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''Pythium'' is a genus of parasitic oomycetes. They were formerly classified as fungi. Most species are plant parasites, but '' Pythium insidiosum'' is an important pathogen of animals, causing pythiosis. The feet of the
''Pythium''-induced root rot is a common crop disease. When the organism kills newly emerged or emerging seedlings, it is known as damping off, and is a very common problem in fields and greenhouses. Thus there is tremendous interest in breeding for resistance, genetic host resistance, but no crop has ever developed adequate plant disease resistance, resistance to ''Pythium''. This disease complex usually involves other pathogens such as ''Phytophthora'' and ''Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia''. Pythium wilt is caused by zoospore infection of older plants, leading to biotrophic infections that become necrotrophic in response to colonization/reinfection pressures or environmental stress, leading to minor or severe wilting caused by impeded root functioning.
Many ''Pythium'' species, along with their close relatives ''Phytophthora'', are plant pathology, plant pathogens of economic importance in agriculture. ''Pythium'' spp. tend to be very generalistic and unspecific in their large range of hosts, while ''Phytophthora'' spp. are generally more host-specific.
For this reason, ''Pythium'' spp. are more devastating in the root rot they cause in crops, because crop rotation alone often does not eradicate the pathogen as ''Pythium'' spp. are also good saprotrophic nutrition, saprotrophs, and survive for a long time on decaying plant matter.
In field crops, damage by ''Pythium'' spp. is often limited to the area affected, as the motile zoospores require ample surface water to travel long distances. Additionally, the capillaries formed by soil particles act as a natural filter and effectively trap many zoospores. However, in hydroponics, hydroponic systems inside greenhouses, where extensive monocultures of plants are maintained in plant nutrient solution (containing nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, and micronutrients) that is continuously wikt:circulation, recirculated to the crop, ''Pythium'' spp. cause extensive and devastating root rot and is often difficult to prevent or control. The root rot affects entire operations (tens of thousands of plants, in many instances) within two to four days due to the inherent nature of hydroponic systems where roots are nakedly exposed to the water medium, in which the zoospores can move freely. Various ''Pythium'' populations have been known to have resistance to mefenoxam since the 1980s and metalaxyl since 1984.
Several ''Pythium'' species, including ''Pythium oligandrum, P. oligandrum'', ''Pythium nunn, P. nunn'', ''Pythium periplocum, P. periplocum'', and ''Pythium acanthicum, P. acanthicum'', are mycoparasitism, mycoparasites of plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, and have received interest as potential Biological pest control, biocontrol agents.
fungus gnat
Fungus gnats are small, dark, short-lived gnats, of the families Sciaridae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae, and Mycetophilidae (order Diptera); they comprise six of the seven families placed in the superfamily Sciaroide ...
are frequently a vector for their transmission.
Morphology
;Hyphae: ''Pythium'' species, like others in the family Pythiaceae, are usually characterized by their production ofcoenocytic
A coenocyte () is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis, in contrast to a syncytium, which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes insid ...
hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.
Structure
A hypha consists of one or ...
e without septum, septations.
;Oogonia: Generally contain a single oospore.
;Antheridia: Contain an elongated and club-shaped antheridium.
Ecological importance
''Pythium''-induced root rot is a common crop disease. When the organism kills newly emerged or emerging seedlings, it is known as damping off, and is a very common problem in fields and greenhouses. Thus there is tremendous interest in breeding for resistance, genetic host resistance, but no crop has ever developed adequate plant disease resistance, resistance to ''Pythium''. This disease complex usually involves other pathogens such as ''Phytophthora'' and ''Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia''. Pythium wilt is caused by zoospore infection of older plants, leading to biotrophic infections that become necrotrophic in response to colonization/reinfection pressures or environmental stress, leading to minor or severe wilting caused by impeded root functioning.
Many ''Pythium'' species, along with their close relatives ''Phytophthora'', are plant pathology, plant pathogens of economic importance in agriculture. ''Pythium'' spp. tend to be very generalistic and unspecific in their large range of hosts, while ''Phytophthora'' spp. are generally more host-specific.
For this reason, ''Pythium'' spp. are more devastating in the root rot they cause in crops, because crop rotation alone often does not eradicate the pathogen as ''Pythium'' spp. are also good saprotrophic nutrition, saprotrophs, and survive for a long time on decaying plant matter.
In field crops, damage by ''Pythium'' spp. is often limited to the area affected, as the motile zoospores require ample surface water to travel long distances. Additionally, the capillaries formed by soil particles act as a natural filter and effectively trap many zoospores. However, in hydroponics, hydroponic systems inside greenhouses, where extensive monocultures of plants are maintained in plant nutrient solution (containing nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, and micronutrients) that is continuously wikt:circulation, recirculated to the crop, ''Pythium'' spp. cause extensive and devastating root rot and is often difficult to prevent or control. The root rot affects entire operations (tens of thousands of plants, in many instances) within two to four days due to the inherent nature of hydroponic systems where roots are nakedly exposed to the water medium, in which the zoospores can move freely. Various ''Pythium'' populations have been known to have resistance to mefenoxam since the 1980s and metalaxyl since 1984.
Several ''Pythium'' species, including ''Pythium oligandrum, P. oligandrum'', ''Pythium nunn, P. nunn'', ''Pythium periplocum, P. periplocum'', and ''Pythium acanthicum, P. acanthicum'', are mycoparasitism, mycoparasites of plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, and have received interest as potential Biological pest control, biocontrol agents.
Species
*''Pythium acanthicum'' *''Pythium acanthophoron'' *''Pythium acrogynum'' *''Pythium adhaerens'' *''Pythium amasculinum'' *''Pythium anandrum'' *''Pythium angustatum'' *''Pythium aphanidermatum'' *''Pythium apleroticum'' *''Pythium aquatile'' *''Pythium aristosporum'' *''Pythium arrhenomanes'' *''Pythium attrantheridium'' *''Pythium bifurcatum'' *''Pythium boreale'' *''Pythium buismaniae'' *''Pythium butleri'' *''Pythium camurandrum'' *''Pythium campanulatum'' *''Pythium canariense'' *''Pythium capillosum'' *''Pythium carbonicum'' *''Pythium carolinianum'' *''Pythium catenulatum'' *''Pythium chamaehyphon'' *''Pythium chondricola'' *''Pythium citrinum'' *''Pythium coloratum'' *''Pythium conidiophorum'' *''Pythium contiguanum'' *''Pythium cryptoirregulare'' *''Pythium cucurbitacearum'' *''Pythium cylindrosporum'' *''Pythium cystogenes'' *''Pythium debaryanum'' *''Pythium deliense'' *''Pythium destruens'' *''Pythium diclinum'' *''Pythium dimorphum'' *''Pythium dissimile'' *''Pythium dissotocum'' *''Pythium echinulatum'' *''Pythium emineosum'' *''Pythium erinaceum'' *''Pythium flevoense'' *''Pythium folliculosum'' *''Pythium glomeratum'' *''Pythium graminicola'' *''Pythium grandisporangium'' *''Pythium guiyangense'' *''Pythium helicandrum'' *''Pythium helicoides'' *''Pythium heterothallicum'' *''Pythium hydnosporum'' *''Pythium hypogynum'' *''Pythium indigoferae'' *''Pythium inflatum'' *'' Pythium insidiosum'' *''Pythium intermedium'' *''Pythium irregulare'' *''Pythium iwayamae'' *''Pythium jasmonium'' *''Pythium kunmingense'' *''Pythium litorale'' *''Pythium longandrum'' *''Pythium longisporangium'' *''Pythium lutarium'' *''Pythium macrosporum'' *''Pythium mamillatum'' *''Pythium marinum'' *''Pythium marsipium'' *''Pythium mastophorum'' *''Pythium megacarpum'' *''Pythium middletonii'' *''Pythium minus'' *''Pythium monospermum'' *''Pythium montanum'' *''Pythium multisporum'' *''Pythium myriotylum'' *''Pythium nagaii'' *''Pythium nodosum'' *''Pythium nunn'' *''Pythium oedochilum'' *''Pythium okanoganense'' *''Pythium oligandrum'' *''Pythium oopapillum'' *''Pythium ornacarpum'' *''Pythium orthogonon'' *''Pythium ostracodes'' *''Pythium pachycaule'' *''Pythium pachycaule'' *''Pythium paddicum'' *''Pythium paroecandrum'' *''Pythium parvum'' *''Pythium pectinolyticum'' *''Pythium periilum'' *''Pythium periplocum'' *''Pythium perniciosum'' *''Pythium perplexum'' *''Pythium phragmitis'' *''Pythium pleroticum'' *''Pythium plurisporium'' *''Pythium polare'' *''Pythium polymastum'' *''Pythium porphyrae'' *''Pythium prolatum'' *''Pythium proliferatum'' *''Pythium pulchrum'' *''Pythium pyrilobum'' *''Pythium quercum'' *''Pythium radiosum'' *''Pythium ramificatum'' *''Pythium regulare'' *''Pythium rhizo-oryzae'' *''Pythium rhizosaccharum'' *''Pythium rostratifingens'' *''Pythium rostratum'' *''Pythium salpingophorum'' *''Pythium scleroteichum'' *''Pythium segnitium'' *''Pythium spiculum'' *''Pythium spinosum'' *''Pythium splendens'' *''Pythium sterilum'' *''Pythium stipitatum'' *''Pythium sulcatum'' *''Pythium tardicrescens'' *''Pythium terrestris'' *''Pythium torulosum'' *''Pythium tracheiphilum'' *''Pythium ultimum'' **Pythium ultimum var. ultimum, ''Pythium ultimum'' var. ''ultimum'' *''Pythium uncinulatum'' *''Pythium undulatum'' *''Pythium vanterpoolii'' *''Pythium viniferum'' *''Pythium violae'' *''Pythium volutum'' *''Pythium zingiberis'' *''Pythium zingiberum'' ''Globisporangium sylvaticum'' was formerly placed here as ''Pythium sylvaticum''See also
* *Pythium in turfgrass *Black rot on orchidsReferences
Further reading
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2699011 Pythium, Water mould plant pathogens and diseases Water mould genera