Pseudonocardia

''Pseudonocardia'' is the type genus of the bacteria family Pseudonocardiaceae. Members of this genus have been found living mutualistically on the cuticle of the leafcutter ants because the bacteria has antibiotic properties that protect the fungus grown by the ants. When they are grooming, their legs are passed over their mouth gland (metapleural gland) that produces the antibiotic and then their legs touch the fungi while they are walking around. The ants have metapleural glands that produce the antimicrobial components to eliminate the ''Escovopsis'' fungi. The bacteria may also be found in crypts on the propleural plate. ''Pseudonocardia'' is found to have antibiotic properties provided to the leaf-cutter ant to inhibit the growth of ''Escovopsis'', which is a black yeast that parasitizes the leaf-cutter ant.
''Pseudonocardia'' can be found in both aquatic (including marine) and terrestrial ecosystems. ''Pseudonocardia'' belongs to the phylum ''Actinobacteria.'' Most ''Actinobacteria'' grow in soils that are of a neutral pH. ''Actinobacteria'' are also important in plant-associated microbial communities are referred to as "free-living." This means that they are not dependent on another organism to live. For example: A non-free-living organism would be a parasite that depends on a host as a food source and a place for shelter. "Free-living" also allows these organisms to require less energy and food for survival. ''Pseudonocardia'' is catalase-positive, non-motile, aerobic and a non-acid-fasting bacteria and produces a gram positive reaction. Under the microscope they exhibit branching, rod-shaped organisms.


There are many different strains of ''Pseudonocardia'' and a good portion of these strains have been found in China, in soils of the forest, and in ''Eucalyptus'' trees of Australia.

Species

''Pseudonocardia'' comprises the following species:

* '' P. abyssalis'' Parra et al. 2021
* '' P. acaciae'' Duangmal et al. 2009
* '' P. acidicola'' Klaysubun et al. 2020
* '' P. adelaidensis'' Kaewkla and Franco 2010
* '' P. ailaonensis'' Qin et al. 2008
* '' P. alaniniphila'' (Xu et al. 1999) Huang et al. 2002
* '' P. alni'' (Evtushenko et al. 1989) Warwick et al. 1994
* '' P. ammonioxydans'' Liu et al. 2006
* '' P. antarctica'' Prabahar et al. 2004
* '' P. antimicrobica'' Zhao et al. 2021
* '' P. antitumoralis'' corrig. Tian et al. 2013
* '' P. artemisiae'' Zhao et al. 2011
* '' P. asaccharolytica'' Reichert et al. 1998
* '' P. aurantiaca'' (Xu et al. 1999) Huang et al. 2002
* '' P. autotrophica'' (Takamiya and Tubaki 1956) Warwick et al. 1994

* '' P. babensis'' Sakiyama et al. 2010

* '' P. bannensis'' corrig. Zhao et al. 2012
* '' P. benzenivorans'' Kämpfer and Kroppenstedt 2004
* '' P. broussonetiae'' Mo et al. 2021
* '' P. carboxydivorans'' Park et al. 2008
* '' P. chloroethenivorans'' Lee et al. 2004
* '' P. compacta'' Henssen et al. 1983
* '' P. cypriaca'' Sahin et al. 2014
* "'' P. cytotoxica''" Dhaneesha et al. 2021
* '' P. dioxanivorans'' Mahendra and Alvarez-Cohen 2005
* '' P. endophytica'' Chen et al. 2009
* '' P. eucalypti'' Kaewkla and Franco 2011
* '' P. halophobica'' (Akimov et al. 1989) McVeigh et al. 1994
* '' P. hierapolitana'' Sahin et al. 2014
* '' P. hispaniensis'' Cuesta et al. 2013
* "'' P. humida''" Zan et al. 2022
* '' P. hydrocarbonoxydans'' (Nolof and Hirsch 1962) Warwick et al. 1994
* '' P. khuvsgulensis'' Ara et al. 2011
* '' P. kongjuensis'' Lee et al. 2001
* '' P. kujensis'' Sahin et al. 2014
* '' P. kunmingensis'' Zhao et al. 2011
* '' P. lutea'' Gao et al. 2018
* '' P. mangrovi'' Chanama et al. 2018
* '' P. mongoliensis'' Ara et al. 2011
* '' P. nantongensis'' Xing et al. 2014
* '' P. nematodicida'' Liu et al. 2015
* '' P. nigra'' Trujillo et al. 2017
* '' P. nitrificans'' (ex Schatz et al. 1954) Warwick et al. 1994
* '' P. oceani'' Parra et al. 2021
* '' P. oroxyli'' Gu et al. 2006
* '' P. parietis'' Schäfer et al. 2009
* '' P. petroleophila'' (Hirsch and Engel 1956) Warwick et al. 1994
* '' P. pini'' Kaewkla and Franco 2022
* '' P. profundimaris'' Zhang et al. 2017
* '' P. rhizophila'' Li et al. 2012
* '' P. salamisensis'' Sahin et al. 2014
* '' P. saturnea'' (Hirsch 1960) Warwick et al. 1994
* '' P. sediminis'' Zhang et al. 2014
* '' P. seranimata'' corrig. Zhao et al. 2012

* '' P. sichuanensis'' Qin et al. 2012
* '' P. soli'' Thawai 2018
* '' P. spinosa'' Schäfer 1971 (Approved Lists 1980)
* '' P. spinosispora'' Lee et al. 2002
* '' P. sulfidoxydans'' Reichert et al. 1998
* '' P. terrae'' Muangham and Duangmal 2022
* '' P. tetrahydrofuranoxydans'' Kämpfer et al. 2006
* '' P. thailandensis'' Sujarit et al. 2017
* '' P. thermophila'' Henssen 1957 (Approved Lists 1980)
* "'' P. tritici''" Song et al. 2019
* '' P. tropica'' Qin et al. 2010

* '' P. xinjiangensis'' (Xu et al. 1999) Huang et al. 2002
* '' P. xishanensis'' Zhao et al. 2012

* '' P. yuanmonensis'' corrig. Nie et al. 2012
* '' P. yunnanensis'' (Jiang et al. 1991) Huang et al. 2002
* '' P. zijingensis'' Huang et al. 2002

References

External links

''Pseudonocardia'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity MetadatabasePhoto of ''Pseudonocardia''

Pseudonocardia
Bacteria genera
Taxa named by Aino Henssen
Taxa described in 1957

{{Pseudonocardineae-stub