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Public Health England (PHE) was an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care in
England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...
which began operating on 1 April 2013 to protect and improve health and wellbeing and reduce health inequalities. Its formation came as a result of the reorganisation of the National Health Service (NHS) in
England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...
outlined in the Health and Social Care Act 2012. It took on the role of the Health Protection Agency, the
National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse was established in 2001 to improve the availability, capacity and effectiveness of drug treatment. It was set up as a special health authority within the National Health Service and its role was t ...
and a number of other health bodies. It was an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, and a distinct delivery organisation with operational autonomy. On 29 March 2021, the UK Government announced that PHE would be disbanded and that its public health functions would be transferred, in proposals to reform public health structures. From 1 October 2021, PHE's health protection functions were formally transferred into the
UK Health Security Agency The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) is a government agency in the United Kingdom, responsible since April 2021 for England-wide public health protection and infectious disease capability, and replacing Public Health England. It is an execut ...
(UKHSA), while its health improvement functions were transferred to the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities ( DHSC), NHS England, and
NHS Digital NHS Digital is the trading name of the Health and Social Care Information Centre, which is the national provider of information, data and IT systems for commissioners, analysts and clinicians in health and social care in England, particularly t ...
.


Establishment

Proposals for reorganising the National Health Service were published in the early months of the Cameron–Clegg coalition, in a July 2010
white paper A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter. It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision. A white paper ...
from the Department of Health (under Andrew Lansley) titled "Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS". This was followed by a more detailed paper "Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in England" in November. The bill to implement the proposals was introduced to the House of Commons in January 2011, and was the subject of a report by the Health Select Committee in October. Responding to criticism, the government published "Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Update and way forward" in July. The Health and Social Care Act gained royal assent in March 2012, with all elements of the new system to be operative by April 2013. The Act established Public Health England as an executive body accountable to the Secretary of State for Health. It took over public health activity from the department and from the regional strategic health authorities (which were abolished), and all activities of the Health Protection Agency, the
National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse was established in 2001 to improve the availability, capacity and effectiveness of drug treatment. It was set up as a special health authority within the National Health Service and its role was t ...
, the Public Health Observatories, the cancer registries, the National Cancer Intelligence Network, and the UK National Screening Committee together with its screening programmes.


Mission, funding and resources

Each year the Department of Health and Social Care set out PHE's remit and priorities in a letter to its chief executive. The last of such letters, published in July 2021, included tasks to implement the transition to the
UK Health Security Agency The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) is a government agency in the United Kingdom, responsible since April 2021 for England-wide public health protection and infectious disease capability, and replacing Public Health England. It is an execut ...
and the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. PHE's mission was "to protect and improve the nation’s health and to address inequalities". It employed approximately 5,000 staff (full-time equivalent), who were mostly scientists, researchers and public health professionals. It announced plans to move its headquarters and 2,750 staff to Harlow on a former GlaxoSmithKline site in 2017. PHE laboratories provided an extensive range of microbiological diagnostic tests. The Secretary of State sets the total budget for public health, and determined how it was allocated between PHE and local authorities.


Relationship with local authorities

The 2012 Act, which established PHE as a national body, also returned to local authorities the responsibility for a range of community and public health services. Each upper tier local authority is required to appoint a director of public health, an officer of the authority who is responsible for the authority's public health functions including responding to emergencies. there are 134 of these posts.


2020–2021 reorganisation

A reorganisation of public health protection in England was announced by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, in August 2020. The move was in response to mistakes in decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic, including issues with the supply of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers, low community testing capabilities, and insufficient data resourcing. Several health experts, including Jeremy Farrar, Director of the Wellcome Trust, criticised the move to abolish PHE during an ongoing pandemic, with Richard Murray, Chief Executive of The King's Fund, stating that PHE "appears to have been found guilty without a trial" and it is "unclear what problem government are hoping to solve". In response, Hancock said the move was needed to bring together disparate leadership to strengthen the UK's response to the pandemic, and that the change would not result in disruption. PHE would be combined with NHS Test and Trace to form a National Institute for Health Protection, under a new leadership structure headed by Conservative peer Dido Harding as interim CEO. Her appointment was later found to be unlawful. Michael Brodie, current CEO of the NHS Business Services Authority, was appointed as interim PHE CEO, replacing
Duncan Selbie Duncan Selbie (born 1962/3) is a British government official who is a senior advisor to the Department of Health and Social Care on global and public health. He served as Chief Executive of Public Health England from its foundation in 2013 until ...
. In March 2021, it was announced that the new agency would instead be called the
UK Health Security Agency The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) is a government agency in the United Kingdom, responsible since April 2021 for England-wide public health protection and infectious disease capability, and replacing Public Health England. It is an execut ...
, commencing on 1 April and led by
Jenny Harries Dame Jennifer Margaret Harries is a British public health physician who has been the chief executive of the UK Health Security Agency and head of NHS Test and Trace since April 2021. She was previously a regional director at Public Health En ...
(formerly a regional director at PHE and Deputy
Chief Medical Officer for England In the United Kingdom, a Chief Medical Officer (CMO) is the most senior government advisor on matter relating to health. There are four CMOs in the United Kingdom who are appointed to advise their respective governments: * His Majesty's Governm ...
). The new UKHSA would focus on infectious disease control, particularly the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...
. Options for PHE's other roles, such as preventing ill health and reducing health inequalities, were to be discussed, with the decision made in March 2021 that these functions would move to "new homes within the health system" including the creation of an Office for Health Protection within the
Department for Health and Social Care The Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) is a department of His Majesty's Government responsible for government policy on health and adult social care matters in England, along with a few elements of the same matters which are not otherwis ...
. This was subsequently re-named the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities and launched 1 October 2021. A few PHE staff moved to NHS England/
Improvement Improvement is the process of a thing moving from one state to a state considered to be better, usually through some action intended to bring about that better state. The concept of improvement is important to governments and businesses, as well a ...
or to
NHS Digital NHS Digital is the trading name of the Health and Social Care Information Centre, which is the national provider of information, data and IT systems for commissioners, analysts and clinicians in health and social care in England, particularly t ...
. While it was originally announced that PHE would be wound up on 31 March 2021, the body continued to have a 'shadow existence' until 1 October 2021, to support the transition of responsibilities to its successor organisations. The PHE name and employment contracts remained until 1 October.


Structure

PHE had the following public-facing divisions: *Health protection: **Immunisation, hepatitis and blood safety department **Chemical, radioactive, and environmental hazards ***Research *** National Poisons Information Service ***Services for those working with hazardous materials ***Harm reduction in relation to polluted environments ***Operations **Field
epidemiology Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evi ...
, including contact tracing **Contagious disease surveillance and control **Major incident response *Health improvement: **Alcohol, drugs, tobacco and justice (including substance misuse treatment monitoring) **Health promotion (such as healthy diet or anti-smoking marketing) **Health screening programmes (such as cancer screening, STD checks, cardiovascular disease screening, etc.) – supervised by the UK National Screening Committee ** Reducing health inequalities **Specialist healthcare commissioning (in relation to major incidents, etc.) ** National Cancer Intelligence Network (and other networks) *Knowledge and information **Disease registration **Research and development *Operations: **Microbiology unit ***Microbe production ***Research ***References ***Specialist services **Regional units (South / Midlands / North / London) ***Preparation and response against major incidents ***Local centres (several centres per regional unit, except London) ****Local health protection ****Substance misuse treatment services support (over more than one centre) ****Local specialist commissioning (in relation to major incidents, etc.) and advice


Key people

Duncan Selbie Duncan Selbie (born 1962/3) is a British government official who is a senior advisor to the Department of Health and Social Care on global and public health. He served as Chief Executive of Public Health England from its foundation in 2013 until ...
was the chief executive of PHE from its formation until 2020; he was previously chief executive of
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, abbreviated as BSUH, was an NHS foundation trust ran two acute hospitals, the Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton and the Princess Royal Hospital in Haywards Heath. It also operated a numb ...
. In the reorganisation announced in August 2020, Michael Brodie was appointed as interim CEO. Brodie was finance director at PHE from its formation until 2019, when he became CEO of the NHS Business Services Authority. Other senior personnel include: * Yvonne Doyle, Medical Director and Director of Health Protection from 2019, replacing
Paul Cosford Sir Paul Anthony Cosford (20 May 1963 – 5 April 2021) was a British emeritus medical director at Public Health England (PHE), the UK's public health agency, later replaced by the UK Health Security Agency. He had executive roles from 2010 at ...
who became Emeritus Medical Director until his death in 2021. * Kevin Fenton, Regional Director for London. *
Jenny Harries Dame Jennifer Margaret Harries is a British public health physician who has been the chief executive of the UK Health Security Agency and head of NHS Test and Trace since April 2021. She was previously a regional director at Public Health En ...
was Regional Director for the South of England until her appointment as Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England in 2019. * Anne Mackie, Director of Screening Programmes. * Professor John Newton, Director of Health Improvement. *Mary Ramsay, Head of Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety. *
Alison Tedstone Alison Tedstone MBE RNutr FAfN (born April 1961) is Chief Nutritionist (National Director of Diet, Obesity and Physical Activity) at Public Health England (PHE). Education Tedstone has a BSc and a PhD degree from the University of London, a ...
, nutritionist, Director of Diet, Obesity and Physical Activity.


Campaigns

PHE took over the responsibility for 'Be Clear on Cancer' campaigns after it was created in the Health and Social Care Act 2012. Campaigns have been run on lung cancer, bowel cancer, oesophago-gastric and kidney & bladder cancer. PHE is also responsible for Change4Life and ACT FAST. In January 2014 it launched a campaign against smoking called 'Health Harms' on television and billboards across England.


COVID-19

The bullet points setting out PHE's priorities for 2019/20 in the annual directive from the Department of Health and Social Care included coordination of the response to public health emergencies under a heading "Leaving the EU". In addition, an "integrated surveillance system" and "investigation and management of outbreaks of infectious diseases" were listed in an annex. PHE carried out contact tracing in the early stages of the
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...
, but this ceased on 12 March 2020 in view of the wide spread of infection in the population. From 19 March, consistent with the opinion of the
Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) is a UK-wide advisory committee. It was established in 1981, and the terms of reference were revised in 1991 to allow for a wider remit. Description The terms of reference of the ACDP are: : ...
, PHE no longer classified
COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease quick ...
as a "high consequence infectious disease" (HCID). This reversed an interim recommendation made in January 2020, due to more information about the disease confirming low overall mortality rates, greater clinical awareness, and a specific and sensitive laboratory test, the availability of which continues to increase. The statement said "the need to have a national, coordinated response remains" and added "this is being met by the government’s COVID-19 response". This meant cases of COVID-19 were no longer managed by HCID treatment centres only.


Mortality data

PHE began publishing a weekly COVID-19 epidemiology surveillance summary each Thursday from 23 April, combining community, primary care, secondary care,
virology Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses. It is a subfield of microbiology that focuses on their detection, structure, classification and evolution, their methods of infection and exploitation of host cells for reproduction, the ...
and mortality surveillance data to support national and regional planning in relation to the pandemic. From 29 April, PHE collated daily reporting of the number of deaths of people in England with a positive COVID-19 test; the numbers published each day by the UK government had previously only counted deaths in hospital. By July, as the number of deaths continued to fall, PHE reported significantly more deaths than those collated weekly by the Office for National Statistics from death certificates. Concerns were raised – by the
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM), based in the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences at the University of Oxford, is an academic-led centre dedicated to the practice, teaching, and dissemination of high quality evidenc ...
and others – that PHE's figures were over-estimates, since they included anyone who had a positive COVID-19 test, no matter how long ago. On 12 August it was agreed to publish the numbers of deaths within 28 days of a positive test, as was already done by other UK administrations. The cumulative total was recalculated as 41,329, a 12% decrease. John Newton, a PHE director, wrote that the method established in April was designed to avoid undercounting, and that PHE always intended to review the approach as the pandemic progressed.


Handling of test results

On 2 October 2020, it was realised that almost 16,000 COVID-19 test results received by PHE from commercial laboratories since 25 September had not been loaded into dashboards or passed to the outsourced Test and Trace operation (notifications of test results to individuals were not affected). PHE retrieved the missing results after determining that the cause was ill-thought-out use of Microsoft's Excel software. Matt Hancock, Health Secretary, said in Parliament that the error "should never have happened". The following month, economists at the University of Warwick estimated that the delayed contact tracing led to more than 125,000 additional infections and 1,500 deaths, although PHE disputed their findings.


Criticism and other published comment

Public Health England has been criticised for downplaying mental health within its overall resourcing and agenda; in 2011 the Royal College of Psychiatrists, commenting on the plan to create PHE, stated its concern that there appeared to be "few, or no, commitments or resources within either the Department of Health or Public Health England to take the public mental health agenda forward". The agency was criticised by Professor
Martin McKee Clifford Martin McKee, CBE (born 12 July 1956), is professor of European public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Biography He was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and trained as a doctor at ...
in January 2014. He said that continuing health inequalities among London boroughs was a scandal, and claimed coalition reforms had left it unclear who was supposed to analyse health data and tackle the problems highlighted. The agency was criticised by '' The Lancet'' for allegedly using weak evidence in a review of electronic cigarettes to endorse an estimate that e-cigarette use is 95% less hazardous than smoking: "it is on this extraordinarily flimsy foundation that PHE based the major conclusion and message of its report" ... this "raises serious questions not only about the conclusions of the PHE report, but also about the quality of the agency's peer review process." Authors of the PHE report subsequently published a document clarifying that their endorsement of the 95% claim did not stand on the single study criticised in ''The Lancet'', but on their broad review of toxicological evidence. The agency has also been criticised for "serious questions about transparency and conflicts of interest" regarding this review, that PHE's response "did not even begin to address the various relationships and funding connections" in question, and that this "adds to questions about the credibility of the organisation’s advice". Scientific evidence accumulated since has cast further doubt on PHE's claim. A 2017 question in the
House of Lords The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by appointment, heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminst ...
revealed that a position underpinning UK Government policy, namely "that well run and regulated modern municipal waste incinerators are not a significant risk to public health remains valid", was asserted in advance of the results having been obtained from a study commissioned by Public Health England to answer the question whether municipal waste incinerators did, in fact, constitute a significant risk to public health.


See also

*
Health in the United Kingdom Health in the United Kingdom refers to the overall health of the population of the United Kingdom. This includes overall trends such as life expectancy and mortality rates, mental health of the population and the suicide rate, smoking rates, ...
* List of national public health agencies


References


External links

* {{Authority control 2013 establishments in England Government agencies established in 2013 Organisations based in the London Borough of Lambeth National public health agencies