Pyrgi Tablets

The Pyrgi Tablets (dated ) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual Phoenician– Etruscan dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents from pre-Roman Italy and are rare examples of texts in these languages. They were discovered in 1964 during a series of excavations at the site of ancient Pyrgi, on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy in Latium (Lazio). The text records the foundation of a temple and its dedication to the Phoenician goddess Astarte, who is identified with the Etruscan supreme goddess Uni in the Etruscan text. The temple's construction is attributed to Tiberius Velianas, ruler of the nearby city of Caere.

Two of the tablets are inscribed in the Etruscan language, the third in Phoenician. The writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of Phoenician or Punic influence in the Western Mediterranean. They may relate to Polybius's report (''Hist.'' 3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible treaty between the Romans and the Carthaginians, which he dated to the consulships of Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus (509 BC).

The Phoenician inscriptions are known as KAI 277. The tablets are now held at the National Etruscan Museum, Villa Giulia, Rome.

Pallottino has claimed that the existence of this bilingual suggests an attempt by Carthage to support or impose a ruler (Tiberius Velianas) over Caere at a time when Etruscan sea power was waning and to be sure that this region, with strong cultural ties to Greek settlements to the south, stayed in the Etrusco-Carthaginian confederacy. The exact nature of the rule of Tiberius Velianas has been the subject of much discussion. The Phoenician root MLK refers to sole power, often associated with a king. But the Etruscan text does not use the Etruscan word for "king"--''lauχum'', instead presenting the term for "magistrate"--''zilac'' (perhaps modified by a word that may mean "great"). This suggests that Tiberius Velianas may have been a tyrant of the kind found in some Greek cities of the time. Building a temple, claiming to have been addressed by a god, and creating or strengthening his connections with foreign powers may all have been ways that he sought to solidify and legitimate his own power.

Another area that the Pyrgi Tablets seem to throw light on is that Carthage was indeed involved in central Italy at this point in history. Such involvement was suggested by mentions by Polybius of a treaty between Rome and Carthage at about the same time period (circa 500 BC), and by Herodotus's accounts of Carthaginian involvement in the Battle of Allia (though this was over a century later). But these isolated accounts did not have any contemporaneous texts from the area to support them until these tablets were unearthed and interpreted. Schmidtz originally claimed that the language pointed more toward an eastern Mediterranian form of Phoenician rather than to Punic/Carthaginian. But he has more recently reversed this view, and he even sees the possibility that the Carthaginians are directly referred to in the text.

The text is also important for our understanding of religion in central Italy around the year 500 BC. Specifically, it suggests that the commemoration of the death of Adonis was an important rite in Central Italy at least at this time (around 500 BC), that is if, as is generally assumed, the Phoenician phrase ''bym qbr ʼlm'' "on the day of the burial of the divinity" refers to this rite. This claim would be further strengthened if Schmidtz's recent claim can be accepted that the Phoenician phrase ''bmt n' bbt'' means "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) Adonis" Together with evidence of the rite of Adonai in the Liber Linteus in the 7th column, there is a strong likelihood that the ritual was practiced in (at least) the southern part of Etruria from at least circe 500 BC through the second century BC (depending on one's dating of the Liber Linteus). It must be noted, though that Adonis himself does not seem to be directly mentioned in any of the extant language of either text.

Phoenician text

The Phoenician inscriptions are known as KAI 277; they read:

::lrbt lʻštrt,
:: For the Lady, for Astarte,

::ʼšr qdš ʼz, ʼš pʻl, wʼš ytn tbryʼ wlnš mlk ʻl kyšryʼ
:: this is the holy place, which was made, and which was placed (by) Tiberius Velianas, king over Kasriye (= Caerites?),

::byrḥ zbḥ šmš, bmtnʼ bbt.
:: during the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as an offering in the temple.

:: wbn tw, kʻštrt ʼrš bdy, lmlky šnt šlš /// byrḥ krr, bym qbr ʼlm
:: And he built a chamber (or ''-bn TW'' = "Tiberius Velianas built (it)"), because Astarte requested (this) from him, year three "3" of his reign, in the month of Krr, on the day of the burial of the divinity.

::wšnt lmʼš ʼlm bbty šnt km h kkb m ʼl.
:: And (may) the years of the statue of the deity in her temple (be) years like (or "as numerous as") the stars.

The Phoenician text has long been known to be in a Semitic, more specifically a Canaanite language (specifically North Canaanite; South Canaanite dialects include Hebrew, Moabite, and Edomite; More distantly related: Aramaic and Ugaritic); hence there was no need for it to be "deciphered." And while most of the inscription can certainly reliably be read, certain passages are philologically uncertain on account of perceived complications of syntax and the vocabulary employed in the inscription, and as such they have become the source of debate among both Semiticists and Classicists.

For example, other translations of the final line, besides that cited above, include: "And I made a duplicate of the statue of the goddess in her temple as do the Kakkabites Carthaginians; and "As for the red robe of the statues of the goddess in her temple, her/its red robe is like a those of the gods of the Kakkabites arthaginians (both of these from Krahmalkov's Phoenician-Punic Dictionary). Further, In Schmidtz's 2016 treatment of the text, he reinterprets the string ''bmtnʼ bbt'' (translated above and commonly as "as an offering in the temple") as ''bmt n' bbt'' to mean "at the death of (the) Handsome (one) Adonis"

Etruscan text

This partial English translation is generally speculative, following van der Meer, except where noted. Line breaks are indicated with / with line numbers in superscript immediately following. Note that Schmitz has pointed out that "Etruscologists...dispute nearly every word in the Etruscan texts."

First plate

::Ita . tmia . icac . he/²ramašva vatieχe /³ unial astres θemia /⁴ sa meχ θuta.
::This temple and sacred buildings (''herama-šva'') have been requested by Uni...having been built at his own cost, (?)

::θefa/⁵riei velianas sal /⁶ cluvenias turu/⁷ce
::Tiberius Velianas ...has given (it) as an offering(?), (or "according to her own (''sal'') wishes (''cluvenias''))

::munistas θuvas/⁸ tameresca .
::(as) custodian(?) of the place(?) of the ''cella'' (or "the funeral chamber" ''tameres-ca'')

::ilacve ./⁹ tule. rase .
::during the feast of the month of Tuler

::nac ci avi/l χar var tesiamet / ale
::when three years (were) full (?) from the day of Tesiamet

:: ilacve. alšase/¹²
::on the feast of (the month) Alsasa

::nac . atranes . zila / cal . sel eita la acnašv/ers .
::when the ''atranes'' of the magistrate (was??) (the) great ''acnasvers''.

::Itanim . heram / ve . avil . eniaca . pul/umχva
::Indeed, in this sanctuary, the years are (going to be) as many as the stars.

Second plate

::nac . θefarie . vel/¹iiunas . θ amuce /² cleva . etanal/³
::cleva acasri halx tei vacil iceusuni savlasieis mulu rizile picasri savlasieis vacil lunas1e / mulu on a vessel so that is your subject. Tmia 'l and amuce both found inscribed on vessels and that is what cleva relates to.
::When Tiberius Velianas had built the ''cleva'' ("altar(s)"? desiderata?) of ''etan'' (epithet of Uni?)

::masan . tiur /⁴ unias . šelace .
::he dedicated (''šela-ce'') an offering during the month (''tiur'') of Juno. tiur. usually stands before the word avil for year as tiur im in the Liber linteus.

::v/⁵acal . tmial . a/⁶vilχval . amuc/⁷e . pulumχv/⁸a . snuiaφ .
::The yearly (''avil-χva-l'' literally "of the years") offerings for the temple were (to be like the) eternal (''snuiaφ''?) stars.

Notes: Wylin translates ''šelace vacal tmial'' (4-5) as "has ratified the offering of the temple." However, Steinbauer (agreeing with Rix) has challenged this assumptions and, considering that it seems to be positioned at the beginning of a series of phrases within the contexts of a step-by-step instruction in the Liber Linteus, proposed that ''vacal'' (with its variants ''vacil'' and ''vacl'') simply means "then."

A minimalist 'translation' drawing only on well established meanings of Etruscan words, and not depending on the Phoenician text (which is often itself uncertain, see above, and is, in any case, not a word for word translation) has been presented by Adiego:

::This ''tmia-'' and the ''herama'', which were ...-ed from the part of Uni, Thefarie Velianas, ...ing the ''meχ θuta'', gave to her, the ''cluvenia-'' (or: to his ''cluvenia-''), to/of the ''muni θuva'', that from the chamber (?) in the day-''ilacv tuleras-'', when three years ''χurvar''. In the day-''ilacv'' the ''tešiam(a)-'' ''alsaš-'', when of the ''zilaχ''-magistracy ''atrane'', that ''sele acnavers'', and this(?)/thus...-ed the year ''eniaca'' the ''pulum''-s.

::When Thefarie Veliiunas ...-ed a ''cleva''-offering ''etenal masan'' the month ''unias'' ...-ed, ''vacal'' the ''pulum''-s of the years of the ''tmia-'' were ''sniuaφ''.

Supplementary Etruscan Texts

Inscription on a bronze tablet at Pyrgi

These were much more damaged than the gold tablets above.
Cr 4.3:

:: ..talen --- tin -
::[----[....html"_;"title="---.html"_;"title="-
::[----">-
::[----[...">---.html"_;"title="-
::[----">-
::[----[...''spuria[z.html" ;"title="---">-
::[----[....html" ;"title="---.html" ;"title="-
::[----">-
::[----[...">---.html" ;"title="-
::[----">-
::[----[...''spuria[z">---">-
::[----[....html" ;"title="---.html" ;"title="-
::[----">-
::[----[...">---.html" ;"title="-
::[----">-
::[----[...''spuria[zs'' . tera[s] ''spu[r]iaze''[...]
::''u]neial'' var θvarie χia ''uneial χias''
::''tin[...]talenas seas'' ''tinas θvariena''s [...]e ..r
::...]ar[...]ra[...]il .. .. ..

Cr_4.2
::eta_:_''θesan'':e:tras_''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi_ha[...::hutilatina_e:tiasas:_a:calia[....html" ;"title="...html" ;"title="..

Cr 4.2
::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...">..

Cr 4.2
::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...::hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia[...">...html" ;"title="..

Cr 4.2
::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...">..

Cr 4.2
::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...::hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia[...::θanaχ:vilus ''caθa''r:naial[...]

Deities mentioned here include ''Catha, Thesan, Uni Chia, Tina Atalena Sea, Tina Thvariena,'' and ''Spuriaze.''

Inscriptions on vessels found in the sanctuary at Pyrgi

:: 1 ]tmia 2 ''usa
:n32, fragment of a vase, VI

::unial
: (div) patera, or plate V TLE 877

::unial
:(div) patera, or plate V REE 40 n54

::* ''starte/s/ cve tarte/ /
::(div?) fragment of a vase, or vessel IV REE 56 n31

::mi : s'uris : cavaθas
:(div)patera, or plate V REE 64 n36

::]cavaθas 2]a emini[
:(div)Greek kylix, V REE 56 n24

Lead tablet from the temple of Minerva at Castrum Novum (near Pyrgi) (CIE 6310)

Side 1:Source for the Pyrgi inscriptions :
::MMMCCC ''lan[-]mite'' . [
::...]inia . ''tei'' . ''a emei ca . zu na'' . za[...
::a . ''icecin'' . ezi . ''ip ..nu'' . rapa . m[...
::...]ipas . [-]in ..er . ''mulv''en ..
::.... nuna ("offering")[...] ''nun . ena'' . t ..
::... . hu ..l . ''nun ena'' .
::...]ur . t ..a . vacil . c ..

::...''pulunza . ''ipal'' . sac ("holy") ..
::...'talte'' . ''acni'' ''talte'' . iu ..
::...mnle ..enatina . ''te'' --n ..
::...s . -u--helucu . ''acasa'' . ''tei'' . luru ..
::... ..-ice . ''lanumite'' . ''icana'' ..
::...ei . tesa . nac ..e . ''mulv'' ..
::...r . t ..a . vacil . c
::...a . ''mlaka'' ...'ama'' .

Side 2:

::...]ite . ''icec'' .....civeis . m ..
::.... unue . ha .. . eizurva . t ..
::... a . ''mlacia'' . hecia ("to do, place") . ''iperi'' . apa ("father") ..
::...sunamul ''ame''

::...]iama . im ..uta : h ..
::.... rin .. . ''a emeican . s inia'' . ip ..
::... s . .. . nacarsurveclesvare[...

Notes: Words also occurring in the gold Pyrgi Tablets are in bold: pulun/m "star(s)?; vaci/al "sacrifice/libation" , or "then"; nac "when."
Words and sequences recurring within the text are in italics: ''lan(u)mite'' ?; ''a emei ca . z/suu/ina'' ? (''ca'' "this"); ''mul-v-'' "to offer"; ''nun ena'' "offering" (''nun''?) "some" (''ena''?); ''ip-eri/-unu/-al'' (relative pronoun?)'; ''mlaka/cia'' "beautiful"; ''te-i'' (demonstrative pronoun); ''am-e/-a'' "be"; ''ac-ni/-asa'' ("to do, offer"); ''talte'' (< ''talitha'' "girl"??); ''icec-in, icana-'' ? (< ''ic'' "as"??).

Notes

References

First printed edition

Colonna, G. – Garbini, G. – Pallottino, M. – Vlad Borrelli, L., '"Scavi nel santuario etrusco di
Pyrgi. Relazione preliminare della settima campagna, 1964, e scoperta di tre lamine d’oro inscritte in
etrusco e punico”, ''ArchCl'' 16, 1964: 49-117.
:: Colonna, G., “I dati dello scavo”: 50-57.
:: Pallotino, M., “Scoperta e prima valutazione delle lamine inscritte”: 58-63.
:: Vlad Borrelli, L., “Nota tecnica sulle lamine”: 64-65.
:: Garbini, G., “L’iscrizione punica”: 66-76.
:: Pallotino, M., “Le iscrizioni etrusche”: 76-104.
:: Pallotino, M., “Conclusioni storiche”: 104-117.

Other references

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* De Simone, C. (2012) “Il teonimo Šuri: riflessioni ad alta voce”, ''Mediterranea'' 9: 107-132.
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* Schmitz, PH. C. (1995) “The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi”, JAOS 115, 559-575.
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* Torelli, M. (2003) “’Αγαλήτορα· παῐδα. Τυρρηνοί (TLE2 802). Brevi considerazioni su una glossa etrusca”, in S. MARCHESINI& P. POCCETTI (edd.), ''Linguistica è storia. Sprachwissenschaft ist Geschichte. Scritti in onore di Carlo de Simone'', Pisa: 171-177 (173).
* van der Meer, B. ( 2007) ''Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text'', Louvain / Dudley.
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External links

The Etruscan Texts Project
A searchable database of Etruscan texts.

Tavola di Cortona e Lamine di Pyrgi - traduzione
(Italian translation by Giovanni Semerano)

Wikisource: Pyrgi Tablets

{{Etruscans

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Collections of the Villa Giulia
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