Pugu or Bogu was an ancient civilization or
state
State may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Literature
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of
ancient China
The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding. Ancient historical texts such as the '' Book of Documents'' (early chapt ...
around the mouth of the
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: , Mandarin: ''Huáng hé'' ) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Ha ...
.
History
The Pugu are recorded as existing during the
Shang
The Shang dynasty (), also known as the Yin dynasty (), was a Chinese royal dynasty founded by Tang of Shang (Cheng Tang) that ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and ...
and were counted among the "
Eastern Barbarians" or ''Dongyi'' of
Qingzhou. They occupied the shore of the
Bay of Bohai
Bohai Bay () is one of the three major bays of the Bohai Sea, the northwestern and innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea. It is bounded by the coastlines of eastern Hebei province ( Tangshan and Cangzhou), Tianjin municipality and northern Shan ...
around present-day
Binzhou and
Boxing
Boxing (also known as "Western boxing" or "pugilism") is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined ...
, an area which the
silt deposition from the present course of the
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: , Mandarin: ''Huáng hé'' ) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Ha ...
has since made miles inland.
In alliance with the Shang prince
Wu Geng, Pugu joined the ''Dongyi'' of
Yan (, near present-day
Qufu) and
Xu in the
Huai valley in opposing Shang's replacement by the
Zhou after the
Battle of Muye. This insurrection joined with the
Rebellion of the Three Guards
The Rebellion of the Three Guards (), or less commonly the Wu Geng Rebellion (), was a civil war, instigated by an alliance of discontent Zhou princes, Shang loyalists, vassal states and other non-Zhou peoples against the Western Zhou governmen ...
within Zhou itself, opposing the regency of the
Duke of Zhou
Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou (), commonly known as the Duke of Zhou (), was a member of the royal family of the early Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu. He was renowned for actin ...
BC. The Duke undertook a successful campaign across the
North China Plain
The North China Plain or Huang-Huai-Hai Plain () is a large-scale downfaulted rift basin formed in the late Paleogene and Neogene and then modified by the deposits of the Yellow River. It is the largest alluvial plain of China. The plain is border ...
, defeating Wu Geng and forcing the submission of the opposing Yi. Pugu's area was granted to the
minister Jiang Ziya
Jiang Ziya ( century BC – century BC), also known by several other names, was a Chinese noble who helped kings Wen and Wu of Zhou overthrow the Shang in ancient China. Following their victory at Muye, he continued to ser ...
as the fief of
Qi.
The ''
Bamboo Annals
The ''Bamboo Annals'' (), also known as the ''Ji Tomb Annals'' (), is a chronicle of ancient China.
It begins in the earliest legendary time (the age of the Yellow Emperor) and extends to 299 BC, with the later centuries focusing on the history ...
'' record that during the Duke of Zhou's expedition the "royal troops... attacked Yan and destroyed Pugu". The word used () means "destroy" and even implies "extermination". This was, however, patently hyperbolic since "belligerents" required a combined response from Qi,
Lu, and
Zhou ten years later and the Pugu are again said to have been "destroyed" in the autumn three years after that.
[.]
During the reign of
King Yi,
Duke Hu moved the Qi capital to the former site of Pugu. This prompted the residents of the former capital
Yingqiu
Linzi () was the capital of the ancient Chinese state of Qi during the Zhou dynasty. The ruins of the city lie in modern-day Linzi District, Shandong, China. The city was one of the largest and richest in China during the Spring and Autumn ...
to
revolt
Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It refers to the open resistance against the orders of an established authority.
A rebellion originates from a sentiment of indignation and disapproval of a situation and ...
under
another member of his house, who defeated him in battle and restored the former capital.
Legacy
Its name survived as
Putai
Budai ( zh, c=布袋, p=Bùdài; ko, 포대, Podae; ja, 布袋, Hotei; vi, Bố Đại) was a Chinese monk who is often identified with and venerated as Maitreya Buddha in Chan Buddhism. With the spread of Chan Buddhism, he also came to b ...
and
Putai County as late as the 20th century, although the former is now the subdistrict of Pucheng in
Binzhou and the latter has merged with
Boxing County.
See also
*
Dongyi &
Siyi
* ''
Bamboo Annals
The ''Bamboo Annals'' (), also known as the ''Ji Tomb Annals'' (), is a chronicle of ancient China.
It begins in the earliest legendary time (the age of the Yellow Emperor) and extends to 299 BC, with the later centuries focusing on the history ...
''
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
* .
* .
* .
* {{citation , last=Theobald , first=Ulrich , date=2013 , contribution-url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/yi.html , url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de , title=China Knowledge , contribution=Chinese History: Barbarian Peoples: Yi 夷 .
Former countries in East Asia
Ancient Chinese states
Zhou dynasty
Shang dynasty
History of Shandong