Private universities and private colleges are institutions of
higher education
Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after compl ...
, not operated, owned, or institutionally funded by governments. They may (and often do) receive from governments
tax break
Tax break also known as tax preferences, tax concession, and tax relief, are a method of reduction to the tax liability of taxpayers. Government usually applies them to stimulate the economy and increase the solvency of the population. By this fi ...
s, public
student loans, and
grants
Grant or Grants may refer to:
Places
*Grant County (disambiguation)
Australia
* Grant, Queensland, a locality in the Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia
United Kingdom
*Castle Grant
United States
* Grant, Alabama
* Grant, Inyo County, ...
. Depending on their location, private universities may be subject to government regulation. Private universities may be contrasted with
public universities and
national universities. Many private universities are
nonprofit organization
A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in co ...
s.
Africa
Egypt
Egypt currently has 20 public universities (with about two million students) and 23 private universities (60,000 students).
Egypt has many private universities, including
The American University in Cairo, the
German University in Cairo, the
British University in Egypt, the
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport,
Misr University for Science and Technology,
Misr International University,
Future University in Egypt and
Modern Sciences and Arts University.
In addition to the state-funded, national and private universities in Egypt (
List of universities in Egypt), international university institutions were founded in the
New Administrative Capital, which are hosting branches of Universities from abroad. Among such university institutions are The Knowledge Hub (TKH) and European Universities in Egypt (EUE).
Ethiopia
Traditional higher institution of Ethiopia embraced by the
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ( am, የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን, ''Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan'') is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. One of the few Chris ...
doctrine. Modern higher education probably traced back during
Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother ( ...
Haile Selassie
Haile Selassie I ( gez, ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ, Qädamawi Häylä Səllasé, ; born Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (' ...
regime with the first university University College of Addis Ababa, now called the
Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa University (AAU) ( am, አዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ) is a national university located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is the oldest university in Ethiopia. AAU has thirteen campuses. Twelve of these are situated in Addis Ababa ...
(AAU) formed in 1950. In 1954, the
Haramaya University
Haramaya University (HU) ( am, ሐረማያ ዩኒቨርሲቲ; Oromo: ''Univarsiitii Haramayaa'') is a public research university in Haramaya, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It is approximately east of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Ministry of Science ...
opened.
As of 2022, there are 83 private universities, and 42 public universities, and more than 35 institution of higher learning. There are 16,305 students enrolled in the whole higher education.
Ghana
There were few private universities in Ghana before the beginning of the new millennium. Ghana has seen a flood of the establishment of private universities and colleges, which is a reflection of the country's stable governance, and the pace of economic growth. Most of these universities are not known to be sponsored by foreign corporate organisations and government universities, and the aim is to avoid the Ghanaian government's excessive payment of bond which is a requirement for all foreign institutions endeavouring to operate businesses in the country. Almost all the private universities in Ghana have a similar kind of academic discipline, like business administration, human resource, accounting, information technology, etc., which are offered by universities like
Ashesi,
Regent
A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...
,
Valley View,
Ghana Telecom
Vodafone Ghana, formerly Ghana Telecom, is the national telecommunications company of Ghana. The company in Ghana operates under Vodacom Group - Africa's leading mobile telecommunications company.
As of January 2020, it had around 9.3 million m ...
, and many others. The recent discovery of oil and gas in commercial quantities has influenced the development of oil and gas management courses within the private universities' curricula.
Libya
Libya has number of recognised private education institutions and universities, approved by the Ministry of Higher Education, ranked and qualified to specialise in academic programs in Business Administration, Computer Science, Law, Medicine and Humanitarian. These institutions include:
* Al Rifaq University for Humanitarian and Applied Science – Tripoli City
* Ibn Al Haytham Center for Technology Education and Scientific research – Tripoli City
* Libyan International Medical University – Benghazi City
* Libyan University for Humanitarian and Applied Science – Tajora City
* Tripoli Community University – Tripoli
* Tripoli Institute for Medical Sciences – Tripoli City
* United Africa University – Zawia City
Nigeria
The
National Universities Commission of Nigeria has the responsibility to approve private universities and accredit their courses. This ensures a minimum standard in curriculum and teaching. There are currently 60 approved private universities in Nigeria and many applications being processed.
South Africa
In
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring coun ...
there are many distinctions between public universities and what are officially termed private higher education institutions. Recognised private higher education institutions include Akademia (
af),
Eduvos Varsity College
Varsity College is a primary and secondary school in Varsity Lakes, Queensland
Varsity Lakes is a suburb in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. In the , Varsity Lakes had a population of 15,026 people.
The suburb was origin ...
,
Vega
Vega is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. It has the Bayer designation α Lyrae, which is Latinised to Alpha Lyrae and abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr. This star is relatively close at only from the Sun, a ...
,
Milpark,
Midrand Graduate Institute
The Eduvos - Midrand (formerly Pearson Institute of Higher Education And Midrand Graduate Institute) is a South African private higher education institution based in Midrand, Gauteng Province. It offers bachelor's degrees in commerce, informa ...
and
Regenesys Business School.
Asia
Bangladesh
A number of private universities were established in Bangladesh after the ''Private Universities Act, 1992'' was instituted, and consolidated and re-enacted as the ''Private Universities Act, 2010''. All private universities must be approved by
University Grants Commission (UGC) before they are given a permit to operate. See external links for: ''Private Universities Act 1992''.
As of April 2018, there were 97
private universities in Bangladesh.
Brunei
Private institutions must confer the students with external programmes such as BDTVEC (the largest awarding body in the country),
BTEC and
Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge Assessment International Education (informally known as Cambridge International or simply Cambridge and formerly known as CIE, Cambridge International Examinations) is a provider of international qualifications, offering examinations ...
pathways. Accreditation by Brunei Darussalam National Accreditation Council (BDNAC) is very crucial in order to establish a private institution.
*
Laksamana College of Business (Brunei Campus of
Kensington College of Business)
Cambodia
Since 1997, private universities have been established in the Kingdom of Cambodia.
*
IIC University of Technology (IICUT) – Phnom Penh
*
Zaman University (ZAMANU) – Phnom Penh
China
Since 2003, joint-partnership private universities have been established in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Typically, the partners are a Chinese university and a non-Chinese institution. English is often the only language of instruction at such universities, and many focus on providing a comprehensive liberal arts education modeled after research universities in the United States and Europe.
*
Sanda University – Shanghai
*
Duke Kunshan University
Duke Kunshan University (DKU) is a Wuhan University–Duke University joint venture, independently accredited university in Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
In 2018, Duke Kunshan University welcomed their first inaugural undergraduate class.
H ...
(DKU) – Kunshan, Jiangsu
*
SIAS International University (SIAS) – Xinzheng, Henan
*
United International College (UIC) – Zhuhai, Guangdong
*
University of Nottingham Ningbo, China (UNNC) – Ningbo, Zhejiang
*
Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU) – Suzhou, Jiangsu
* University of Xing Hua
Hong Kong
*
Hong Kong Shue Yan University- acquired university status on 19 December 2006
*
Hang Seng University of Hong Kong- acquired university status on 30 October 2018
India
Universities in India are recognized by the
University Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the ''University Grants Commission Act, 1956''.
Private universities in
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...
are regulated under the UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities) Regulations, 2003. Per the UGC act and these regulations, private universities are established by an act of state legislative assemblies and listed by the UGC in the Gazette upon receiving the act. As confirmed by ruling of the
Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India ( IAST: ) is the supreme judicial authority of India and is the highest court of the Republic of India under the constitution. It is the most senior constitutional court, has the final decision in all legal matters ...
, recognition by the UGC is required for the university to operate. Also per the 2003 regulations, the UGC sends committees to inspect the private universities and publishes their inspection report.
The UGC publishes and regularly updates the lists of private universities.
, the UGC list of private universities lists 421 universities.
Indonesia
(Incomplete list)
*
Islamic University of Indonesia – a private university located in
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
; established on 27 Rajab 1364
Hijri or on 8 July 1945 as STI (Sekolah Tinggi Islam – Islamic Higher School) by political figures of the day including Dr.
Muhammad Hatta,
Mohammad Natsir,
Mohammad Roem
Mohammad Roem (; May 16, 1908 – September 24, 1983) was a diplomat and one of Indonesia's leaders in the Indonesian war for independence. During the Sukarno presidency, he served as Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, and later Minis ...
, Wachid Hasyim as well as Abdul Kahar Mudzakir. STI developed into Universitas Islam Indonesia on 14 December 1947. Historically, UII is the first national university in Indonesia, and is also the oldest private university in the country.
*
Muhammadiyah University of Magelang
Muhammadiyah University of Magelang (''Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang'', abbreviated as Unimma) is a private university that belongs to Muhammadiyah organisation. The university was founded in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia on August 31 ...
– a private university belonging to Muhammadiyah organisation; known as UMMGL, standing for Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang; founded on August 31, 1964
*
Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta – a private Islamic university in
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
known as UMY and established in 1981.
*
Ma Chung University – a private university founded by
Peranakan Chinese Indonesians
Chinese Indonesians ( id, Orang Tionghoa Indonesia) and colloquially Chindo or just Tionghoa are Indonesians whose ancestors arrived from China at some stage in the last eight centuries.
Chinese people and their Indonesian descendants have ...
, established in 2007, located in
Malang
Malang (; ) is a landlocked city in the Indonesian province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and ...
,
East Java
East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and ...
.
*
Parahyangan Catholic University – a private university located in Bandung which was established on 1955
*
Telkom University
Telkom University (Indonesian: ''Universitas Telkom'', abbreviated as Tel-U) is a private university located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Tel-U has several times ranked as the top private university in Indonesia and has been ranked to be o ...
*
Bina Nusantara University
*
President University
Darma Persada Daigaku
Iran
*
Khayyam University of Mashhad
* The
Islamic Azad University system
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and express ...
*
University of Science and Culture
The University of Science and Culture (in Persian: ''Daneshgah Elm va Farhang'') is located in Tehran, Iran. University of Science and Culture is a research institution and university of engineering, science and art, offering both undergraduate ...
*
International University of Chabahar
* University of Ershad-Damavand
Iraq
*
Ahlulbait University College – Karbala
*
Al Hadbaa University College – Al Musel
*
Al Maamoon University College – Baghdad
*
Al Maarif University College – Al-Anbar
*
Al Mansour University College – Baghdad
*
Al Rafidain University College – Baghdad
*
Al Rasheed University College – Baghdad
*
Al Turath University College – Baghdad
*
Al Yarmouk University College – Diala
*Alsalam University College – Baghdad
*
Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University – Baghdad
*
Baghdad College of Pharmacy – Baghdad
*
Basrah University College of Science and Technology – Basrah
*
Business & Management University – Baghdad
*
Dijlah University College – Baghdad
*
Humanitarian Studies University College – Najaf
* Iraq University College – Basrah
*
Islamic University College – Najaf
* Konooz University College – Basrah
*
Madenat Alelem University College – Baghdad
*Shat Al Arab College – Basrah
*
University of Kurdistan Hewler – Erbil
*Komar University – Slaimani
*
Ishik University – Slaimani
*The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani
*
The American University of Kurdistan – Duhok
*Nawroz University – Erbil
*
Cihan University – Erbil
*
Cihan University – Slaimani
*
Knowledge University – Erbil
*British Royal University – Erbil
*
Catholic University
Catholic higher education includes universities, colleges, and other institutions of higher education privately run by the Catholic Church, typically by religious institutes. Those tied to the Holy See are specifically called pontifical uni ...
– Erbil
*Lebanese French University – Erbil
*Imam Jafar Asadiq university – Baghdad
Israel
*
Reichman University – Hertzeliya
Japan
Japan had 597 private universities, while there are 86
national universities and 95
public universities. Private universities thus account for over 75% of all universities in Japan. Many, but not all, junior colleges in Japan are private. Like public and national universities, many private universities use
National Center Test for University Admissions as an
entrance exam.
The most famous institutions are:
;
Kantō region
The is a geographical area of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. In a common definition, the region includes the Greater Tokyo Area and encompasses seven prefectures: Gunma, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tokyo, Chiba and Kanagawa. Sl ...
*
International Christian University
is a non-denominational private university located in Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan, commonly known as ICU. With the efforts of Prince Takamatsu, General Douglas MacArthur, and BOJ President Hisato Ichimada, ICU was established in 1949 as the first ...
*
Keio University
, mottoeng = The pen is mightier than the sword
, type = Private research coeducational higher education institution
, established = 1858
, founder = Yukichi Fukuzawa
, endowment ...
*
Sophia University
*
Tokyo University of Science
*
Waseda University
, mottoeng = Independence of scholarship
, established = 21 October 1882
, type = Private
, endowment =
, president = Aiji Tanaka
, city = Shinjuku
, state = Tokyo
, country = Japan
, students = 47,959
, undergrad = 39,382
, postgrad ...
:Another five colleges, called "
MARCH
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March ...
"
*
Meiji University
, abbreviated as Meiji (明治) or Meidai (明大'')'', is a private research university located in Chiyoda City, the heart of Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1881 as Meiji Law School (明治法律学校, ''Meiji Hōritsu Gakkō'') by three Meiji-er ...
*
Aoyama Gakuin University
is a private Christian university in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Originally established in 1874 by missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal Church, it was reconfigured in its current form in 1949 as part of Aoyama Gakuin. Aoyama Gakuin University ...
*
Rikkyo University
*
Chuo University
, commonly referred to as or , is a private flagship research university in Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1885 as Igirisu Hōritsu Gakkō (the English Law School), Chuo is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions in the country. The univer ...
*
Hosei University
is a private university based in Tokyo, Japan.
The university originated in a school of law, Tōkyō Hōgakusha (, i.e. Tokyo association of law), established in 1880, and the following year renamed Tōkyō Hōgakkō (, i.e. Tokyo school of la ...
*
Takushoku University
Takushoku University (拓殖 大学; ''Takushoku Daigaku'', abbreviated as 拓大 ''Takudai'') is a private university in Tokyo, Japan. It was founded in 1900 by Duke Taro Katsura (1848–1913).
;
Chūbu region
The , Central region, or is a region in the middle of Honshū, Japan's main island. In a wide, classical definition, it encompasses nine prefectures (''ken''): Aichi, Fukui, Gifu, Ishikawa, Nagano, Niigata, Shizuoka, Toyama, and ...
*
Nanzan University
;
Kansai region
The or the , lies in the southern-central region of Japan's main island Honshū. The region includes the prefectures of Nara, Wakayama, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo and Shiga, often also Mie, sometimes Fukui, Tokushima and Tottori. The metropoli ...
*
Doshisha University
*
Kansai University
*
Kwansei Gakuin University
*
Kindai University
is a private non-sectarian and coeducational university based in Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan with campuses in five other locations: Nara, Nara; Ōsakasayama, Osaka; Uchita, Wakayama; Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima; and Iizuka, Fukuoka.
T ...
*
Ritsumeikan University
is a private university in Kyoto, Japan, that traces its origin to 1869. With the Kinugasa Campus (KIC) in Kyoto, and Kyoto Prefecture, the university also has a satellite called Biwako-Kusatsu Campus (BKC) and Osaka-Ibaraki Campus (OIC).
Tod ...
Jordan
There are one private university in Madaba city:
*
American University of Madaba (AUM).
Kuwait
There are 11 private universities and colleges in Kuwait:
*
American University of Kuwait
The American University of Kuwait is a private liberal arts institution based on the American model of higher education in Kuwait. Although established in 2003, the University opened to students, faculty and the general public in September 2004. ...
(AUK)
* American International University (AIU)
*
Kuwait College of Science and Technology (KCST)
*
American University of the Middle East (AUM)
*
Australian College of Kuwait (ACK)
*
Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST)
* Kuwait-Maastricht Business School
* American College of the Middle East (ACM)
* Arab Open University (AOU) – Kuwait branch
* Box Hill College Kuwait
* College of Aviation Technology
Lebanon
There are 19 private universities in Lebanon. Among these, the
American University of Beirut
The American University of Beirut (AUB) ( ar, الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت) is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its campus in Beirut, Lebanon. AUB is governed by a private, aut ...
and the
Lebanese American University are internationally acknowledged.
The languages of teaching in private universities are mainly
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
and
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ...
, while
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
is widely used in religious universities and
Armenian is used in the
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''O ...
n university.
The first university opened in Lebanon was the Syrian Protestant College in 1866 (which became the American University of Beirut in 1921). It was founded by Daniel Bliss, a Protestant missionary. The second university opened in Lebanon was the
Université Saint-Joseph
Saint Joseph University of Beirut (French: ''Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth'', abbreviated to and commonly known as "USJ") is a private Catholic research university located in Beirut, Lebanon, which was founded in 1875 by French Jesuit ...
, founded by the
Jesuit
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
s in 1875.
Macau
*
City University of Macau
*
Macau University of Science and Technology
*
University of Saint Joseph
Malaysia
The private universities include:
*
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
*
Curtin University Sarawak
*
Monash University Malaysia Campus
*
Multimedia University
*
New Era University College
*
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus
*
Southern University College
*
Sunway University
*
Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus
*
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College
*
Taylor's University
*
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
*
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (abbreviated as UTAR; ) is a non-profit private research university in Malaysia. It is ranked top 100 in the Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings 2018 and top 1200 in the Times Higher Education Wor ...
*
Wawasan Open University
For complete list of private universities in Malaysia, see the
list of private universities in Malaysia.
Myanmar
The private universities include:
*
Info Myanmar University
* STI Myanmar University
* Myanmar Imperial University
*
Victoria University College
Victoria University of Wellington ( mi, Te Herenga Waka) is a university in Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 1897 by Act of New Zealand Parliament, Parliament, and was a constituent college of the University of New Z ...
* Strategy First University
* Gusto University
* Chindwin College
* IQY Technical College
* STC Technological University
* IPEM Technological University
* Myanmar Commercial Management Institute (MCMI)
* Mandalay Business School
Nepal
*
Kathmandu University
Kathmandu University (KU) ( ne, काठमाण्डौ विश्वविद्यालय) is a public autonomous university in Nepal. It is the third oldest university in Nepal, located in Dhulikhel of Kavrepalanchok District, about ...
– When established in November 1991 as a non-profit, autonomous, public university,
by an Act, Kathmandu University became the first privately managed public institution of higher learning in Nepal.
Pakistan
The Higher Education Commission (HEC), formerly the University Grant Commission (UGC), is the primary regulator of higher education in Pakistan. It also facilitates the development of the higher educational system in Pakistan. Its main purpose is to upgrade the schools to be world-class centres of education, research and development. It also plays a leading role towards building a knowledge-based economy in Pakistan by giving out hundreds of doctoral scholarships for education abroad every year.
In spite of the criticism of the HEC, its creation has also had a positive impact on higher education in Pakistan. Its two-year report for 2004 to 2006 states that according to the Institute of Scientific Information, the total number of publications appearing in the 8,000 leading journals indexed in the web of science arising out of Pakistan in 2005 was 1,259 articles, representing a 41% increase over the past two years and a 60% increase since the establishment of HEC in 2002. The HEC digital library now provides access to over 20,000 leading research journals, covering about 75% of the world's peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan:
Aga Khan University
Aga Khan University is a non-profit institution and an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. It was Founded in 1983 as Pakistan's first private university. Starting in 2000, the university expanded to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, the United Ki ...
, established in 1983 and
Lahore University of Management Sciences, established in 1985. By 1997, however, there were 10 private universities. In 2001–2002, this number had doubled to 20. Among the first to gain degree awarding status was
Hajvery University, Lahore (HU), established in 1990. In 2003–2004 Pakistan had a total of 83 private degree granting institutions.
Saudi Arabia
There are nine private universities in Saudi Arabia:
*
Al Yamamah University
*
Alfaisal University
*
Arab Open University
The Arab Open University (AOU) is a non-profit university. The inception of AOU is a personal initiative by Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( ar, طلال بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ''Ṭalāl bin ʿ ...
*
Dar Al Uloom University
*
Effat University
Effat University ( ar, جامعة عفّت) is a private non-profit institution of higher education for men and women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, operating under ...
*
Fahd bin Sultan University
*
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
*
Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University
*
Prince Sultan University
Singapore
Stansfield College, founded in 1993, is a private higher education institution and a provider of the
University of London International Programmes in
Singapore
Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
. Through its collaboration with the
University of London
The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degr ...
, Stansfield offers undergraduate degrees and diplomas in a range of academic disciplines which include Law, the Humanities, and the EMFSS suite of programmes with specialisations in Accounting, Business & Management, Banking & Finance, Economics, Mathematics & Economics and the Social Sciences.
The college has also expanded its range of programmes to include several university foundation awards including certificate and diploma programmes that allow students to progress academically at Stansfield or to gain admissions into overseas universities. The college also provides postgraduate diplomas and executive development courses and seminars.
The college enrolls over 500, with students from over 30 countries studying at its campus.
Auston Institute of Management is another example of a private 'university' where students who study at the college receive university awards from degree-awarding partners overseas. Auston rose to fame in the early 2000s with a collaboration with
Coventry University. This partnership ended in 2012 and was replaced with new partners including
London South Bank University
London South Bank University (LSBU) is a public university in Elephant and Castle, London. It is based in the London Borough of Southwark, near the South Bank of the River Thames, from which it takes its name. Founded in 1892 as the Borough ...
,
University of Wolverhampton
The University of Wolverhampton is a public university located on four campuses across the West Midlands (county), West Midlands, Shropshire and Staffordshire in England. The roots of the university lie in the Wolverhampton Tradesmen's and Mech ...
,
Birmingham City University,
Chichester University and
De Montfort University. Auston is known for its hands-on approach and its emphasis in technical areas of study such as electronics, mechatronics, computer security, and various forms of software engineering.
Auston graduates about 400 students per year from as many as eight different countries, all studying in Singapore for UK degree awards.
South Korea
*
Busan University of Foreign Studies
*
Chung-Ang University
*
Dong-A University
*
Dongseo University
*
Handong Global University
Handong Global University (Korean: 한동대학교, Hanja: 韓東大學校) is a private evagelical four-year university located in Pohang, North Gyeongsang, South Korea.
Overview
The student body numbers about 4,000, from more than 30 di ...
*
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
*
Hanyang University
Hanyang University (Korean: 한양대학교) is a private research university in South Korea. The main campus is located in Seoul and its satellite campus, the Education Research Industry Cluster (ERICA campus), is in Ansan. ''Hanyang'' (한양, ...
*
Hongik University
*
Konkuk University
*
Keimyung University
*
Kookmin University
*
Korea University
Korea University (KU, ) is a private research university in Seoul, South Korea, established in 1905. The university is included as one of the SKY universities, a popular acronym referring to Korea's three most prestigious universities.
Th ...
*
Kwangwoon University
*
Kyung Hee University
Kyung Hee University (abbreviated to KHU) ( Hangul: 경희대학교; Hanja: 慶熙大學校) is a private research university in South Korea with campuses in Seoul and Suwon. Founded in 1949, it is widely regarded as one of the best universit ...
*
Kyungsung University
*
Sogang University
*
Sungkyunkwan University
*
Yonsei University
Sri Lanka
In
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
state recognized private institutes are allowed to award degrees under Section 25A of the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978. The
University Grants Commission is responsible for the accreditation of these institutes and degrees. These mostly provide undergraduate degrees, with a limited few proving postgraduate degrees. The Informatics Institute of Sri Lanka (IIT), NSBM Green University (NSBM), Horizon Campus and Sri Lanka Institute for Information Technology (SLIIT) are examples. Some foreign universities franchise parts of their degree courses in Sri Lanka with local institutes. Students are charged for the study (some of these institutes are state funded institutions of their home countries) and these charges are often a fraction of the cost studying in the home countries of these institutions.
Efforts to establish private universities have been blocked due to protests from state universities' undergraduates and leftist political parties.
However many private colleges have sprung up one of which is the affiliated campus of Auston Institute of Management, Singapore. The Sri Lanka campus was established in 2010 and is a Board of Investment or (BOI) company. It retains a similar focus to the home campus and occupies a prime spot along Colombo's famous Galle Road.
Syria
* Al-Andalus University
* Al Rasheed International University
*
Al-Shahba University
*
Al-Wataniya Private University
* Aljazeera University
*
Arab International University
* Ebla Private University
* Hawash Private University
*
International University for Science and Technology
* Ittihad Private University
*
Mamoun University for Science and Technology
*
Syrian Private University
* University of Kalamoon
*
Wadi International University
*
Yarmouk Private University
Taiwan
In Taiwan, unlike the United States, private universities are typically not as prestigious as some public (national) universities. They are not as highly ranked as public institutions, and also cost nearly twice as much. This is due to the form of testing in schools in Taiwan, in which students take a national entrance exam to determine their university qualifications. The famous private university is
Fu Jen Catholic University
Fu Jen Catholic University (FJU, FJCU or Fu Jen; or ) is a private Catholic university in Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan. The university was founded in 1925 in Beijing at the request of Pope Pius XI and re-established in Taiwan in 1961 a ...
, and the earliest is
Tunghai University
Tunghai University (THU; ) is the oldest private university in Taiwan, established in 1955. It was founded by the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia (UBCHEA). It is located in Xitun District, Taichung, Taiwan. According to ...
.
Thailand
*
Asia-Pacific International University – Saraburi
*
Asian University – Chonburi
*
Assumption University – Bangkok
*
Bangkok University – Bangkok
*
Bangkokthonburi University – Bangkok
*
Chaopraya University – Nakhon Sawan
* Christian University – Nakhon Pathom
*
Chulabhorn Graduate Institute – Bangkok
*
Dhurakij Pundit University
Dhurakij Pundit University ( th, มหาวิทยาลัยธุรกิจบัณฑิตย์; , ; ''thurakit'' translates to "business", ''bandit'' to "scholar") is a university in Bangkok, Thailand. Founded as Dhurakij Pundit Col ...
– Bangkok
*
Dusit Thani College – Bangkok
* E-sarn University – Khon Kaen
* Eastern Asia University – Pathumthani
*
The Far Eastern University – Chiang Mai
*
Hatyai University – Songkhla
*
Huachiew Chalermprakiet University – Bangkok
*
Kasem Bundit University – Bangkok
*
Krirk University – Bangkok
*
Mahanakorn University of Technology
Mahanakorn University of Technology ( th, มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีมหานคร, short MUT) is a university in Thailand. The university was established on February 27, 1990 at Nong Chok District, Bangkok. ...
– Bangkok
*
North Chiang Mai University – Chiang Mai
* North Eastern University – Khon Kaen
*
Pathumthani University – Pathumthani
*
Payap University – Chiang Mai
*
Rangsit University – Pathumthani
* Ratchathani University – Ubon Ratchathani
* Rattana Bundit University – Bangkok
*
Saint John's University St John's University may refer to:
*St. John's University (New York City)
**St. John's University School of Law
**St. John's University (Italy) - Overseas Campus
*College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, St. Joseph, Minnesota and Col ...
– Bangkok
*
Shinawatra University – Pathumthani
*
Siam University – Bangkok
* South-East Asia University – Bangkok
*
Sripatum University – Khon Kaen and Bangkok
*
Stamford International University – Phetchaburi
*
Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology – Bangkok
*
Thonburi University – Bangkok
*
University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce – Bangkok
*
Vongchavalitkul University – Nakhon Ratchasima
*
Webster University Thailand – Phetchaburi
* Yala Islamic University – Yala
United Arab Emirates
* World Master Academy – Dubai
Vietnam
Since the 1990s a lot of private universities have opened in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City Open University was one of the first. Typical characteristics of Vietnamese private universities are higher (very high in some cases) tuition fees, poor infrastructure, and limited faculty and human resources.
Private universities are often named after scholars (Fulbright University Vietnam, Vo Truong Toan University,
Nguyen Trai University, Luong The Vinh University, Chu Van An University,
Yersin University,
Phan Chau Trinh University), or heroes/legends (
Hung Vuong University,
Quang Trung University), although there are exceptions, such as
FPT University, named after the FPT Group and
Tan Tao University
Tan or TAN may refer to:
Businesses and organisations
* Black and Tans, a nickname for British special constables during the Irish War of Independence. By extension "Tans" can now also colloquially refer to English or British people in general, es ...
, in
Tan Tao Group.
In Vietnam, there exists the "semi-private university"; schools in this category can receive partial financial support from the government. Almost all private universities have to invite professors and lecturers from the state universities. Many lecturers from state-owned universities take up positions in private universities after their retirement.
Europe
Armenia
There are a number of private universities and independent faculties in
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''O ...
, mostly in
Yerevan
Yerevan ( , , hy, Երևան , sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and i ...
. As of 2022, there are 31 private higher education institutions in the country, most notably is the
American University of Armenia and the
Eurasia International University.
Austria
In
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
, educational institutions must be authorised by the country to legally grant
academic degree
An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university. These institutions commonly offer degrees at various levels, usually including und ...
s. All state-run universities are governed by the 2002 Austrian Universities' and University Degree Programmes' Organisation Act (Federal Law Gazette No. 120/2002). In 1999, a federal law (''Universitäts-Akkreditierungsgesetz'') was passed to allow the
accreditation
Accreditation is the independent, third-party evaluation of a conformity assessment body (such as certification body, inspection body or laboratory) against recognised standards, conveying formal demonstration of its impartiality and competence to ...
of private universities. The ''Akkreditierungsrat'' (Accreditation Council) evaluates applicants and issues recommendations to the responsible Austrian accreditation authority (the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science & Research).
Accreditation by the council yields a couple of privileges: degrees issued by accredited private universities have the same legal status as those issued by state-run universities. Private universities can appoint or promote
professor
Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professo ...
s. Their students enjoy the same privileges pertaining to social security, foreigner law and state scholarships as students of the state universities. Educational services of private universities are not subject to
value added tax
A value-added tax (VAT), known in some countries as a goods and services tax (GST), is a type of tax that is assessed incrementally. It is levied on the price of a product or service at each stage of production, distribution, or sale to the en ...
, and donations are tax deductible.
Accreditations must be renewed regularly and can be withdrawn, e.g. in the case of repeated academic misconduct as happened in 2003 when the accreditation of
International University Vienna was withdrawn. In 2006, when the accreditation of
Imadec University expired, the Accreditation Council rejected requests for renewal.
Austrian law provides that private universities in Austria must use the term ''Privatuniversität'' (literally, "private university") in their
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
names, although their formal names in other languages are not regulated. Thus, there is the possibility of private institutions employing the term "university" as opposed to "private university" in their advertisements in all languages except German while still complying with Austrian law.
While the legal definition of "private university" prohibits funding by the federal government of Austria, funding by other public bodies is not prohibited. Consequently, some of Austria's private universities are partly or wholly funded by provincial governments, while others are fully privately funded.
Accreditation of private universities began in 2001. , Austria has 16 private universities. Most are small (fewer than 1000 students) and specialise in only one or two fields of study:
*
Anton Bruckner Private University –
Linz
Linz ( , ; cs, Linec) is the capital of Upper Austria and third-largest city in Austria. In the north of the country, it is on the Danube south of the Czech border. In 2018, the population was 204,846.
In 2009, it was a European Capital ...
* Bertha von Suttner Private University – Sankt Pölten
*
Catholic Private University Linz
*
Central European University
Central European University (CEU) is a private research university accredited in Austria, Hungary, and the United States, with campuses in Vienna and Budapest. The university is known for its highly intensive programs in the social science ...
– Vienna
*
Danube Private University –
Krems an der Donau
*
Gustav Mahler Private University for Music –
Klagenfurt am Wörthersee
Klagenfurt am WörtherseeLandesgesetzblatt 2008 vom 16. Jänner 2008, Stück 1, Nr. 1: ''Gesetz vom 25. Oktober 2007, mit dem die Kärntner Landesverfassung und das Klagenfurter Stadtrecht 1998 geändert werden.'/ref> (; ; sl, Celovec), usually ...
*
Jam Music Lab Private University for Jazz and Popular Music Vienna
* Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences –
Krems an der Donau
*
Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna –
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
*
Modul University Vienna
*
New Design University St. Pölten
*
Paracelsus Medical University –
Salzburg
Salzburg (, ; literally "Salt-Castle"; bar, Soizbuag, label=Austro-Bavarian) is the fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020, it had a population of 156,872.
The town is on the site of the Roman settlement of ''Iuvavum''. Salzburg was founded ...
*
Seeburg Castle University in Seekirchen – near Salzburg
*
Sigmund Freud University Vienna
*
UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology –
Hall in Tirol
Hall in Tyrol is a town in the Innsbruck-Land district of Tyrol, Austria. Located at an altitude of 574 m, about 5 km (3 mi) east of the state's capital Innsbruck in the Inn valley, it has a population of about 13,000 (Jan 2013).
Histo ...
*
Webster Vienna Private University (also accredited in the
US)
Four former private universities are not accredited any more:
*
International University Vienna: Accreditation was withdrawn in 2003 due to academic misconduct.
*
Imadec University: First accreditation period ended in January 2006 and was not renewed.
* TCM Privatuniversität Li Shi Zhen in
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
: Accreditation period ended 2009; TCM did not call for renewal. All students could finish their studies.
*
PEF Private University of Management Vienna: The university closed for economic reasons in March 2012. All students could finish their studies.
Belgium
Belgium makes a distinction between ''free'' institutions (as in free from the State), which are recognised and funded by the
Communities of Belgium (the State until 1990) and follow the same rules and laws as fully public universities, and fully private institutions, which are not recognised nor funded by the authorities, and thus do not issue valid degrees.
Private (''free'') institutions are predominantly Catholic, :
UCLouvain,
KU Leuven
KU Leuven (or Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) is a Catholic research university in the city of Leuven, Belgium. It conducts teaching, research, and services in computer science, engineering, natural sciences, theology, humanities, medicine, ...
or
Saint-Louis University, Brussels
Saint-Louis University, Brussels or UCLouvain Saint-Louis Brussels (officially, in French Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles) is a public university in Brussels, belonging to the French Community of Belgium and specialized in social and h ...
. On the contrary, the
Free University of Brussels (nowadays split into
ULB and
VUB) was founded by
masonic
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...
individuals. All started to get recognised by the State from 1891 onwards.
It is forbidden by law to call a fully private institution "university" or "faculty", meaning fully private (non-''free'') 'universities' have limited visibility.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
has a number of private universities, among which the most renowned are
New Bulgarian University, located in the capital city
Sofia
Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and h ...
;
Burgas Free University;
Varna Free University and
American University in Bulgaria.
Finland
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bot ...
does not officially recognise private universities, but does not explicitly forbid them either.
Helsinki School of Business is an example of one such educational institution operating in this market.
France
Since 1880, it is forbidden by law for a private institution to be called "université", and the most of the universities are public.
Some elder private institutions are created in
1875
Events
January–March
* January 1 – The Midland Railway of England abolishes the Second Class passenger category, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of th ...
, under the regime of the Free Higher Education Act of 1875. These institutions are called ''catholic universities'' or ''la Catho'', since 1880 formally the''Catholic Institutes''. There are five :
*
Lille Catholic University
*
Lyon Catholic University
*
Paris Catholic University
*
Catholic University of Toulouse
*
West Catholic University.
These institutions provide courses in all academic fields (engineering, law, medical, economics, arts, business administration, sociology). One may join university after a high school degree and study there for a ''licence'' (bachelor), master's degree, or doctoral program. By law private institutions may grant State's degrees after to contract with public universities.
''Grandes écoles'' can be public or private, but the most prestigious ones are public. These institutions operate mostly in engineering studies and business administration. Universities and ''grandes écoles'' compete in these two fields. Some of them report to the Ministry of Higher Education, such as
Arts et Métiers ParisTech and
École centrale Paris, and a few to the Ministry of Defense, such as
École polytechnique
École may refer to:
* an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée)
* École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France
* École, Savoi ...
. Several private ''grandes écoles'' are members of the
''Conférence des Grandes Écoles'', a lobbying group representing grandes écoles. Most ''grandes écoles'' can be joined after following two years of ''
classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles
The ''classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles'' (CPGE) (English: Higher School Preparatory Classes), commonly called ''classes prépas'' or ''prépas'', are part of the French post-secondary education system. They consist of two years of stud ...
'', an intensive program following the ''
baccalauréat
The ''baccalauréat'' (; ), often known in France colloquially as the ''bac'', is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education (at the end of the ''lycée'') by meeting certain ...
''. A selective examination after the two additional years is taken to enter a ''grande école''. Following the
Bologna Process, this full 5 year courses (two years of preparatory classes plus 3 years in engineering or business school) is equivalent to a master's degree.
Grandes écoles for studying business administration are usually part of the
chambers of commerce
A chamber of commerce, or board of trade, is a form of business network. For example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to a ...
. For example,
HEC is part of the Chamber of Commerce of Paris (
CCIP), and is therefore semi-private.
Germany
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...
has 83 private universities (called ''Privathochschule'') and 45 church-run universities (called ''kirchliche Hochschule''). Similar to the state-run universities, they are subdivided into ''Universitäten'' (research universities), ''
Fachhochschule
A ''Fachhochschule'' (; plural ''Fachhochschulen''), abbreviated FH, is a university of applied sciences (UAS), in other words a German tertiary education institution that provides professional education in many applied sciences and applied art ...
n'' (universities of applied science) and ''Kunst- und Musikhochschulen'' (
art schools). Private universities in Germany need institutional accreditation by the state.
The first private university in Germany, the
Ukrainian Free University, was established 16 September 1950 in Munich.
EBS University of Business and Law opened in 1971.
Witten/Herdecke University opened in 1982 and
Zeppelin University in 2003. Though private universities are numerous in Germany, they represent only less than 1% of all students. Some private universities, including
Hanseatic University Rostock (2007–2009) and the International University in Germany in
Bruchsal
Bruchsal (; orig. Bruohselle, Bruaselle, historically known in English as Bruxhall; South Franconian: ''Brusel'') is a city at the western edge of the Kraichgau, approximately 20 km northeast of Karlsruhe in the state of Baden-Württemberg, ...
, have gone out of business.
Most of the church universities are run by the Protestant or Catholic churches; however, there is one Jewish university (''Hochschule für Jüdische Studien'') in
Heidelberg
Heidelberg (; Palatine German: ') is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914, of which roughly a quarter consisted of students ...
.
Greece
In
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...
private universities are prohibited by
the constitution (Article 16). However, laboratories of liberal studies (, ) operate freely in the country, and, based on a law from the 1930s they are registered as private for-profit businesses and regulated by the Greek Ministry of Commerce. Their academic degrees, which are not recognised in Greece, are directly provided to students by foreign universities in the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and ...
,
United States of America
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...
, or other countries, usually through
franchise or validation agreements (the franchise agreement usually being considered better). This has limited access to the laboratories, which usually teach in English, to high-income Greeks who for various reasons (usually family matters) did not want to go abroad.
In 2008 a law was introduced that forced all private institutions collaborating with foreign universities to offer programmes in the country, to register with the Greek Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs as ''
college
A college (Latin: ''collegium'') is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university, an institution offerin ...
s'' (, ) by August 2009. Further amendments to the framework in 2010, 2012 and 2013 (4111/2013, 4093/2012) were introduced. Today there are a series of
private colleges in Greece mostly in
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates a ...
and
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (; el, Θεσσαλονίκη, , also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of ...
.
Hungary
*
Central European University
Central European University (CEU) is a private research university accredited in Austria, Hungary, and the United States, with campuses in Vienna and Budapest. The university is known for its highly intensive programs in the social science ...
– Budapest; a founding member of the
European University Association
The European University Association (EUA) represents more than 800 institutions of higher education in 48 countries, providing them with a forum for cooperation and exchange of information on higher education and research policies. Members of th ...
(EUA)
Ireland
In the
Republic of Ireland
Ireland ( ga, Éire ), also known as the Republic of Ireland (), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern side of the island. ...
, a private university (more commonly known as a ''private college'') is one that is not funded by the state, and therefore not covered by the free-fees initiative. All
universities
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United State ...
,
institutes of technology,
colleges of education, and the
National College of Ireland and some religious institutions are publicly funded and therefore covered by ''free-fees'' initiative. There are few private colleges, and they are highly specialised, such as
Griffith College Dublin
Griffith College ( ga, Coláiste Uí Ghríofa) is one of the two largest, and one of the longest-established private, third level (higher education) colleges in Ireland.
Overview
Established in 1974, with four campuses in Dublin, Cork and Li ...
,
Dorset College and
Dublin Business School. The
Higher Education Colleges Association is a representative body for private colleges in Ireland. Private colleges in Ireland can seek to have their programmes validated/accredited by the
Higher Education and Training Awards Council
The Higher Education and Training Awards Council ( ga, Comhairle na nDámhachtainí Ardoideachais agus Oiliúna) (HETAC), the legal successor to the ''National Council for Educational Awards'' (NCEA), granted higher education awards in Ireland ...
.
Italy
*
Maria SS. Assunta University – LUMSA (
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus ( legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
,
Palermo
Palermo ( , ; scn, Palermu , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The city is noted for its ...
,
Taranto
Taranto (, also ; ; nap, label=Tarantino, Tarde; Latin: Tarentum; Old Italian: ''Tarento''; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto, serving as an important comme ...
,
Gubbio
Gubbio () is an Italian town and '' comune'' in the far northeastern part of the Italian province of Perugia (Umbria). It is located on the lowest slope of Mt. Ingino, a small mountain of the Apennines.
History
The city's origins are very ancient. ...
)
*
University of International Studies of Rome – UNINT (Rome)
*
Link Campus University
Link Campus University ( it, Università degli studi Link Campus University), formerly Link Campus—University of Malta, is a proprietary, for-profit university located in Rome, Italy, and owned by the for-profit Italian franchise chain ...
(Rome)
*
IULM University
The IULM University - Milan ( it, Libera Università di Lingue e Comunicazione IULM ) is a university located in Milan, Italy. It was founded in 1968 and is organized in four faculties.
.
History and profile
The University Institute fo ...
(
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city ...
)
*
LUISS – Free International University for Social Studies "Guido Carli" (Rome)
* Jean Monnet Free University (
Casamassima
Casamassima ( Barese: ) is a town and '' comune'' of 19,786 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Bari, in Apulia, southern Italy. Is also called "The Blue Town". The town is located inland from the Italian coastline, thrives and is built on a ...
)
*
Carlo Cattaneo University -LIUC (
Castellanza)
*
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
(Milan, Rome,
Brescia
Brescia (, locally ; lmo, link=no, label= Lombard, Brèsa ; lat, Brixia; vec, Bressa) is a city and '' comune'' in the region of Lombardy, Northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, a few kilometers from the lakes Garda and Iseo ...
,
Campobasso
Campobasso (, ; nap, label= Campobassan, Cambuàsce ) is a city and '' comune'' in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Molise and of the province of Campobasso. It is located in the high basin of the Biferno river, surrounded by ...
,
Piacenza,
Cremona
Cremona (, also ; ; lmo, label= Cremunés, Cremùna; egl, Carmona) is a city and ''comune'' in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the ''Pianura Padana'' ( Po Valley). It is the capital of the ...
)
*
Biomedical University of Rome (Rome)
*
Bocconi University (Milan)
*
Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples (
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adm ...
,
Pomigliano d'Arco,
Salerno
Salerno (, , ; nap, label= Salernitano, Saliernë, ) is an ancient city and ''comune'' in Campania (southwestern Italy) and is the capital of the namesake province, being the second largest city in the region by number of inhabitants, after ...
)
*
University of Gastronomic Sciences (
Bra,
Colorno)
*
Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (Milan,
Cesano Maderno
Cesano Maderno (Milanese: Cesaa) is a town and ''comune'' of about 39,000 inhabitants in the province of Monza and Brianza, Lombardy, northern Italy. The town borders with the towns of Seveso in the north, in the south with Bovisio-Masciago, in ...
)
* European University of Rome (Rome)
*
Humanitas University (
Rozzano)
Netherlands
Nyenrode Business University is the only private university in the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
at the graduate level. The university was founded in 1946. It serves as a
graduate school
Postgraduate or graduate education refers to academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate ( bachelor's) degree.
The organization and ...
for business and management. Both programs are taught in English. Recently, Nyenrode merged with the Institute for CPA Education and both institutions share their facilities. The Nyenrode Business University also contains a campus and active student body.
Other Dutch private universities are universities of applied science where one can obtain a bachelor's or master's degree but not a PhD. These include
Wittenborg University, Business School Notenboom (founded in 1958) and IVA Driebergen for the automotive industry with its earliest beginnings in 1930.
Poland
*
SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
*
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin ( pl, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, la, Universitas Catholica Lublinensis Ioannis Pauli II, abbreviation KUL), established in 1918. It is the only private college in Poland with the s ...
There are 321 accredited private colleges in Poland. They award bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and doctorate degrees.
Portugal
The oldest non-state-run university, the ''
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
The Catholic University of Portugal (Portuguese: ''Universidade Católica Portuguesa'', pronounced nivɨɾsiˈðad(ɨ) kɐˈtɔlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ, also referred to as Católica or UCP for short, is a concordat university (non-state-run univers ...
'' – UCP (Catholic University of Portugal), a
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
private university (
concordat
A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,René Metz, ''What is Canon Law?'' (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960 st Edi ...
ory status) was the first to be founded, in 1967, and officially recognized in 1971. UCP offers some well-recognized degrees and is reputed for the economics, law and business management degrees it awards at its Lisbon branch.
After the
Carnation Revolution
The Carnation Revolution ( pt, Revolução dos Cravos), also known as the 25 April ( pt, 25 de Abril, links=no), was a military coup by left-leaning military officers that overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime on 25 April 1974 in Lisbo ...
of 1974, in the 1980s and 1990s, a boom of educational private institutions was experienced in Portugal, and many private universities started to open. Most had a poor reputation and were known for making it easy for students to enter and also to get high grades. In 2007, several of those private universities, or their heirs, were investigated and faced compulsory closing (for example, the infamous
Independente University and
Internacional University closings, and the
Moderna University scandal) or official criticism with recommendations that the state-managed investigation proposed for improving their quality and avoid termination.
In the mid-2000s, within the
Bologna process, a reorganization of higher education was started which included more stringent regulations for private education and expanded state policies with regard to private education quality assurance and
educational accreditation
Educational accreditation is a quality assurance process under which services and operations of educational institutions or programs are evaluated and verified by an external body to determine whether applicable and recognized standards are met ...
. In general, the private higher education institutions were often considered the schools of last resort for underachieving applicants who didn't score enough points in the admission examinations to enter the main public institutions.
Nearly open-admission policies have hurt private universities' reputation and the actual quality of their alumni. Without large endowments like those received, for example, by many US private universities and colleges which are attractive to the best scholars, researchers and students, the private
higher education institutions of Portugal, with a few exceptions, do not have either the financial support or the academic profile to reach the highest teaching and research standards of the top Portuguese
public universities. In addition, most private universities have faced a restrictive lack of collaboration with the major enterprises which, however, have developed fruitful relationships with many public higher education institutions. Most Portuguese private universities specialise in a limited number of fields, most often in the
social sciences
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of so ...
and
humanities
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at t ...
.
Serbia
There are a number of private universities and independent
faculties in Serbia, mostly in
Belgrade
Belgrade ( , ;, ; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1,166,763 mi ...
. They were founded in the 1990s and 2000s.
Switzerland
Further to the public
Universities in Switzerland, the country is well known for its high-quality private education system.
For a more complete listing, please consult:
* the
List of universities in Switzerland
* the
:Business schools in Switzerland
Turkey
In Turkey, private universities have to be and all belong to and run by foundations (non-profit private legal entities) due to the high Education Law, article 3-c and annexed article 2 and these universities have public legal personality according to said law and defined as Foundation University (in Turkish: ''Vakıf Üniversitesi'') in the relevant regulation. Therefore, a university organized in this type is commonly referred as a foundation university instead of a private university in Turkish. Currently, there are
66 private universities. Bilkent University, founded in 1984, was the first.
In Turkey, according to the laws of private universities, on the recommendation of the Higher Education Council is established by law. The establishment of such universities, established a new university building or in the form of a higher education institution will be the name of the university. Foundations for the establishment of the university, the university faculty, the formation of at least two of the bodies of the faculties of arts and science education programs related to the fields to be present, the university of arts and science programs to be among the first to be launched training programs and eligible to attend the university's commitment to the education of students in these programs start year necessary.
The well known private universities in Turkey are:
*
Acıbadem University –
Istanbul
)
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code = 34000 to 34990
, area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side)
, registration_plate = 34
, blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD
, blank_i ...
*
Atılım University –
Ankara
Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, maki ...
*
Bahçeşehir University
Bahçeşehir University (BAU) is a private educational institution in Turkey, located around the Bosporus in Istanbul. The Turkish National Assembly authorized the establishment of the University of Bahçeşehir by the Bahçeşehir Uğur Educati ...
– Istanbul
*
Başkent University
Başkent University ( tr, Başkent Üniversitesi) is a private university in Ankara, Turkey. The university was founded on 13 January 1994 by Professor Dr. Mehmet Haberal. The University center is located in Ankara and also has Medical and Res ...
–
Ankara
Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, maki ...
*
Beykent University
Beykent University () is a foundation university in Istanbul, Turkey, teaching in English, Russian combined and Turkish with 29,401 students.
Beykent University has agreements with European universities under the Socrates and Erasmus programm ...
– Istanbul
*
Bilkent University
Bilkent University ( tr, Bilkent Üniversitesi) is a private university located in Ankara, Turkey. It was founded by Prof. İhsan Doğramacı in 1984, with the aim of creating a center of excellence in higher education and research. It is constan ...
– Ankara
*
Çankaya University – Ankara
*
Istanbul Aydın University – Istanbul
*
Istanbul Bilgi University
Istanbul Bilgi University ( tr, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi), officially established in 1996, is a private university located in Istanbul, Turkey.
The university has 4 campuses centrally-located in Istanbul namely SantralIstanbul, Kuştepe, Do ...
– Istanbul
*
Istanbul Medipol University – Istanbul
*
İzmir University of Economics
İzmir University of Economics (IUE for short) is a foundation university located in İzmir, Turkey. Founded on April 14, 2001, the university is the first foundation university of Aegean Region. The medium of instruction is English. With the a ...
– İzmir
*
Kadir Has University – Istanbul
*
Koç University – Istanbul
*
Sabancı University – Istanbul
*
TOBB University of Economics and Technology
TOBB University of Economics and Technology is a private non-profit foundation university in Ankara, Turkey.
History
Tobb University is a private non-profit cooperative education university established in 2003 by The Turkish Chambers and Commo ...
– Ankara
* University of Turkish Aeronautical Association – Ankara
*
Yaşar University – İzmir
*
Yeditepe University
Yeditepe University is a private foundation university situated in Istanbul, Turkey. Established by the Istanbul Education and Culture Foundation ( tr, İstanbul Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı, İSTEK Vakfı) in 1996, Yeditepe University now claims ...
– Istanbul
United Kingdom
There are six fully private universities in the United Kingdom: the non-profit
University of Buckingham
, mottoeng = Flying on Our Own Wings
, established = 1973; as university college1983; as university
, type = Private
, endowment =
, administrative_staff = 97 academic, 103 support
, chanc ...
,
Regent's University London and
Richmond, The American International University in London, and the for-profit
BPP University
BPP University is a private university in the United Kingdom.
History Name
The university takes its name from the founders Alan Brierley, Richard Price and Charles Prior, who in 1975 set up Brierley Price Prior to train accountancy students. ...
,
University of Law
, motto_lang = lat
, mottoeng = Let us know the laws and rights
, established = ,2012 (university status)
, closed =
, type = Private, for-profit
, endowment ...
and
Arden University
Arden University is a private, for-profit teaching university in the United Kingdom. It offers a variety of undergraduate and post-graduate programmes with both blended and online distance learning delivery options. Its head office is in Co ...
.
All other British universities are partly publicly funded and regulated: the government regulates their tuition fees, student funding and student loans and commissions and regulates research assessments and teaching reviews. However, unlike in Continental European countries, the British government does not own universities' assets, and university staff are not civil servants: status as a public body arises from accepting funding from bodies such as the
Office for Students (OfS) in England, and any university can, in principle, choose to leave the publicly-funded sector and the associated fee cap (although they would still remain subject to OfS regulation, which applies to all higher education providers in England).
[ – HEFCE's powers were transferred to the OfS under the Higher Education and Research Act 2017] Since September 2012 government funding for teaching and background funding for research has been substantially reduced, with one study from that year indicating that annual government funding for teaching and research would make up just 15% of universities’ income by 2015.
In the UK, an institution can only use the title "University" or "University College" if it has been granted by the
Privy Council
A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a state, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the mo ...
or (in England) by the
Office for Students, under the terms of the
Further and Higher Education Act 1992
The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 made changes in the funding and administration of further education and higher education within England and Wales, with consequential effects on associated matters in Scotland which had previously been ...
as amended by the
Higher Education and Research Act 2017.
North America
Canada
There are several private universities in Canada that have been granted the power to award degrees authority by a provincial authority. However, the majority of degree-granting institutions in the country are
public universities; a result of the Canadian university system's historic reliance on government funds for support.
The oldest private universities in Canada operated as
seminaries or as religiously affiliated institutions, although several
for-profit and not-for-profit private universities were opened in Canada during the late-20th and early 21st century.
[
]
Dominica
* All Saints University School of Medicine
* International University for Graduate Studies
* New World University
* Ross University School of Medicine
*Western Orthodox University
Guatemala
In Guatemala, the only public university is Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. The rest of the degree offering institutions in the country are private. See list of universities in Guatemala for a list of the private universities in the country.
Mexico
Mexico has private and public (government managed) universities. Public universities are free or require a very minimum fee and private universities usually charge for an initial enrollment and monthly fees.
The well known private universities in Mexico are:
* Tecnológico de Monterrey
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) ( en, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education), also known as Tecnológico de Monterrey or just Tec, is a secular and Mixed-sex education, coeducational private ...
* Universidad Iberoamericana
* Panamerican University
* Universidad Anáhuac
The Anahuac University Network is a private universities system grouped and administered by the religious congregation of the Legion of Christ. The network is composed of several universities, some with different names and educational approaches. ...
* University of the Americas
* Universidad La Salle
* Universidad del Valle de México
The Universidad del Valle de México (UVM) is a private university founded in 1960 and one of the largest university systems in Mexico.
The school enrolls more than 120,000 students, and has approximately 11,900 faculty members and 6,900 staff e ...
United States
Apart from the five United States military academies, almost all public higher education institutions are sponsored and overseen by U.S. states, not the Federal government. Private colleges and universities are generally owned by either a nonprofit corporation
A nonprofit corporation is any legal entity which has been incorporated under the law of its jurisdiction for purposes other than making profits for its owners or shareholders. Depending on the laws of the jurisdiction, a nonprofit corporation may ...
or a for-profit corporation, and usually participate in higher education accreditation in the United States. In the US, 4,648 out of 6,606 post-secondary institutions (70%) were private as of 2016–17, of which 1,823 (39%) were non-profit and 2,825 (61%) were for-profit. Among degree-granting four-year institutions, 2,095 were private out of 2,832 (74%), of which 1,581 (75%) were non-profit and 514 (25%) were for-profit.
About 20 percent of American college students attend private colleges. Most of the remainder attend state-supported schools. Universities base their selections on academic performance as well as many secondary factors.
Tuition at private universities tends to be higher than at public universities, though many private universities offer financial aid as well. For example, at Washington University in St. Louis, 48% of students receive some form of financial support from either the university or the federal government, averaging $34,990. This is mostly in the form of performance-based scholarships, although 13% of freshmen typically receive need-based aid averaging $8,017.
Oceania
Australia
There are currently three private universities in Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
. Bond University
Bond University is Australia's first private not-for-profit university and is located in Robina, a suburb in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland. Since its founding on 15 May 1989, Bond University has primarily been a teaching-focused higher ed ...
, Australia's first private university, dates from 1987. Situated on the Gold Coast, it runs three semesters per year (correlating exactly with the Northern and Southern Hemispheres' schedules), which allows a student to complete a six semester degree in two years, and an eight semester degree (e.g. Law) in under three years. The University of Notre Dame Australia
The University of Notre Dame Australia (UNDA) is a national Roman Catholic private university with campuses in and in Western Australia and Sydney in New South Wales. The university also has eight clinical schools as part of its school of med ...
, a private Catholic university based in Fremantle
Fremantle () () is a port city in Western Australia, located at the mouth of the Swan River in the metropolitan area of Perth, the state capital. Fremantle Harbour serves as the port of Perth. The Western Australian vernacular diminutive for ...
, was established two years later in 1989, and the newest of the three, Torrens University Australia, opened in Adelaide
Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...
in 2014.
South America
Argentina
Even though Argentina has a robust network of free public universities it also has over thirty private universities accredited by the national Ministry of Education. All accredited private higher education institutions must be run by nonprofit organization
A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in co ...
s. Other for-profit institutions exist but can not give out official degrees or call themselves universities.
Chile
Chile has 31 completely private universities and an additional 14 universities which are run by private organizations (mostly religious) but receive some state funding.
Peru
Peru has private and public universities.
* Cayetano Heredia University (non-profit)
* University of Lima (non-profit)
* University of the Pacific (non-profit)
* Peruvian University of Applied Sciences
The Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) is a private university in Lima, Peru, founded on January 5, 1994. Currently, it offers 46 career programs categorized in 13 schools.
History
The Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas w ...
* César Vallejo University
The César Vallejo University ( es, Universidad César Vallejo, UCV) is a private Peruvian university located in Victor Larco district in Trujillo city, on the coast of La Libertad Region.
The university was named after the Peruvian poet Cé ...
* University of Piura
The University of Piura ( es, Universidad de Piura; "UDEP") is a private university in Peru. It has two campus
A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. Usually a ...
(non-profit)
* Ricardo Palma University (non-profit)
* Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
* Female University of the Sacred Heart (non-profit)
* Private University of the North
* Los Andes University (non-profit)
* Marcelino Champagnat University (non-profit)
* Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru ( es, link=no, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PUCP) is a private university in Lima, Peru. It was founded in 1917 with the support and approval of the Catholic Church, being the oldest private ...
(non-profit)
* Catholic University of Santa María
The Catholic University of Santa María (UCSM) ( es, Universidad Católica de Santa María) is a local private University in Arequipa, Peru, and has been in continuous operation since it was founded on 6 December 1961. It was founded by William Da ...
(non-profit)
References
External links
Private Universities Act 1992 – Bangladesh
Higher Education Colleges Association – Ireland
{{Authority control
Types of university or college
Education economics