The Ptolemy world map is a map of the
world known to Greco-Roman societies in the 2nd century. It is based on the description contained in
Ptolemy's book ''
Geography'', written . Based on an inscription in several of the earliest surviving manuscripts, it is traditionally credited to
Agathodaemon of Alexandria.
Notable features of Ptolemy's map is the first use of longitudinal and latitudinal lines as well as specifying terrestrial locations by celestial observations. The ''Geography'' was translated from
Greek into
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walte ...
in the 9th century and played a role in the work of
al-Khwārizmī
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ( ar, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, Muḥammad ibn Musā al-Khwārazmi; ), or al-Khwarizmi, was a Persian polymath from Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in mathematics, astronom ...
before
lapsing into obscurity. The idea of a global coordinate system revolutionized European geographical thought, however, and inspired more mathematical treatment of cartography.
Ptolemy's work probably originally came with maps, but none have been discovered. Instead, the present form of the map was reconstructed from Ptolemy's coordinates by
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
monks
A monk (, from el, μοναχός, ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decides to dedic ...
under the direction of
Maximus Planudes
Maximus Planudes ( grc-gre, Μάξιμος Πλανούδης, ''Máximos Planoúdēs''; ) was a Byzantine Greek monk, scholar, anthologist, translator, mathematician, grammarian and theologian at Constantinople. Through his translations from L ...
shortly after 1295. It probably was not that of the original text, as it uses the ''less'' favored of the two alternate projections offered by Ptolemy.
Continents
The continents are given as
Europe,
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
, and
Libya (
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
). The
World Ocean
The ocean (also the sea or the world ocean) is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water. An ocean can also refer to any of the large bodies of water into which the wor ...
is only seen to the west. The map distinguishes two large enclosed seas: the
Mediterranean and the
Indian
Indian or Indians may refer to:
Peoples South Asia
* Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor
** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country
* South Asia ...
(''Indicum Pelagus''). Due to Marinus and Ptolemy's mistaken measure of the circumference of the earth, the former is made to extend much too far in terms of degrees of arc; due to their reliance on
Hipparchus, they mistakenly enclose the latter with an eastern and southern shore of
unknown lands, which prevents the map from identifying the western coast of the World Ocean.
India is bound by the
Indus and
Ganges rivers, but its peninsula is much shortened. Instead,
Sri Lanka (''
Taprobane'') is greatly enlarged. The
Malay Peninsula is given as the
Golden Chersonese
The Golden Chersonese or Golden Khersonese ( grc, Χρυσῆ Χερσόνησος, ''Chrysḗ Chersónēsos''; la, Chersonesus Aurea), meaning the Golden Peninsula, was the name used for the Malay Peninsula by Greek and Roman geographers in cl ...
instead of the earlier "Golden Island", which derived from Indian accounts of the mines on
Sumatra. Beyond the Golden Chersonese, the
Great Gulf
The Great Gulf is a glacial cirque, or amphitheater-like valley head formed from a glacier by erosion, located in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The cirque's walls are formed, from south to north, by the mountainsides of Mount Washington (6 ...
(''Magnus Sinus'') forms a combination of the
Gulf of Thailand and
South China Sea which is bound by the unknown lands thought to enclose the Indian Sea.
China is divided into two realms—the
Qin (''Sinae'') and the Land of Silk (''Serica'')—owing to the different accounts received from the overland and maritime
Silk Roads.
The ''Geography'' and the map derived from it probably played an important role in the expansion of the
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...
to the East. Trade throughout the
Indian Ocean was extensive from the 2nd century, and many Roman trading ports have been identified in
India. From these ports,
Roman embassies to China are recorded in Chinese historical sources from around 166.
The Danish historian
Gudmund Schütte
Gudmund Schütte (17 January 1872– 12 July 1958) was a Danish philologist, historian and writer who specialized in Germanic studies.
Biography
Gudmund Schütte was born at Eskjær, Salling, Denmark on 17 January 1872, the son of landowner The ...
attempted to reconstruct the Danish part of Ptolemy's world map. It includes several place- and
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to conflic ...
-names, some of which Schütte assigned a contemporary equivalent. The most prominent feature of the map is the
peninsula Jutland placed north of the river ''
Albis
The Albis is a chain of hills in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, stretching for some 19 km from Sihlbrugg in the south to Waldegg near Zürich in the north. The chain forms, among others, the border between the Affoltern and Horgen ...
Trêva'', west of the ''Saxonôn''
Nesôi (
archipelago), east of the ''Skandiai'' Nêsoi, which itself lies west of a larger island ''Skandia''. ''Skandia'' is home to the ''
Goutai'' in the center, and the ''
Phiraisoi'' in the east.
North of Jutland lies a third archipelago ''Alokiai'' Nêsoi. South of the ''Albis'' live the ''
Lakkobardoi'' and to its north the ''
Saxones
The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic
*
*
*
*
peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the Nor ...
''. The west coast of Jutland is home to the ''Sigulônes'', the ''Sabaliggio'', the ''
Kobandoi
The Cobandi, Greek Kobandoi, were a Germanic tribe mentioned in Ptolemy's ''Geography'' (2.10), who lived in Jutland.
See also
*List of Germanic peoples
This list of ancient Germanic peoples is an inventory of ancient Germanic cultures, tribal ...
'', the ''Eundusioi'' and the northernmost ''Kimbroi'' (possibly
Cimbri
The Cimbri (Greek Κίμβροι, ''Kímbroi''; Latin ''Cimbri'') were an ancient tribe in Europe. Ancient authors described them variously as a Celtic people (or Gaulish), Germanic people, or even Cimmerian. Several ancient sources indicate that ...
). North and east is home to the ''Kimbrikê'' (possibly
Cimbri
The Cimbri (Greek Κίμβροι, ''Kímbroi''; Latin ''Cimbri'') were an ancient tribe in Europe. Ancient authors described them variously as a Celtic people (or Gaulish), Germanic people, or even Cimmerian. Several ancient sources indicate that ...
), the ''Chersonêsos'' and the ''
Charudes
The Charudes or Harudes were a Germanic group first mentioned by Julius Caesar as one of the tribes who had followed Ariovistus across the Rhine. While Tacitus' ''Germania'' makes no mention of them, Ptolemy's ''Geographia'' locates the Charudes ...
''.
References
External links
Ptolemaic imagesat the European Library
the first to use Ptolemy's 2nd projection, at the University of Minnesota
at Columbia University
Richard Donohue's presentation of Ptolemy's projection with modern geographic knowledgeGIS Analysis and Digital Reconstruction of Ptolemy's India beyond the Ganges, Serike and SinaeIterative Reconstruction of Ptolemy’s West Africa Using Modern GIS AnalysisVisualization and GIS Analysis of Ptolemy’s One-Sided Globe in the Old and Modern Contexts
{{cartography topics
World map
A world map is a map of most or all of the surface of Earth. World maps, because of their scale, must deal with the problem of projection. Maps rendered in two dimensions by necessity distort the display of the three-dimensional surface of ...
Historic maps of the world
Foreign relations of ancient Rome
2nd-century works