''Pseudomonas citronellolis'' is a

Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall ...

bacillus ''Bacillus'' (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum ''Bacillota'', with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural ''Bacilli ...

bacterium Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...

that is used to study the mechanisms of

pyruvate Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOO−, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. Pyruvic aci ...

carboxylase. It was first isolated from forest

soil Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish ''dirt'' from ''soil'' by restricting the former te ...

, under

pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The World Flora Online created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accep ...

trees, in northern

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

Characteristics

''Pseudomonas citronellolis'' a

. It was first isolated from forest

, under

trees, in northern

. It has one polar flagellum allowing it to be motile.

Relationship with plants

On agar, ''P. citronellolis'' forms round white colonies that produce fluorescent green pigments. It also produces a

biofilm A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular ...

and is resistant to most

antibiotics An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention o ...

. The bacteria has a biotic relationship with its plant host (either with pine trees or basil). It produces a type of hormone that induces plant cell elongation and division, leading to an increase of local available nutrients.

Metabolic potential

The study of P. citronellolis is important because it could be used as a model to research metabolism and enzyme activity concerning glucose. It also has the potential for use in biodegradation of polyethylene.

Genome

The size of the genome is 6,951,444 bp with the size of DNA coding 6,028,113 bp. The average GC content is 67.11% and 4,665,300 bp . Of the 6169 predicted genes, 6071 (98.41%) were protein CDS of which 4762 genes had a function prediction. A total of 96 RNA genes were predicted including 15 rRNA. The Pseudomonas citronellolis's DNA isolation for a template's 16sR sequencing revealed 25 μl of diluted genomic DNA. BOXAIR, repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR analysis (REP-PCR), and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) were used as primers to amplify the DNA. PCR for the 29 strains of P. citronellolis yielded 8 to 12 amplified bands. These were very distinguishable with sizes ranging from 9,000 bp to 100 bp. REP-PCR produces the most complex amplified banding patterns, which reflected diversity among the P citronellolis strains isolated from different oily sludge-contaminated soil samples. The ribotype patterns of the P. citronellolis strains showed multiple

amplicon In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA or RNA that is the source and/or product of amplification (molecular biology), amplification or DNA replication, replication events. It can be formed artificially, using various methods including ...

s that strongly indicated polymorphism of the rRNA spacer region. This experiment on the genome did not contain any

plasmid A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; how ...

s and provided no evidence for its existence. Based on 16S

rRNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosoma ...

analysis, ''P. citronellolis'' has been placed in the ''

P. aeruginosa P. is an abbreviation or acronym that may refer to: * Page (paper), where the abbreviation comes from Latin ''pagina'' * Paris Herbarium, at the ''Muséum national d'histoire naturelle'' * ''Pani'' (Polish), translating as Mrs. * The ''Pacific Repo ...

'' group. ''P. citronellolis'' has also been found capable of the

biosynthesis Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. ...

of polyhydroxyal-kanoates from "linear mono- and dicarboxylic acids", a type of bacterial-synthesized

polyester Polyester is a category of polymers that contain the ester functional group in every repeat unit of their main chain. As a specific material, it most commonly refers to a type called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include natural ...

. The P. citronellolis P3B5 genome contains genes that encode for six predicted lactamases that resist against lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, the genome contains genes encoding for efflux pumps that provide resistances to other antibiotics, such as

trimethoprim Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for ''Pneumocystis'' pneumonia in peop ...

. The P3B5 genome encodes genes that should enable it to degrade alkanes. In combination with its stress-resilience and plant reliance lifestyle, makes this organism an intriguing candidate for plant remediation approaches. Resistance to several ABs was observed and several ABR genes were detected, but no evidence for the potential of ABR gene mobilization could be found.

References

External links

Type strain of ''Pseudomonas citronellolis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7255027 Pseudomonadales Bacteria described in 1960