unrelated things
* Cult of personality
* List of conspiracy theories
* Nostradamus – 16th-century French reputed seer who published cryptic poetic quatrains in ''Les Prophéties'', allowing for subjective interpretations
* Ong's Hat – Internet conspiracy alternate reality game
* Secret decoder ring – promotional items by radio and television programs that tap into a common fascination with secret codes
* John Titor – anonymous Internet personage active 2000–2001 who made several failed predictions
* Trumpism
* Fascism
Notes
References
Further reading
* Badham, Van. ''QAnon and On: A Short and Shocking History of the Internet Conspiracy Cults: A Short and Shocking History of Internet Conspiracy Cults'' (2022
excerpt
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* Bleakley, Paul. "Panic, pizza and mainstreaming the alt-right: A social media analysis of Pizzagate and the rise of the QAnon conspiracy." ''Current Sociology'' (2021): 0011392121103489
online
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* Bracewell, Lorna. "Gender, populism, and the QAnon conspiracy movement." ''Frontiers in sociology'' 5 (2021): 615727
online
* Breland, A. "The Summer QAnon Went mainstream", ''Mother Jones'' (2020)
online
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* Forberg, Peter L. "'No Cult Tells You to Think for Yourself': Discursive Ideology and the Limits of Rationality in Conspiracy Theory QAnon." ''American Behavioral Scientist'' (2022): 00027642221091199.
* Hodwitz, Omi, Steff King, and Jordan Thompson. "QAnon: The Calm Before the Storm." ''Society'' (2022): 1–12
QAnon: The Calm Before the Storm
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External links
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