Prince Of Wales's Feathers

The Prince of Wales's feathers is the heraldic badge of the Prince of Wales, during the use of the title by the English and later British monarchy. It consists of three white ostrich feathers emerging from a gold coronet. A ribbon below the coronet bears the motto (, "I serve"). As well as being used in royal heraldry, the badge is sometimes used to symbolise Wales, particularly in Welsh rugby union and Welsh regiments of the British Army.

Bearers of the motif

The badge has no connection with the native Princes of Wales.

Edward the Black Prince / House of Plantagenet

The ostrich feathers heraldic motif is generally traced back to Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376), eldest son and heir apparent of King Edward III of England. The Black Prince bore (as an alternative to his differenced royal arms) a shield of ''Sable, three ostrich feathers argent'', described as his "shield for peace", probably meaning the shield he used for jousting. These arms appear several times on his chest tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, alternating with his paternal royal arms (the royal arms of King Edward III differenced by ''a label of three points argent''). The Black Prince also used heraldic badges of one or more ostrich feathers in various other contexts.

The feathers had first appeared at the time of the marriage of King Edward III to Philippa of Hainault, and Edward III himself occasionally used ostrich feather badges. It is therefore likely that the Black Prince inherited the badge from his mother,Scott-Giles 1929, p. 89. descended from the Counts of Hainault, whose eldest son bore the title "Count of Ostrevent", the ostrich (french: link=no, autruche, Old French spellings including ''ostruce'') feathers being possibly an heraldic pun on that name.Pinches and Pinches 1974, p. 59.Siddons 2009, p. 178. Alternatively, the badge may have derived from the Counts of Luxembourg, from whom Philippa was also descended, who had used the badge of an ostrich. Sir Roger de Clarendon, an illegitimate son of the Black Prince by his mistress Edith Willesford, bore arms of ''Or, on a bend sable three ostrich feathers argent'';

King Richard II, the Black Prince's legitimate son, used ostrich feather badges in several colours and awarded augmented arms with ostrich feather supporters to Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk (1366-1399), the second son of John de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray, and Elizabeth de Segrave, ''suo jure'' Lady Segrave, daughter and heiress of John de Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave, by Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, daughter and heiress of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, a son of King Edward I.

Legendary origins

According to a longstanding legend, the Black Prince obtained the badge from the blind King John of Bohemia, against whom he fought at the Battle of Crécy in 1346. After the battle, the prince is said to have gone to the body of the dead king, and taken his helmet with its ostrich feather crest, afterwards incorporating the feathers into his arms, and adopting King John's motto, "'", as his own. The story first appears in writing in 1376, the year of the Black Prince's death. There is, however, no sound historical basis for it, and no evidence for King John having used either the motto or the crest (he actually bore a crest of vultures' wings).

Since a key factor in the English army's victory at Crécy was the use of Welsh archers, it is also sometimes said to have been Edward's pride in the men of Wales which led him to adopt a symbol alluding to their assistance. The mediaeval German motto "'" ("I serve") is a near-homophone for the Welsh phrase "'" meaning "Your Man", which might have helped endear the young Black Prince to the Welsh soldiers in particular. Again, however, there is no historical evidence to support this theory. In 1917, during the First World War, it was rumoured that the motto might be formally changed to "''Eich Dyn''" to avoid the use of German.

John of Gaunt / House of Lancaster

John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, the Black Prince's second younger brother, used ostrich feathers in several contexts, including on a shield very similar to the Black Prince's "shield for peace", although in Gaunt's case the feathers were ermine. Single ostrich feather supporters were also used by John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (1404-1444) (as shown in his Garter stall plate in St George's Chapel), the second son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1371-1410), the eldest of the four legitimized children of John of Gaunt by his mistress Katherine Swynford.

King Henry IV, of the House of Lancaster, the son of John of Gaunt by his first wife Blanche of Lancaster, used a badge of a single ostrich feather entwined by a scroll inscribed with the motto "Ma Sovereyne". His eldest son and successor King Henry V used ostrich feathers as a secondary royal badge at various times, as did Henry IV's younger sons Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence who used an ermine ostrich feather with a label; John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford who used an ostrich feather with the "Sovereygne" scroll; and Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester who used an ostrich feather semée of fleurs-de-lis. Similar badges were used by other royal princes.

House of Tudor

The first Prince of Wales to use the badge in its modern form (i.e. three white feathers encircled by a coronet, and with the motto ') was Prince Arthur (1486–1502), eldest son of Henry VII, at the beginning of the 16th century. It was also widely used by Prince Edward, son of Henry VIII and afterwards Edward VI, although he was never formally invested as Prince of Wales. Feathers continued to be used as lesser royal badges, by Elizabeth I among others, until the end of the century.

House of Stuart and successors

Only from the beginning of the 17th century did the badge become exclusively associated with the Prince of Wales. It has formed the dexter badge of the heraldic achievement of the Prince of Wales since at least 1901, blazoned ''A plume of three ostrich feathers argent enfiled by a coronet composed of fleurs-de-lys and crosses patée or alternately with motto Ich Dien''. (See coat of arms of the Prince of Wales).

Modern uses of the badge

Military uses

The plaque of HMS ''Norfolk'' has beneath a single, crowned, feather.
The badge is the cap badge of the Royal Welsh, an amalgamation of three Welsh regiments, the Royal Welch Fusiliers, the Royal Regiment of Wales and the Territorial Army's Royal Welsh Regiment. Previously it was the cap badge of the Prince of Wales' Own Civil Service Rifles, whose motto was also .

The badge also appears as an element on the regimental badges of many other regiments of Commonwealth armies which have a historical connection with the Prince of Wales:
* The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys) (as arm badge)
* Royal Marines Band Service Commando Training Centre Lympstone (part of cap badge)
* 9th/12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales')
*The Princess of Wales' Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires) (part of cap badge)
* The Staffordshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales') (part of cap badge)
* 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)
* The Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry (Prince of Wales' Own) (part of cap badge)
*The Cheshire Yeomanry (Earl of Chester's)
*2 Squadron Honourable Artillery Company (squadron badge)
*4th Battalion 8 Punjab Regiment
* 4th/19th Prince of Wales' Light Horse Regiment
* The Royal Regiment of Canada (part of cap badge)
*Ceylon Light Infantry
* Bengal Engineer Group
*The Princess of Wales' Own Regiment (part of cap badge)
*The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (part of cap badge)
*2 Engineers (Pak Army) From 1805 Princess of Wales' Own
*The Royal Hussars (PWO) From 1969 to 1992
*Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College since 1922 currently known as Rashtriya Indian Military College
*
*One South African Infantry Battalion

Sporting uses

The feathers have traditionally been worn on the jerseys of players in the Welsh rugby union team, being sewn on jerseys of players representing Welsh clubs before a national team or union existed. It has since been adopted as the logo of the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU). In the 1990s, the WRU modified the form of the badge they used to copyright the design. The new logo is more stylised, with "WRU" in place of "'". As the logo of the WRU, the Prince of Wales' feathers are also represented in one of the quarters of the British and Irish Lions' badge.

The Welsh Rugby League has stuck to the traditional three feathers with "'' RL''" ("''RL''" standing for "rugby league") written underneath.

Surrey County Cricket Club were granted permission in 1915 to use the feathers for their badge. Their home ground, The Oval, is on land owned by the Prince of Wales.

The feathers appear on the badge of Wrexham Association Football Club.

The emblem of Lingfield Park Racecourse, in Surrey incorporates the feathers, having been opened in 1890 by the Prince of Wales (latterly Edward VII)

The feathers are used as the logo of two shooting clubs at Oxford University: the Oxford University Pistol Club (OUPC), and the Oxford University Rifle Club (OURC).

Other uses

Prince Edward School, Harare, Zimbabwe was given permission by Edward VIII, then Prince of Wales to use the badge - with the motto "Tot Facienda Parum Factum" as its emblem.

The Carlton Club uses the feathered coronet badge as its emblem, without the motto.

Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, has used the feathers since the inception of the school in 1876.

The badge appeared on the reverse of the British two pence coins minted between 1971 and 2008, many of which remain in circulation. The badge appears as a provenance mark on those silver coins minted using Welsh mined silver in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

During the English Civil War, most coins minted by Charles I at his various provincial wartime mints carry the feathers. The feathers appear on these coins because Charles I had no access to the Royal Mint in London and instead transferred the Aberystwyth Mint (originally established to coin Welsh silver) to Shrewsbury and then Oxford as an emergency measure. All the Civil War provincial mints are therefore in effect sub-branches of the Aberystwyth mint.

The badge was until 1985 on the coat of arms of Penang, a state in present-day Malaysia, which was founded in 1786 as the settlement of Prince of Wales Island.

The badge is inscribed on the foundation stone, laid on 25 February 1927, of Patna Medical College and Hospital, in Patna, Bihar, India, established in 1925 as the Prince of Wales Medical College. The motto "''Ich dien''" is still widely used within the institution.

The badge is used by a society in Malta called "The Prince of Wales Philharmonic Society". The scope of this organisation is mainly one related to music but is also linked to the feast of St. Dominic in Vittoriosa in Malta. Malta was a colony of the British Crown for 200 years, and there exist a variety of clubs and organisations bearing the name of royal personalities.

From 1932 until its abolition in 1965, the Municipal Borough of Barnes, Surrey, used feathers based on those of the Prince of Wales on its coat of arms, in honour of the fact that the then Prince of Wales (afterwards Edward VIII, and later Duke of Windsor) had been born in the borough.

Norfolk County Council was given special consent by King Edward VII to use the badge on its arms, in recognition of Sandringham House, which was one of the King's favourite residences. Edward held the title Prince of Wales for 59 years, making him at the time the longest-serving holder.

A derivative of the badge is that used by the Prince's Trust, a charitable organisation that helps young people.

Many pubs in the UK pub names, are named The Prince of Wales's Feathers, the Prince's Feathers or simply the Feathers, particularly in areas associated with royal estates.

See also

* Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales
* ''Dieu et mon droit''
* Flag of Wales
* Fleur-de-lis
* ''Honi soit qui mal y pense''
* Rashtriya Indian Military College
* Royal badges of England
* Royal Welsh
* Royal standards of Canada

References

Bibliography

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{{Princes of Wales

British monarchy
English heraldry
Rugby league in Wales
Rugby union in Wales
National symbols of the United Kingdom
National symbols of Wales
Princes of Wales, Feathers
Ostriches
Edward the Black Prince
Heraldic badges